Terとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Perhaps ultimately from the nominative masculine singular of contrastive adjectives in Proto-Indo-European *-teros, later used more generally; perhaps extended from the suffix in prepositions like inter, praeter. Cognate with Ancient Greek -τερος (-teros).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [tɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ter]

接尾辞

-ter (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

1. -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.

使用する際の注意点

The suffix -ter forms an adverb of manner from a positive adjective or participle—in most cases, one belonging to the third declension.

It is not used in comparative or superlative adverbs. Comparative adverbs are formed directly from comparative adjectives by using the neuter accusative singular form ending in -ius as an adverbial accusative. Superlative adverbs are formed directly from superlative adjectives by adding the suffix -ē (which usually but not always produces a form ending in -issimē).

Adjectives with a nominative singular in -ns and genitive singular in -ntis form adverbs in -nter rather than in *-ntiter, such as prūdenter (“intelligently, wisely”), from prūdēns (“knowing, experienced”): this can be considered a form of haplology. Otherwise, third-declension adjectives generally form adverbs in -iter, such as celeriter (“swiftly, immediately”) from celer (“fast, swift”). The -i- before the -ter can be analyzed either as part of the suffix (dividing the word as celer-iter, where -iter is an allomorph of -ter) or as part of the adjective's stem (dividing the word as celeri-ter, where -i- is the stem-final vowel seen also in some inflected forms like the neuter nominative/accusative plural celeri-a). Alternatively, -i- in this context can be analyzed as a connecting vowel that comes between the stem and the suffix.

Further examples of regularly formed adverbs:

dissimulanter (“dissemblingly, secretly”), from dissimulāns, present active participle of dissimulō (“dissemble, conceal”)

adverbiāliter (“adverbially”), from adverbiālis (“adverbial”)

fortiter (“strongly, powerfully”), from fortis (“strong, powerful”)

nātūrāliter (“naturally”), from nātūrālis (“natural”)

There are only a few adverbs formed without -i- from adjectives not ending in -ns, -ntis:

audācter (“boldly, audaciously, fearlessly”), from audāx (“bold, audacious, daring”)

simulter, from similis

faculter, difficulter, indifficulter, from facilis, difficilis

sollerter, sōlerter, from sollers, sōlers

inerter, from iners

The suffix -iter was sometimes added to a second-declension stem, although -ē and -ō were more commonly used in such situations.

Examples:

avāriter (“greedily”), from avārus (“greedy”)

circiter (“round about”), from circus (“circle”)

dūriter (“roughly, harshly”), from dūrus (“rough, harsh”)

同意語

• (-ly): -ē, -ō

派生した語

• Old Occitan: -tre (possibly)

参考

参照

前置詞

ter

1. (dialectal) Eye dialect spelling of to.
   • 1913, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter 8, in Pollyanna‎, L.C. Page, →OCLC:

     "But he never speaks ter anybody, child—he hain't for years, I guess, except when he just has to, for business, and all that."

   • 1997, J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, section IV:

     ‘What about that tea then, eh?’ he said, rubbing his hands together. ‘I’d not say no ter summat stronger if yeh’ve got it, mind.’

副詞

ter (not comparable)

1. (dialectal) Eye dialect spelling of to.

アナグラム

• ERT, ETR, Ret., ert, ret

動詞

ter

1. singular imperative of teran

別の表記

• tarr, tarre, teer, tere, terr, terre

発音

• IPA: /ˈtɛːr(ə)/, /ˈtɛr/

名詞

ter (uncountable)

1. Tar or a similar substance.

派生した語

• English: tar
• Scots: tar
• Yola: tar

参照

• “tē̆r, n.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 25 December 2018.

語源 2

名詞

ter

1. alternative form of teer (“tear”)

語源 3

名詞

ter

1. alternative form of teer (“good”)

語源

From earlier terr, from Old Latin *tris, from Proto-Italic *tris, from Proto-Indo-European *trís. Cognate with Ancient Greek τρίς (trís, “thrice”).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈtɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈt̪ɛr]

副詞

ter (not comparable)

1. thrice, three times
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.690-691:

     Ter sēsē attollēns cubitōque adnīxa levāvit,
     ter revolūta torō est [...].

     Lifting herself three times, [Dido] had tried to raise upon her elbow, and thrice she had rolled back upon the bed [...].

   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.247–248:

     ‘ter voluī prōmittere opem, ter lingua retenta est:
     īra Iovis magnī causa timōris erat’

     “Thrice I wanted to promise help, thrice [my] tongue was stayed:
     the anger of mighty Jupiter was the reason for [my] fear.”
     (The poetic voice is that of Flora.)

   • 2004, Ephemeris‎:

     Olafur Ragnar Grimsson ter iam primarius minister Islandiae electus est.

     Olafur Ragnar Grimsson has been elected as the president of Iceland for a third time.

2. three as understood symbolically in a cultural context
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.509–511:

     Stant ārae circum, et crīnēs effūsa sacerdōs
     ter centum tonat ōre deōs, Erebumque Chaosque,
     tergeminamque Hecatēn, tria virginis ōra Diānae.

     Altars are standing all around [the pyre], and the priestess — with her hair flowing — thunders from her lips thrice a hundred gods’ [names]: Erebus and Chaos, triform Hecate, [and] the three faces of virgin Diana.
     (The priestess who invokes “ter centum” deities may be calling three hundred gods, 100 gods three times, or “hundreds of” or “a great many,” and some of the named gods have tri-part symbolism. Threes have special significance in myth, folklore and ritual; see: Lease, Emory B., The Number Three, Mysterious, Mystic, Magic. Classical Philology, Jan., 1919, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 56-73.)

3. repeatedly; indefinitely

使用する際の注意点

• Ter is a prefix or suffix designating the third instance of a thing, thus following bis (“second”) and preceding quater (“fourth”).

派生語

• ternus (distributive numeral)
• teruncius

参照

• “ter”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ter”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers

接頭辞

ter-

1. three, threefold

派生語

参照

• Definition of ter - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

アナグラム

• ERT, ETR, Ret., ert, ret