BARKとは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• barke (obsolete)

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /bɑːk/
• (General American) IPA: /bɑɹk/
• 韻: -ɑː(ɹ)k
• Homophone: barque

語源 1

From 中期英語 barken, berken, borken, from 古期英語 beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brbljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare 古期英語 beorc, bearce (“barking”).

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動詞

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).

   Synonyms: give tongue, (rare) latrate

   The neighbour's dog is always barking.

   The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.

2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
   • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:

     And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.

   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

     Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.

3. (transitive) To speak sharply.

   The sergeant barked an order.

   • 1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 3:

     Plainly he was prepared to bark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.

   • 2001, Salman Rushdie, Fury: A Novel, London: Jonathan Cape, →ISBN, page 5:

     Sudden anger rose in him. “What I’m looking for,” he barked, “is to be left in peace.” His voice trembled with a rage far bigger than her intrusion merited, the rage which shocked him whenever it coursed through his nervous system, like a flood.

   • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎:

     While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.

派生語

名詞

bark (plural barks)

1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
   • c. 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume 11:

     Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.

   • 1949 January and February, F. G. Roe, “I Saw Three Englands–1”, in Railway Magazine, page 12:

     Long before Shap platform showed up around a corner and the two arms on the gradient post drooped in both directions at once, Duchess of Buccleuch's amiable throbbing purr at the stack [funnel, chimney] had become a fierce freight-engine bark, as she resolutely dragged at her enormous load.

3. (music) The quick opening of the hi-hat cymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing.

派生語

間投詞

bark

1. The sound of a dog barking.

   Synonym: woof

語源 2

From 中期英語 bark, from 古期英語 barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵós (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵ- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

名詞

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

1. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
   • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger et al., Pharmacographia...‎, page 346:

     The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.

   • 2012 December 26, John Branch, “Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in The New York Times‎, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 November 2013:

     Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.

2. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
3. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
4. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
   • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:

     This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.

5. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.

使用する際の注意点

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

同意語

• (exterior covering of a tree): rind

派生語

動詞

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
   • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:

     Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.

2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.

   to bark one’s heel

   • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in The Guardian‎:

     Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.

3. To girdle.
4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.

   to bark the roof of a hut

派生語

• barking iron
• ringbark

語源 3

From 中期英語 barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjr

(“transport ship”). Doublet of barge, barque and baris.

別の表記

• barque

名詞

bark (plural barks)

1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
   • c. 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:

     It is the star to every wandering bark

   • 1817 December, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 272:

     We know not where we go, or what sweet dream
     May pilot us through caverns strange and fair
     Of far and pathless passion, while the stream
     Of life our bark doth on its whirlpools bear,
     Spreading swift wings as sails to the dim air; […]

   • a. 1887 (date written), Emily Dickinson, “[Book I.—Life] Whether my bark went down at sea”, in Mabel Loomis Todd and T[homas] W[entworth] Higginson, editors, Poems, First Series, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, published 1890, →OCLC, page 38:

     Whether my bark went down at sea, / Whether she met with gales, […]

3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
   • 1997, Mark Kurlansky, Cod, page 114:

     Europeans would cross the ocean in large barks built for deck space and large holds.

派生した語

• → Welsh: barc

語源 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

名詞

bark (plural barks)

1. (slang, obsolete) An Irish person.

参照

• John Camden Hotten (1873), The Slang Dictionary
• 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley, Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124)

アナグラム

• brak, kbar, krab

語源

From 古期英語 bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

発音

• IPA: /bark/

名詞

bark (plural barkes)

1. bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

派生語

• barker
• barkyn

派生した語

• English: bark
• Scots: bark

参照

• “bark, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 12 August 2018.