Papers by Aritza Villaluenga
The Schöningen 13II-4 ‘Spear Horizon’ site is famous for the excellent preservation of 300,000-ye... more The Schöningen 13II-4 ‘Spear Horizon’ site is famous for the excellent preservation of 300,000-year-old Palaeolithic hunting weapons, including nine wooden spears and a lance, deposited on the shores of a former interglacial lake in association with a large assemblage of well-preserved and butchered animal bones, mainly from horse. Some bones show distinct areas of dark staining, thought to be derived from contact with decaying plant remains along the shores of the lake. It was decided to test this theory and try to determine experimentally where bone staining was most likely to occur on the littoral zone. Modern horse and cow bones were fastened along parallel transects at two locations and the installations were left for several months. Black stains appeared on some bones in the shallows, but not on bones deposited on permanently dry land or in deeper water. Within the 10 m wide band of bones in the main concentration at the Schöningen site, there is a high incidence of bone staining, indicating accumulation of finds along a shallow lake margin. By using GIS, additional clusters of stained bones in the eastern part of the site were revealed and may indicate shorelines when water levels in the lake were lower.
Background: Ancient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relatio... more Background: Ancient protein sequences are increasingly used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between extinct and extant mammalian taxa. Here, we apply these recent developments to Middle Pleistocene bone specimens of the rhinoceros genus Stephanorhinus. No biomolecular sequence data is currently available for this genus, leaving phylogenetic hypotheses on its evolutionary relationships to extant and extinct rhinoceroses untested. Furthermore, recent phylogenies based on Rhinocerotidae (partial or complete) mitochondrial DNA sequences differ in the placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Therefore, studies utilising ancient protein sequences from Middle Pleistocene contexts have the potential to provide further insights into the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species, including Stephanorhinus and Dicerorhinus. Methods: ZooMS screening (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) was performed on several Late and Middle Pleistocene specimens from the genus Stephanorhinus, subsequently followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain ancient protein sequences from a Middle Pleistocene Stephanorhinus specimen. We performed parallel analysis on a Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros specimen and extant species of rhinoceroses, resulting in the availability of protein sequence data for five extant species and two extinct genera. Phylogenetic analysis additionally included all extant Perissodactyla genera (Equus, Tapirus), and was conducted using Bayesian (MrBayes) and maximum-likelihood (RAxML) methods. Results: Various ancient proteins were identified in both the Middle and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros samples. Protein degradation and proteome complexity are consistent with an endogenous origin of the identified proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of informative proteins resolved the Perissodactyla phylogeny in agreement
Tradicionalmente, viene considerándose que el paso de los grupos humanos por los Pirineos resulta... more Tradicionalmente, viene considerándose que el paso de los grupos humanos por los Pirineos resulta dificultoso durante el Paleolítico y exis-ten, efectivamente, datos que contradicen este planteamiento. Incluso podemos valorar como verosímil la existencia de una región paleolítica pirenaica, con rasgos culturales específicos y una serie de yacimientos implicados, especialmente durante el Magdaleniense. La existencia de rutas de tránsito a través de los tramos centrales de los Pirineos no es incompatible, sin embargo, con una mayor preferencia por los pasos occidental y oriental entre la Península Ibérica y el resto del continente europeo. Partiendo de esta hipótesis, nos proponemos explorar la ruta occidental del poblamiento peninsular, la que cruza el País Vasco, a partir de diferentes tipos de registro: la propia dispersión de los yaci-mientos arqueológicos, la distribución de materias primas líticas, los tecnocomplejos y las similitudes o diferencias en los comportamientos culturales y económicos de los grupos humanos. Para ello, partimos de la reflexión teórica efectuada en el Coloquio de Tarascon (2004), para comprobar la validez de aquella propuesta, desde la perspectiva de doce años. LABURPENA Sarritan aipatu da Pirinioetako pasatzea zaila izan dela gizakientzako, Paleolitoan zehar, eta ba dira datuak hipotesi hau ezeztatzeko. Batzuk aipatu dute Pirinioetako eremu kultural bat, adierazle kultural oso espezifikoekin, bereziki Magdalen aldian. Pirinioak zeharkatzen dituzten zenbait pasabideen izatea, aldi berean, bateragarria da beste planteamenduarekin, hain zuzen ere, gizataldeek nahiago izaten dituztela Pirinioetako mendebaldeko eta ekialdeko ertzak Iberiar Penintsula eta kontinentearen arteko pasabideak bezala, erosoagoak dire-lako. Hipotesi hau abiapuntutzat hartuta, mendebaldeko pasabidea (Euskal Herria zeharkatzen duena) zenbait erregistro materialen arabera aztertuko dugu: aztarnategi arkeologikoen sakabanaketa, harrizko lehengaien hornidura eta gizataldeen portaera kultural eta ekonomikoen arteko aldeak eta desberdintasunak. Aspaldian, 2004ko Tarascon-sur-Ariègen izandako kongresuan egin genuen hausnarketa teoretikoa izan da gure oinarria, hamabi urte beranduago hipotesi horren baliokidetza aztertzeko. ABSTRACT It has traditionally been thought that movement of human groups across the Pyrenees would have been difficult in the Palaeolithic, although there are data contradicting this view. It may even be proposed that a Pyrenean region existed in the Palaeolithic with specific cultural traits and a series of sites, especially in the Magdalenian. The existence of routes across the central parts of the Pyrenees is not incompatible, however, with a preference for the western and eastern routes between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of Europe. With this hypothesis, we propose to explore the western route for the movement of populations, the one that crosses the Basque Country, through different kinds of record: the location of the archaeological sites themselves, the distribution of lithic raw materials, the technocomplexes, and the similarities and differences in the cultural and subsistence behaviour of the human groups. We will retake the theoretical approach proposed at the International Meeting on Prehistorical Pyrenees (Tarascon, 2004), to check its validity, twelve years later.
Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2016
Este artículo tiene por objetivo el análisis de la distribución biogeográfica de felinos
(Felis, ... more Este artículo tiene por objetivo el análisis de la distribución biogeográfica de felinos
(Felis, Lynx y Panthera) en la Península Ibérica durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Este periodo
comprende fases climáticas rigurosas, última fase glacial, y templadas. Estas cambiantes condiciones
afectaron en la distribución geográfica de la fauna, propiciando la presencia de especies
adaptadas a medios fríos en el tercio norte. La Península Ibérica es el territorio europeo situado
más al Suroeste, su situación hace que en este territorio existan diversas áreas climáticas, esto
unido a un complejo relieve afectaron en la distribución biogeográfica de las especies durante el
Pleistoceno Superior.
En la Península Ibérica han sido identificados tres géneros de felino, desde un pequeño carnívoro
como el gato montés, al lince de tamaño medio, hasta grandes carnívoros como el leopardo
y el león. El análisis de esta familia de carnívoros permite realizar un repaso diacrónico y geográfico
a las adaptaciones de los carnívoros al cambiante medio ambiente del Pleistoceno Superior.
Sin embargo, esta investigación ha de considerarse como un trabajo preliminar, futuros trabajos
podrían modificar la actual distribución biogeográfica, especialmente en aquellas regiones en las
que ciertas especies están ausentes.
En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados del estudio del conjunto paleontológico de la cueva d... more En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados del estudio del conjunto paleontológico de la cueva de Muniziaga (Galdames, Bizkaia). Este conjunto está compuesto casi exclusivamente por restos óseos de Ursus spelaeus. La localización de una acumulación de estas características en la zona minera de Bizkaia resulta inusual. Una concesión minera empleó la cueva como acceso a las vetas de mineral de hierro, degradando el patrimonio arqueológico y paleontológico. Este estudio consta de dos partes. Análisis taxonómico, en el que analizamos en detalle la configuración de la población de Ursus spelaeus. En la segunda parte, se analizan los procesos postdeposicionales y se plantea una serie de causas, que mediante la acción de agentes físicos y biológicos, modificaron los restos óseos estudiados.
L'Anthropologie
"Résumé
Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d’occupation ép... more "Résumé
Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d’occupation éphémère du Châtelperronien : Labeko Koba IX et Ekain X. Pour chacun des deux niveaux, la présence de carnivores est importante, et pour cela les interactions entre humains, herbivores et carnivores ont été évaluées d’un point de vue taphonomique. De cette manière, nous pourrons déchiffrer le rôle joué par chacun d’eux sur les accumulations des restes de faune. D’autre part, l’industrie lithique a été analysée en adoptant différents points de vue : la matière première, les systèmes de fabrication, la typologie et l’utilisation. Ces informations ont été utilisées pour caractériser le système de gestion employé et préciser les activités réalisées sur chacun des sites. Les résultats combinés des analyses industrielles et taphonomiques nous permettent d’évaluer les deux occupations comme des haltes de chasse. À partir de cette lecture, nous pouvons proposer des interprétations sur les stratégies de gestion du territoire pendant le Châtelperronien et sur les implications de ces stratégies dans la compréhension de la transition du Paléolithique Moyen au Paléolithique Supérieur et le remplacement des peuples néandertaliens de Cantabrie orientale et du Sud-Ouest de la France.
Abstract
In this paper, we present two sites with evidences of ephemeral occupations dating to the Chatelperronian: Labeko Koba IX and Ekain X. In both levels carnivore presence is abundant. For this reason the interactions between humans, carnivores and herbivores are investigated from a taphonomic point of view in order to clarify the origin of faunal accumulation. Lithic industry is also analyzed from different perspectives: raw material acquisition, fabrication system, typology and use. These data have been used to characterize lithic provisioning strategies and to precise the range of activities performed in the site. The combination of thaponomic and industrial data suggest that both sites served as hunting camps. Starting from this interpretation we can assess the territory management strategies practiced during the Chatelperronian and the implication of this in the understanding of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition and the replacement of Neanderthal populations in eastern Cantabrian region and Sud-Ouest of France."
L'Anthropologie, 2012
Résumé Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d'occupation éphémè... more Résumé Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d'occupation éphémère du Châtelperronien : Labeko Koba IX et Ekain X. Pour chacun des deux niveaux, la présence de carnivores est importante, et pour cela les interactions entre humains, herbivores et carnivores ont été évaluées d'un point de vue taphonomique. De cette manière, nous pourrons déchiffrer le rôle joué par chacun d'eux sur les accumulations des restes de faune. D'autre part, l'industrie lithique a été analysée en adoptant différents points de vue : la matière première, les systèmes de fabrication, la typologie et l'utilisation. Ces informations ont été utilisées pour caractériser le système de gestion employé et préciser les activités réalisées sur chacun des sites. Les résultats combinés des analyses industrielles et taphonomiques nous permettent d'évaluer les deux occupations comme des haltes de chasse. À partir de cette lecture, nous pouvons proposer des interprétations sur les stratégies de gestion du territoire pendant le Châtelperronien et sur les implications de ces stratégies dans la compréhension de la transition du Paléolithique Moyen au Paléolithique Supérieur et le remplacement des peuples néandertaliens de Cantabrie orientale et du Sud-Ouest de la France. # 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.
Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2011
En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados logrados del estudio del conjunto paleontológico de l... more En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados logrados del estudio del conjunto paleontológico de la Sima de Illobi (Aralar, Navarra). Este estudio consta de dos partes, análisis taxonómico y tafonómico. En la primera, hemos analizado y comparado con otros yacimientos cantábricos y del norte de la meseta castellana, huesos largos y piezas dentales de Illobi. Posteriormente, con el objetivo de analizar la distribución del conjunto, hemos estudiado los rangos de edad existentes a través del desgate dental de los molariformes. Finalmente, hemos completado el estudio mediante el análisis de las probables causas que contribuyeron a crear este conjunto, así como de las características deposicionales del mismo, mediante la acción de agentes físicos y biológicos.
Proceedings of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution (PESHE) 4: 231
The first report of several well-crafted wooden spears and numerous butchered horse bones at the ... more The first report of several well-crafted wooden spears and numerous butchered horse bones at the Schöningen 13II-4 site (Lower Saxony, Germany) drew international attention and altered the perception about the capabilities of Middle Pleistocene hominins [1]. Since its discovery, a wealth of research has sought to clarify the geological, palaeoenvironmental and biostratigraphical settings for the “Spear Horizon” within a regional context [2]. However, lacking are the finer details of site formation that relate directly to Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviours along the interglacial lakeshore at Schöningen, some 300,000 years ago (MIS 9). Here we present an in-depth examination of the complete faunal assemblage from the Schöningen 13II-4 “Spear Horizon”, focusing on high-resolution taphonomic and GIS-based spatial analyses to evaluate the unique depositional history of this important site. With the remarkable preservation of the bone assemblage, we can reconstruct the various biotic and abiotic processes that ultimately led to site formation within a precise spatial framework. Coupled taphonomic and spatial data point to a shifting shoreline, with accumulation and subsequent deposition in very shallow water. Despite the fluctuating shoreline, we contend the site is largely in situ, as no hydrological processes have influenced the distribution or orientation of bones within the deposit. Through multiple lines of evidence, it is becoming increasingly clear that the faunal remains and other associated artefacts represent more than one hunting and butchery episode. Horse (Equus mosbachensis) bones overwhelmingly dominate the assemblage, a large portion of which shows traces of butchery, and are heavily concentrated along a single, north-south axis spanning the large excavated area (3.900 m2). Further clusters of horse bones are scattered across the site, possibly indicating relict shorelines. Bovid and cervid remains are also well-represented, but cluster within different areas of the site. Bone concentrations of these large mammal species roughly overlap with the distributions of lithic, bone and wooden artefacts across the site, providing further evidence for repeated use of the locality for ambush hunting and butchery by Middle Pleistocene hominins. In contrast, small mammals, fish, some bird remains and unmodified wooden fragments show no preferential distributions, thus reflecting natural inputs into to the site unrelated to hominin activities. Carnivore remains are present, but access to carcasses in most instances appears to be secondary to hominin butchery. At present, we hesitate to hypothesise on the exact number of hunting events or time depth represented in the deposit, but animal deaths spanning all seasons of the year indicate a constant hominin presence along the Schöningen lakeshore.
Together with a detailed archive of the wider palaeolandscape, these high-resolution taphonomic and spatial analyses form a holistic approach to contextualize Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviours at multiple scales. The warm, interglacial environment offered hominin groups a diverse assortment of resources. The wider lakeshore environment was likely a dominant feature on the landscape, supporting a wide array of vegetation and providing water for abundant herds of large game. At a local scale, Middle Pleistocene hominins took full advantage of this collection of resources to repeatedly ambush unsuspecting prey. While the initial interpretation of the Schöningen 13II-4 “Spear Horizon” must be amended to include multiple hunting episodes, the site continues to change the perceptions of Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviour.
Acknowledgements: This research project is a cooperation between MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, and is financed by the DFG (GA6839/-1).
References:
[1] Thieme, H., 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.
[2] Behre, K.-E. (Ed.), 2012. The chronological setting of the Palaeolithic sites of Schöningen. Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz
Munibe Antropologia-Arqueologia, Jun 13, 2015
In this paper is presented a paleontological assemblage recovered in thirty-four cavities located... more In this paper is presented a paleontological assemblage recovered in thirty-four cavities located in Alava-Araba (northern Spain). These remains
were collected during four decades, from 1968 to 2014 by Mario Laurino, a local amateur. Total amount of bone fragments rise up to 5.500 fragments.
This paper includes the taxonomic and biometric analysis of 4930 (NISP) bone remains, representing 84 (MNI) Ursus arctos Linneo and 142 (MNI)
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth from Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene. We have explained geographical distribution and described taxonomical
distribution of those caves with a set of remains higher than 100 remains (NISP).
Thereafter, a regional comparative analysis have been developed, based on four dental elements, canines (CI, Cs) and fourth premolars (P4, P4),
with comparative purposes have been included biometrical data from multiple bear remains found in cavities of the region (eastern Cantabrian Mountain
Range and Iberian Mountains) and previously published by us and other researchers. Furthermore, a brief taphonomical description is included,
with a description of modifications produced by bears, as punctures on long bones, or pathological diseased who affected bears mobility.
Finally, first aim of this study has been to get as much information available from a collection made from a selected sample without paleontological
or archaeological criteria. However, through the accurate analysis of this sample, we have obtained some relevant results for a better understanding
of the palaeo-environment and especially bears (Ursus arctos and Ursus spelaeus) population distribution and composition in Cantabrian
Mountains during Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene.
A reassessment of the dates for the Aurignacian in Western Europe based on C14 dates from anthrop... more A reassessment of the dates for the Aurignacian in Western Europe based on C14 dates from anthropogenically modified bone from L'Abreda, Labeko Koba and La Vina.
CAA2014 21st Century Archaeology Concepts, Methods and Tools Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Apr 20, 2015
In this paper, we describe a GIS-based methodology for estimating the minimum number of skeletal ... more In this paper, we describe a GIS-based methodology for estimating the minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) and other archaeozoological measures, such as cut mark distribution and density. As a case study, we present a preliminary application to the Middle Pleistocene site of Schöningen 13II-4, the so-called “Spear Horizon”, where a large and exceptionally preserved faunal assemblage imposes difficulties for quantifying skeletal element abundances. We base our methodology on a series of digital templates introduced in a GIS, where each identifiable bone specimen is drawn and the number of overlapping bone fragments is calculated. This methodology yields a direct and accurate calculation of MNE and provides a foundation for assessing other critical archaeozoological measures. Analysis and interpretation of these measures is essential for understanding Palaeolithic subsistence strategies and hominin behaviour.
Nature, 512: 306-309, Doi: doi:10.1038/nature13621, Aug 20, 2014
Journal of Human Evolution (2014)
Since the late 1980s, northern Iberia has yielded some of the earliest radiocarbon dated Aurignac... more Since the late 1980s, northern Iberia has yielded some of the earliest radiocarbon dated Aurignacian
assemblages in Western Europe, probably produced by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). This is at
odds with its location furthest from the likely eastern entry point of AMHs, and has also suggested to
some that the Châtelperronian resulted from cultural transfer from AMHs to Neanderthals. However, the
accuracy of the early chronology has been extensively disputed, primarily because of the poor association
between the dated samples and human activity. Here, we test the chronology of three sites in northern
Iberia, L’Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña, by radiocarbon dating ultrafiltered collagen from anthropogenically
modified bones. The published dates from Labeko Koba are shown to be significant underestimates
due to the insufficient removal of young contaminants. The early (c.44 ka cal BP [thousands
of calibrated years before present]) Aurignacian chronology at L’Arbreda cannot be reproduced, but the
reason for this is difficult to ascertain. The existing chronology of La Viña is found to be approximately
correct. Together, the evidence suggests that major changes in technocomplexes occurred contemporaneously
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of northern Iberia, with the Aurignacian
appearing around 42 ka cal BP, a date broadly consistent with the appearance of this industry elsewhere
in Western Europe.
Journal of Taphonomy, 2012
Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus
Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) are the most abundant
taxon in the lower ... more Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus
Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) are the most abundant
taxon in the lower levels of many archaeological sites in Cantabrian Area. Through the scientific literature, archaeological levels have been consistently assigned to the different cu
ltural periods, depending on the identified stone tools.
In this paper, we would like to contribute to the interpretation of these sequences, through the accurate
analysis of their archaeozoological accumulations.
By presenting three examples, Lezetxiki, Lezetxiki II
and Astigarragako Kobea, we will try to bring new data to this problem. Archaeozoological analysis carried out at these three stratigraphical sequences, have shown the existence of intense bears (Ursus spelaeus deningeroideMottle, 1964) and
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) occupation and
human groups ephemeral presence (through the presence of lithic implements), in the oldest levels (Lower Palaeolithic) stratigraphic series of the three cavities. Our aim is to present the preliminary
archeozoological and taphonomic results of these three sequences.
Journal of Taphonomy, 2012
"Lower IX level from Labeko Koba and X level of Ekai
n have been considered relevant because the... more "Lower IX level from Labeko Koba and X level of Ekai
n have been considered relevant because their
archaeological attribution to the Chatelperronian.
Nevertheless the association of these archaeological
evidences with complex faunal assemblages, characte
rized by the high presence of carnivores, requires a
detailed archaeozoological analysis in order to und
erstand the real nature of human interaction in the
site and thus asses the function of these occupations.
The Labeko Koba IX lower layer is an occupation of
cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelaea), where we can identify, through a taphonomic analysis that a part of the assemblage had anthropic origin.
On the other hand, the level X of Ekain is an accum
ulation of remains of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)
associated with a small assemblage of lithic artifacts. The particularities of cave bear ethology during
hibernation suggest that ursids were not the main a
ccumulator of other species bones.
In this paper, we wish to contribute to a better understanding of human presence in these sites
during the Chatelperronian, by comparing the result
s produced by the Archaeozoology and the Lithic
Techno-tipology. Grace to this interdisciplinary st
udy it has been possible to identify, in both level
s, the role played by carnivores and humans in faunal remain accumulation and thus characterize the impact
and nature of human presence in both sites.
This paper could be a contribution for understandi
ng the coevolution of humans and carnivores
in caves of the southwestern Europe during the earl
y Upper Palaeolithic. "
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Papers by Aritza Villaluenga
(Felis, Lynx y Panthera) en la Península Ibérica durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Este periodo
comprende fases climáticas rigurosas, última fase glacial, y templadas. Estas cambiantes condiciones
afectaron en la distribución geográfica de la fauna, propiciando la presencia de especies
adaptadas a medios fríos en el tercio norte. La Península Ibérica es el territorio europeo situado
más al Suroeste, su situación hace que en este territorio existan diversas áreas climáticas, esto
unido a un complejo relieve afectaron en la distribución biogeográfica de las especies durante el
Pleistoceno Superior.
En la Península Ibérica han sido identificados tres géneros de felino, desde un pequeño carnívoro
como el gato montés, al lince de tamaño medio, hasta grandes carnívoros como el leopardo
y el león. El análisis de esta familia de carnívoros permite realizar un repaso diacrónico y geográfico
a las adaptaciones de los carnívoros al cambiante medio ambiente del Pleistoceno Superior.
Sin embargo, esta investigación ha de considerarse como un trabajo preliminar, futuros trabajos
podrían modificar la actual distribución biogeográfica, especialmente en aquellas regiones en las
que ciertas especies están ausentes.
Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d’occupation éphémère du Châtelperronien : Labeko Koba IX et Ekain X. Pour chacun des deux niveaux, la présence de carnivores est importante, et pour cela les interactions entre humains, herbivores et carnivores ont été évaluées d’un point de vue taphonomique. De cette manière, nous pourrons déchiffrer le rôle joué par chacun d’eux sur les accumulations des restes de faune. D’autre part, l’industrie lithique a été analysée en adoptant différents points de vue : la matière première, les systèmes de fabrication, la typologie et l’utilisation. Ces informations ont été utilisées pour caractériser le système de gestion employé et préciser les activités réalisées sur chacun des sites. Les résultats combinés des analyses industrielles et taphonomiques nous permettent d’évaluer les deux occupations comme des haltes de chasse. À partir de cette lecture, nous pouvons proposer des interprétations sur les stratégies de gestion du territoire pendant le Châtelperronien et sur les implications de ces stratégies dans la compréhension de la transition du Paléolithique Moyen au Paléolithique Supérieur et le remplacement des peuples néandertaliens de Cantabrie orientale et du Sud-Ouest de la France.
Abstract
In this paper, we present two sites with evidences of ephemeral occupations dating to the Chatelperronian: Labeko Koba IX and Ekain X. In both levels carnivore presence is abundant. For this reason the interactions between humans, carnivores and herbivores are investigated from a taphonomic point of view in order to clarify the origin of faunal accumulation. Lithic industry is also analyzed from different perspectives: raw material acquisition, fabrication system, typology and use. These data have been used to characterize lithic provisioning strategies and to precise the range of activities performed in the site. The combination of thaponomic and industrial data suggest that both sites served as hunting camps. Starting from this interpretation we can assess the territory management strategies practiced during the Chatelperronian and the implication of this in the understanding of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition and the replacement of Neanderthal populations in eastern Cantabrian region and Sud-Ouest of France."
Together with a detailed archive of the wider palaeolandscape, these high-resolution taphonomic and spatial analyses form a holistic approach to contextualize Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviours at multiple scales. The warm, interglacial environment offered hominin groups a diverse assortment of resources. The wider lakeshore environment was likely a dominant feature on the landscape, supporting a wide array of vegetation and providing water for abundant herds of large game. At a local scale, Middle Pleistocene hominins took full advantage of this collection of resources to repeatedly ambush unsuspecting prey. While the initial interpretation of the Schöningen 13II-4 “Spear Horizon” must be amended to include multiple hunting episodes, the site continues to change the perceptions of Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviour.
Acknowledgements: This research project is a cooperation between MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, and is financed by the DFG (GA6839/-1).
References:
[1] Thieme, H., 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.
[2] Behre, K.-E. (Ed.), 2012. The chronological setting of the Palaeolithic sites of Schöningen. Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz
were collected during four decades, from 1968 to 2014 by Mario Laurino, a local amateur. Total amount of bone fragments rise up to 5.500 fragments.
This paper includes the taxonomic and biometric analysis of 4930 (NISP) bone remains, representing 84 (MNI) Ursus arctos Linneo and 142 (MNI)
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth from Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene. We have explained geographical distribution and described taxonomical
distribution of those caves with a set of remains higher than 100 remains (NISP).
Thereafter, a regional comparative analysis have been developed, based on four dental elements, canines (CI, Cs) and fourth premolars (P4, P4),
with comparative purposes have been included biometrical data from multiple bear remains found in cavities of the region (eastern Cantabrian Mountain
Range and Iberian Mountains) and previously published by us and other researchers. Furthermore, a brief taphonomical description is included,
with a description of modifications produced by bears, as punctures on long bones, or pathological diseased who affected bears mobility.
Finally, first aim of this study has been to get as much information available from a collection made from a selected sample without paleontological
or archaeological criteria. However, through the accurate analysis of this sample, we have obtained some relevant results for a better understanding
of the palaeo-environment and especially bears (Ursus arctos and Ursus spelaeus) population distribution and composition in Cantabrian
Mountains during Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene.
assemblages in Western Europe, probably produced by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). This is at
odds with its location furthest from the likely eastern entry point of AMHs, and has also suggested to
some that the Châtelperronian resulted from cultural transfer from AMHs to Neanderthals. However, the
accuracy of the early chronology has been extensively disputed, primarily because of the poor association
between the dated samples and human activity. Here, we test the chronology of three sites in northern
Iberia, L’Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña, by radiocarbon dating ultrafiltered collagen from anthropogenically
modified bones. The published dates from Labeko Koba are shown to be significant underestimates
due to the insufficient removal of young contaminants. The early (c.44 ka cal BP [thousands
of calibrated years before present]) Aurignacian chronology at L’Arbreda cannot be reproduced, but the
reason for this is difficult to ascertain. The existing chronology of La Viña is found to be approximately
correct. Together, the evidence suggests that major changes in technocomplexes occurred contemporaneously
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of northern Iberia, with the Aurignacian
appearing around 42 ka cal BP, a date broadly consistent with the appearance of this industry elsewhere
in Western Europe.
Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) are the most abundant
taxon in the lower levels of many archaeological sites in Cantabrian Area. Through the scientific literature, archaeological levels have been consistently assigned to the different cu
ltural periods, depending on the identified stone tools.
In this paper, we would like to contribute to the interpretation of these sequences, through the accurate
analysis of their archaeozoological accumulations.
By presenting three examples, Lezetxiki, Lezetxiki II
and Astigarragako Kobea, we will try to bring new data to this problem. Archaeozoological analysis carried out at these three stratigraphical sequences, have shown the existence of intense bears (Ursus spelaeus deningeroideMottle, 1964) and
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) occupation and
human groups ephemeral presence (through the presence of lithic implements), in the oldest levels (Lower Palaeolithic) stratigraphic series of the three cavities. Our aim is to present the preliminary
archeozoological and taphonomic results of these three sequences.
n have been considered relevant because their
archaeological attribution to the Chatelperronian.
Nevertheless the association of these archaeological
evidences with complex faunal assemblages, characte
rized by the high presence of carnivores, requires a
detailed archaeozoological analysis in order to und
erstand the real nature of human interaction in the
site and thus asses the function of these occupations.
The Labeko Koba IX lower layer is an occupation of
cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelaea), where we can identify, through a taphonomic analysis that a part of the assemblage had anthropic origin.
On the other hand, the level X of Ekain is an accum
ulation of remains of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)
associated with a small assemblage of lithic artifacts. The particularities of cave bear ethology during
hibernation suggest that ursids were not the main a
ccumulator of other species bones.
In this paper, we wish to contribute to a better understanding of human presence in these sites
during the Chatelperronian, by comparing the result
s produced by the Archaeozoology and the Lithic
Techno-tipology. Grace to this interdisciplinary st
udy it has been possible to identify, in both level
s, the role played by carnivores and humans in faunal remain accumulation and thus characterize the impact
and nature of human presence in both sites.
This paper could be a contribution for understandi
ng the coevolution of humans and carnivores
in caves of the southwestern Europe during the earl
y Upper Palaeolithic. "
(Felis, Lynx y Panthera) en la Península Ibérica durante el Pleistoceno Superior. Este periodo
comprende fases climáticas rigurosas, última fase glacial, y templadas. Estas cambiantes condiciones
afectaron en la distribución geográfica de la fauna, propiciando la presencia de especies
adaptadas a medios fríos en el tercio norte. La Península Ibérica es el territorio europeo situado
más al Suroeste, su situación hace que en este territorio existan diversas áreas climáticas, esto
unido a un complejo relieve afectaron en la distribución biogeográfica de las especies durante el
Pleistoceno Superior.
En la Península Ibérica han sido identificados tres géneros de felino, desde un pequeño carnívoro
como el gato montés, al lince de tamaño medio, hasta grandes carnívoros como el leopardo
y el león. El análisis de esta familia de carnívoros permite realizar un repaso diacrónico y geográfico
a las adaptaciones de los carnívoros al cambiante medio ambiente del Pleistoceno Superior.
Sin embargo, esta investigación ha de considerarse como un trabajo preliminar, futuros trabajos
podrían modificar la actual distribución biogeográfica, especialmente en aquellas regiones en las
que ciertas especies están ausentes.
Cet article a pour but de présenter deux niveaux possédant des indices d’occupation éphémère du Châtelperronien : Labeko Koba IX et Ekain X. Pour chacun des deux niveaux, la présence de carnivores est importante, et pour cela les interactions entre humains, herbivores et carnivores ont été évaluées d’un point de vue taphonomique. De cette manière, nous pourrons déchiffrer le rôle joué par chacun d’eux sur les accumulations des restes de faune. D’autre part, l’industrie lithique a été analysée en adoptant différents points de vue : la matière première, les systèmes de fabrication, la typologie et l’utilisation. Ces informations ont été utilisées pour caractériser le système de gestion employé et préciser les activités réalisées sur chacun des sites. Les résultats combinés des analyses industrielles et taphonomiques nous permettent d’évaluer les deux occupations comme des haltes de chasse. À partir de cette lecture, nous pouvons proposer des interprétations sur les stratégies de gestion du territoire pendant le Châtelperronien et sur les implications de ces stratégies dans la compréhension de la transition du Paléolithique Moyen au Paléolithique Supérieur et le remplacement des peuples néandertaliens de Cantabrie orientale et du Sud-Ouest de la France.
Abstract
In this paper, we present two sites with evidences of ephemeral occupations dating to the Chatelperronian: Labeko Koba IX and Ekain X. In both levels carnivore presence is abundant. For this reason the interactions between humans, carnivores and herbivores are investigated from a taphonomic point of view in order to clarify the origin of faunal accumulation. Lithic industry is also analyzed from different perspectives: raw material acquisition, fabrication system, typology and use. These data have been used to characterize lithic provisioning strategies and to precise the range of activities performed in the site. The combination of thaponomic and industrial data suggest that both sites served as hunting camps. Starting from this interpretation we can assess the territory management strategies practiced during the Chatelperronian and the implication of this in the understanding of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition and the replacement of Neanderthal populations in eastern Cantabrian region and Sud-Ouest of France."
Together with a detailed archive of the wider palaeolandscape, these high-resolution taphonomic and spatial analyses form a holistic approach to contextualize Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviours at multiple scales. The warm, interglacial environment offered hominin groups a diverse assortment of resources. The wider lakeshore environment was likely a dominant feature on the landscape, supporting a wide array of vegetation and providing water for abundant herds of large game. At a local scale, Middle Pleistocene hominins took full advantage of this collection of resources to repeatedly ambush unsuspecting prey. While the initial interpretation of the Schöningen 13II-4 “Spear Horizon” must be amended to include multiple hunting episodes, the site continues to change the perceptions of Middle Pleistocene hominin behaviour.
Acknowledgements: This research project is a cooperation between MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, and is financed by the DFG (GA6839/-1).
References:
[1] Thieme, H., 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385, 807-810.
[2] Behre, K.-E. (Ed.), 2012. The chronological setting of the Palaeolithic sites of Schöningen. Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz
were collected during four decades, from 1968 to 2014 by Mario Laurino, a local amateur. Total amount of bone fragments rise up to 5.500 fragments.
This paper includes the taxonomic and biometric analysis of 4930 (NISP) bone remains, representing 84 (MNI) Ursus arctos Linneo and 142 (MNI)
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth from Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene. We have explained geographical distribution and described taxonomical
distribution of those caves with a set of remains higher than 100 remains (NISP).
Thereafter, a regional comparative analysis have been developed, based on four dental elements, canines (CI, Cs) and fourth premolars (P4, P4),
with comparative purposes have been included biometrical data from multiple bear remains found in cavities of the region (eastern Cantabrian Mountain
Range and Iberian Mountains) and previously published by us and other researchers. Furthermore, a brief taphonomical description is included,
with a description of modifications produced by bears, as punctures on long bones, or pathological diseased who affected bears mobility.
Finally, first aim of this study has been to get as much information available from a collection made from a selected sample without paleontological
or archaeological criteria. However, through the accurate analysis of this sample, we have obtained some relevant results for a better understanding
of the palaeo-environment and especially bears (Ursus arctos and Ursus spelaeus) population distribution and composition in Cantabrian
Mountains during Upper Pleistocene and early Holocene.
assemblages in Western Europe, probably produced by anatomically modern humans (AMHs). This is at
odds with its location furthest from the likely eastern entry point of AMHs, and has also suggested to
some that the Châtelperronian resulted from cultural transfer from AMHs to Neanderthals. However, the
accuracy of the early chronology has been extensively disputed, primarily because of the poor association
between the dated samples and human activity. Here, we test the chronology of three sites in northern
Iberia, L’Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña, by radiocarbon dating ultrafiltered collagen from anthropogenically
modified bones. The published dates from Labeko Koba are shown to be significant underestimates
due to the insufficient removal of young contaminants. The early (c.44 ka cal BP [thousands
of calibrated years before present]) Aurignacian chronology at L’Arbreda cannot be reproduced, but the
reason for this is difficult to ascertain. The existing chronology of La Viña is found to be approximately
correct. Together, the evidence suggests that major changes in technocomplexes occurred contemporaneously
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of northern Iberia, with the Aurignacian
appearing around 42 ka cal BP, a date broadly consistent with the appearance of this industry elsewhere
in Western Europe.
Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) are the most abundant
taxon in the lower levels of many archaeological sites in Cantabrian Area. Through the scientific literature, archaeological levels have been consistently assigned to the different cu
ltural periods, depending on the identified stone tools.
In this paper, we would like to contribute to the interpretation of these sequences, through the accurate
analysis of their archaeozoological accumulations.
By presenting three examples, Lezetxiki, Lezetxiki II
and Astigarragako Kobea, we will try to bring new data to this problem. Archaeozoological analysis carried out at these three stratigraphical sequences, have shown the existence of intense bears (Ursus spelaeus deningeroideMottle, 1964) and
Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller-Heinroth, 1794) occupation and
human groups ephemeral presence (through the presence of lithic implements), in the oldest levels (Lower Palaeolithic) stratigraphic series of the three cavities. Our aim is to present the preliminary
archeozoological and taphonomic results of these three sequences.
n have been considered relevant because their
archaeological attribution to the Chatelperronian.
Nevertheless the association of these archaeological
evidences with complex faunal assemblages, characte
rized by the high presence of carnivores, requires a
detailed archaeozoological analysis in order to und
erstand the real nature of human interaction in the
site and thus asses the function of these occupations.
The Labeko Koba IX lower layer is an occupation of
cave hyenas (Crocuta crocuta spelaea), where we can identify, through a taphonomic analysis that a part of the assemblage had anthropic origin.
On the other hand, the level X of Ekain is an accum
ulation of remains of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)
associated with a small assemblage of lithic artifacts. The particularities of cave bear ethology during
hibernation suggest that ursids were not the main a
ccumulator of other species bones.
In this paper, we wish to contribute to a better understanding of human presence in these sites
during the Chatelperronian, by comparing the result
s produced by the Archaeozoology and the Lithic
Techno-tipology. Grace to this interdisciplinary st
udy it has been possible to identify, in both level
s, the role played by carnivores and humans in faunal remain accumulation and thus characterize the impact
and nature of human presence in both sites.
This paper could be a contribution for understandi
ng the coevolution of humans and carnivores
in caves of the southwestern Europe during the earl
y Upper Palaeolithic. "
Deba River and near the eastern end of the Bay of Biscay,
is an archaeological site physically connected to the classical
site of Lezetxiki.
Both cavities are well known due to the important archaeological
and paleontological discoveries that have
been made there. In the deposit of Lezetxiki three human
fossil remains were recorded, while evidences of
human activities have been detected in both caves.
The infilling of Lezetxiki II has provided the first record
of Sicista betulina from the Iberian Peninsula, which also
happens to be the south-westernmost representative of
the genus in the Eurasian continent, and also the first
records of Cricetulus (Allocricetus) bursae and Macaca sylvannus
in the Cantabrian Region.
The study of microvertebrate remains has been proved
as a rich source of information on the paleoenvironmental
and paleoclimatic reconstruction. During 2011 excavation
campaign, a test trench was conducted near the
entrance of the cave, on which a total of 52 samples of
sediment were taken along all the stratigraphic units.
Preliminary studies suggests the presence of at least
eleven different small mammals taxa, nine belonging to
the Order Rodentia (Arvicola sapidus, Microtus (Microtus)
agrestis, Microtus (Microtus) arvalis, Microtus (Alexandromys)
oeconomus, Microtus (Terricola) sp., Pliomys lenki, Cricetulus
(Allocricetus) bursae, Apodemus sylvaticus-flavicollis
and Sicista betulina) and two to the Order Eulipotyphla
(Sorex araneus-coronatus and Talpa sp.)
We present for the first time, a palaeoenvironmental and
palaeoclimatic reconstruction on the basis of the small vertebrate
assemblages from Lezetxiki II Cave, showing the diverse
habitat and climatic changes that occurred from the
end of the Middle Pleistocene to the early Holocene.
More Info: Garcia-Ibaibarriaga, Naroa; Rofes, Juan; Salvador Bailon; Arrizabalaga, Álvaro; Iriarte-Chiapusso, María-José; Villaluenga, Aritza; Murelaga, Xabier
Event Date: Sep 2014
Publication Name: XVII World UISPP Congress. Abstract Book
series of seasons. Between 1956 and 1968, José Miguel
de Barandiarán, together with a number of collaborators,
excavated a large area of the deposit (some 100m2), and
since 1996 a new series of fieldwork has been carried
out under the direction of Alvaro Arrizabalaga, in a much
smaller area. Owing to the taphonomic circumstances
of this deposit, the difficulties in obtaining a consistent
geochronological framework for it, and the complex nature
of the lithic assemblage, great confusion has arisen
about the stratigraphic units that should be included in a
discussion about the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition
at Lezetxiki. Strictly speaking, the only level that can
be attributed to this period is Level III, which is sub-divided
into IIIa and IIIb, separated by an erosional contact.
Sublevel IIIa, with abundant industrial remains, is dated
in the Aurignacian, whereas Sublevel IIIB, in which hardly
any lithic industry or remains of fauna associated with
human activity were found, corresponds to a very late
phase of the Mousterian. As a result of the circumstances
in the initial series of excavations, mixing of some materials
between the two sublevels may have taken place,
although their original differentiation was made by José
Miguel de Barandiarán, and these possible cases should
be regarded as few in number.
Bone retouchers are particularly intriguing in this regard, as they combine elements of both bone and stone tool technology, and hold great research potential for understanding the origins and development of bone tool use during the Palaeolithic. At the core of this issue is where and when our human ancestors began to use bones to create and modify stone tools. More importantly, we seek to better understand how and why prehistoric humans ceased to consider bones as a sterile by-product of the hunting and butchery process and began to recognize bone’s technological utility for making stone tools.
With these goals in mind, we are pleased to announce the international symposium, “Retouching the Palaeolithic: Becoming Human and the Origins of Bone Tool Technology.” Our intentions are to explore the circumstances under which these tools were integrated into the entire suite of emerging Palaeolithic technologies and how these cumulative innovations influenced human subsistence and other socio-economic adaptations across space and time. With this synthesis, we add an important dimension to the ways in which tool use defines what it means to be human.
XVII UISPP Congress, Burgos, Spain, 1-7 September 2104.
We would like to invite you to submit a paper to our session
B45- A diachronic perspective of human behavioural adaptations to interglacial lakeshore environments during the European Pleistocene to early Holocene.
Chaired by Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Alejandro García, Jarod M. Hutson, Lutz Kindler, Geoff M. Smith, Elaine Turner and Aritza Villaluenga*
During the course of human evolution, we have successfully adapted to various environments. Changing climates and landscapes often required new behavioural strategies for survival. In our session we consider human behavioural adaptations to European interglacial environments. Such sites offer favourable conditions for the preservation of archaeological remains and high-resolution ecological archives. Frequently, these records have been recovered near to freshwater sources (lakes, springs, rivers etc.), which provided attractive, well-known locations for the procurement and butchering of animals, lithic provisioning and occasionally more permanent visits.
In this comparative session, we intend to explore the complex relationship between environmental influence and patterns of behaviour using equivalent case studies and high resolution archives from European Middle Pleistocene through to early Holocene contexts. The ultimate goal is to evaluate how survival strategies in similar environmental situations evolved throughout the course of our history.
More details about our session can be found in the third circular of the UISPP, currently online at www.burgos2014uispp.com. Here you will also find useful information about how to register for the meeting and the sessions.
We envisage presentations of 20 minutes (15 minutes lecture/5 minutes questions/discussion). Posters are also welcome.
Please note that the deadline for proposed communications and posters is 30th. April 2014.
The deadline for the early bird registration is on the same date.
Hoping to see you in Burgos,
Greetings from the Monrepos team,
*For further information contact [email protected].
Tres cavidades: Astigarragako Kobea, Labeko Koba y Ekain. Presentan ocupaciones alternantes entre grupos humanos y carnívoros (Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Canis lupus y Vulpes Vulpes) durante el Pleistoceno Superior. A éstas hemos de sumar los conjuntos paleontológicos de Muniziaga II e Illobi, acumulaciones de Ursus spelaeus y Ursus arctos en cuya formación apenas intervino el ser humano.
Este fenómeno sufrió una evolución gradual a lo largo del tiempo. En los niveles correspondientes al Pleistoceno Superior inicial, identificados en Lezetxiki y Astigarragako Kobea, los úrsidos (Ursus deningeri y Ursus spelaeus) fueron el principal vector de acumulación. A ellos ha de sumarse una efímera presencia antrópica del Paleolítico Inferior y ocupaciones de otros carnívoros, Panthera spelaea, Panthera pardus, que pasan a ser poco frecuentes en periodos más recientes.
Durante el Paleolítico Medio, con aportes de origen antrópico más abundantes que en el periodo precedente, pero con fases de alternancia en la ocupación de estos espacios por úrsidos (Ursus spelaeus y Ursus arctos) y otros carnívoros (Crocuta crocuta spelaea y Canis lupus).
Este fenómeno adquiere una nueva dimensión a lo largo del Paleolítico Superior inicial. En Labeko Koba y Ekain, se mezclan restos óseos depositados por grupos humanos (Chatelperroniense y Auriñaciense) durante breves ocupaciones (Altos de caza) y la actividad de carnívoros.
El análisis tafonómico de estas secuencias ha mostrado la actividad de carroñeo que practicaron los carnívoros y los propios plantígrados sobre las carcasas de Ursus spelaeus durante la hibernación. Así mismo, el estudio taxonómico y tafonómico de estos yacimientos ha permitido demostrar la existencia de una intensa competencia por la ocupación de las cavidades. Los seres humanos durante el Paleolítico Superior llegaron a desplazar a los úrsidos.
Finalmente, serán los grupos humanos, durante el Paleolítico Superior, quienes a través de ocupaciones cada vez más asiduas de las cuevas, provocarán la desaparición en el registro arqueozoológico de los conjuntos depositados por los carnívoros y úrsidos.
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Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons procédé à une étude archéozoologique à travers les analyses taxonomique et taphonomique des ensembles d’ossements provenant de six grottes et un gouffre situés dans la zone orientale de la Corniche Cantabrique.
Trois cavités, Astigarragako Kobea, Labeko Koba et Ekain, présentent des occupations alternantes entre des groupes humains et des carnivores (Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Canis lupus et Vulpes vulpes) pendant le Pléistocène Supérieur. Nous devons y ajouter les ensembles paléontologiques de Muniziaga II et Illobi qui présentent des accumulations d’Ursus spelaeus et d’Ursus arctos dans lesquelles les êtres humains sont à peine intervenus.
Ce phénomène a souffert une évolution progressive au fil du temps. Dans les niveaux correspondants au Pléistocène Supérieur initial (à Lezetxiki et Astigarragako Kobea) les ursidés (Ursus deningeri et Ursus spelaeus) furent le vecteur principal des accumulations. De plus, nous avons remarqué une présence éphémère anthropique du Paléolithique Inferieur ainsi que des occupations d’autres carnivores tels que Panthera spelaea et Panthera pardus (deux espèces qui deviendront de moins en moins fréquentes).
Pendant le Paléolithique Moyen, les apports d’origine anthropique de ces cavités sont plus abondants que pour la période précédente mais sont entrecoupées par des phases d’occupations d’ursidés (Ursus spelaeus et Ursus arctos) et d’autres carnivores (Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Canis lupus)
Pendant le Paléolithique Supérieur initial, ce phénomène prend une nouvelle dimension. A Labeko Koba et à Ekain, nous retrouvons des ossements déposés par des groupes humains (Châtelperronien et Aurignacien) pendant des occupations brèves (Haltes de chasse) ainsi que l’activité de carnivores.
L’analyse taphonomique de ces séquences nous montre une activité de charognage pratiquée par des carnivores et par les propres plantigrades sur les carcasses d’Ursus spelaeus pendant leur hibernation. De cette manière, l’étude taxonomique et taphonomique de ces gisements nous permet de démontrer l’existence d’une grande compétition pour l’occupation de ces grottes. Au Paléolithique Supérieur les êtres humains réussirent à déplacer les ursidés de leur cavité.
Et finalement, les occupations humaines de plus en plus assidues dans les cavités au Paléolithique Supérieur provoqueront la disparition des ensembles déposés par des carnivores et des ursidés dans le registre archéozoologique.