Governmentとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 governement, from Old French governement (modern French gouvernement), from governer (see govern) + -ment. Morphologically govern +‎ -ment. Displaced native 古期英語 gerec, leodweard, ræden, rǣding and ealdordōm.

発音

• (General American) IPA: /ˈɡʌv.ɚ.mənt/, /ˈɡʌv.ɚn.mənt/
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɡʌv.ə.mənt/, /ˈɡʌv.ən.mənt/, /ˈɡʌv.mənt/
• (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈɡɐvɘ(n)mɘnt/, /ˈɡɐvmɘnt/
• (Indic, trisyllabic) IPA: /ˈɡəʋə(r)(n)məɳʈ/
• (Indic, disyllabic) IPA: /ˈɡəʋməɳʈ/
  • (monophthongised) /ˈɡɔːməɳʈ/
• ハイフネーション: gov‧ern‧ment

名詞

government (countable and uncountable, plural governments)

1. The body with the power to make and/or enforce laws to control a country, land area, people or organization.

   British government has historically centred exclusively on London.

   • 1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)‎, near Soldiers' National Cemetery, →LCCN, Bancroft copy, page 2:

     […] and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

   • 2013 July 6, “The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8843, page 68:

     Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2. (grammar, linguistics) The relationship between a word and its dependents.

   Synonyms: regimen, rection (archaic)

   Coordinate terms: agreement, concord, concordance (obsolete)

3. The state and its administration viewed as the ruling political power.

   Near-synonyms: state, administration

   If the citizens must follow the law, then the government must follow the constitution.

   • 2013 June 22, “Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 76:

     Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins.

4. (uncountable) The management or control of a system.
   • 1908, Walter Frederic Adeney, The Greek and Eastern churches, page 275:

     The government of the Church is maintained without material alteration in a settled hierarchical form.

   • 1957, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Preamble”, in Naval Discipline Act 1957‎, page 14:

     Whereas it is expedient to amend the law relating to the government of Her Majesty's Navy, whereon, under the good Providence of God, the wealth, safety and strength of the Kingdom so much depend:

   • 1849 [1840], Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, “Chapitre V. Second Partie. § 2.”, in Qu’est ce que la propriété?, page 242; English translation from “Chapter V. Part Second. § 2.”, in Benjamin Tucker, transl., What Is Property?, translation of original in French, 1876, page 277:

     Thus, in a given society, the authority of man over man is inversely proportional to the stage of intellectual development which that society has reached; and the probable duration of that authority can be calculated from the more or less general desire for a true government, — that is, for a scientific government.

     [original: Ainsi, dans une société donnée, l’autorité de l’homme sur l’homme est en raison inverse du développement intellectuel auquel cette société est parvenue, et la durée probable de cette autorité peut être calculée sur le désir plus ou moins général d’un gouvernement vrai, c’est-à-dire, d’un gouvernement selon la science.]

5. The tenure of a head of government; the ministry or administration led by a specified individual.

   The Sunak government announced plans to stem the flow of migrants coming into Great Britain.

6. In a parliamentary system, the political party or coalition in power; its condition of being in power.

   Coordinate terms: opposition; state

7. (debating) The team tasked with presenting and speaking in favour of a resolution, as opposed to the opposition.
8. Ellipsis of government name, one's legal name according to a government.

使用する際の注意点

• In the United States, "government" is considered to be divided into three branches: the legislature (the House of Representatives and the Senate) which makes law, the administration (under the President) which runs sections of government within the law, and the courts, which adjudicate on matters of the law. This is a much wider meaning of "government" than exists in the United Kingdom where governance and other words describe the process or power of governing generally and the term "government" is used more particularly for the ruling political force of the prime minister and their cabinet ministers (what Americans would call the administration). In Britain, the administrative organs of the nation are collectively referred to as "the state". In Canada government is used in both senses and neither state nor administration is used. Applied to many countries in continental Europe (when using English), the British usage is common.
• In Britain, the word is often capitalised when referring to the particular UK government. British and older works in general may distinguish between Government as the ruling body and government as the practice of governing.

同意語

• (administration, esp. over a country): administration, governance, management; statism (obs.)

下位語

派生語

関連する語

参考

• ocracy

Further reading

• government on Wikipedia.Wikipedia