S. E.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (variable, depends on previous consonant): IPA: /-n-s/, /-n-z/, /-s/, /-ʒ/, /-d-ʒ/

接尾辞

-se

1. Forms verbs from adjectives or nouns. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, bless, in which case the verb means roughly, to make bloody/sanctify.

使用する際の注意点

• No longer productive.

派生語

アナグラム

• 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-

接尾辞

-se

1. inflection of -s:
   1. nominative plural
   2. accusative singular/plural
   3. genitive/dative singular

発音

• IPA: /sɛ/
• 韻: -ɛ

名詞

se (plural ses)

1. (music) A type of ancient Chinese plucked zither.

アナグラム

• 'e's, -es, E's, ES, Es, E♭s, E♯s, e's, es, es-

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *siz, replacing earlier *sā, from Proto-Germanic *sa.

発音

• IPA: /seː/
• 韻: -ē

冠詞

sē

1. the

   sē mōna ― the moon

   sēo sunne ― the sun

   þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades

   þā steorran ― the stars

限定詞

sē

1. that

   Sele mē þone hamor.

   Give me that hammer.

代名詞

sē

1. that

   Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.

   He went home, and after that I never saw him again.

2. the one / that one

   Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.

   She's not the one you need to convince.

   Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?

   Are you reading this book right now or that one?

   Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?

   Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?

3. (relative) that, who, what, which
   • late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History

     Đa was on þā tīd Æðelbyrht cyning hāten on Centrīċe, ⁊ mihtiġ: hē hæfde rīċe ōð ġemæro Humbre strēames, sē tōsċēadeð sūðfolce Angelþēode ⁊ nordfolc.

     At that time the powerful Athelbert was king of the kingdom of Kent; his authority extended to the boundary of the Humber, which divides the southern English from the northern English.

   Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.

   Not everything that glitters is gold.

使用する際の注意点

• The word "the" was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for "the" (sē previously only meant "that"), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word "the" include:
  • Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
  • All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
  • A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant "the Earth."
  • "the world," whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ eom æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
  • A couple of abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I'm telling all of you the truth, I swear”).
  • Dryhten (“the Lord”).
  • morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
  • The four seasons, lencten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it's warm and in the winter it's cold”).
  • forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
  • forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
  • þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
  • Genitive phrases could include the word "the" before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun ("John's car," not "the car of John"). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome's fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire's god.”

語形変化

引用

For quotations using this term, see Citations:se.

派生した語

• Middle English: se, ze, sæ

語源 1

From 古期英語 swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.

副詞

se

1. so

語源 2

名詞

se

1. alternative form of see (“sea”)

語源 3

名詞

se

1. alternative form of see (“see”)

語源 4

代名詞

se

1. alternative form of sche

語源 1

From Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun).

別の表記

• sēsē (emphatic, especially in reference to a preceding ipse, or at the beginning or the end of a clause)
• sēd (Old Latin)

代名詞

sē

1. (reflexive pronoun) accusative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter singular/plural of suī (“oneself; himself; herself; itself; themselves”)

   Vōcālis est littera quae per sē syllabam facere potest. ― A vowel is a letter that can form a syllable by itself.

   Quīntus quōmodo sē habet hodiē? ― How's Quintus doing today? (literally, “is holding himself”)

   In mare sē praecipitāvit. ― He drowned himself in the ocean.

語形変化

Reflexive pronoun.

派生語

派生した語

参考

語源 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see sē-”)

別の表記

• sēd

前置詞

sē (+ ablative) (Old Latin)

1. without

   Synonym: sine

Further reading

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sē-, se-, sō-, so-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 549-550
• “sine”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press: “Form se (sed)”
• “se”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

別の表記

• sēd- (before vowels)
• se- (in seorsum, with regular shortening after loss of intervocalic /w/)
• so- (in socors, solvō)
• sō- (in sōbrius)

接頭辞

sē-

1. apart-, aside-, away-

   claudō (“to close, shut, confine”) → sēclūdō (“to shut off”)

   dūcō (“to lead”) → sēdūcō (“to lead away or astray, separate from”)

2. (in a privative sense) without, lacking, wanting, -less

   cūra (“care, worry”) → sēcūrus (“free from care, easy; careless”)

   cor (“heart as the seat of vitality”) → socors (“lacking in vitality or alertness, sluggish, inactive, dull”)

派生語

参考

• vē-
• dis-

語源 2

From sex before voiced consonants with voicing assimilation (*segz-) followed by regular elision with compensatory lenthening, for which cf. āla, vēlum.

接頭辞

sē-

1. six- as a bound morpheme

   ‎sex + ‎decem (“ten”) → ‎sēdecim (“sixteen”)

   sex → sēnī (“six each”)

参照

• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sē; sē-, se-, sō-, so-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 549
• Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag

Further reading

• “se-”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press