Starting with Cassirer’s distinction between Substantial and Functional knowledge as a means to a... more Starting with Cassirer’s distinction between Substantial and Functional knowledge as a means to account for the difference between Ancient and Medieval science on the one hand and Modern and Contemporary science on the other, this chapter focuses on the long march towards Functional physics in Modern times and its philosophical consequences. Counter intuitively, the process started with a semiotic revolution in philology during the Renaissance period and reached its climax with transcendental philosophy in Kant. Keeping track of this semiotic thread and interpreting the final steps in the history of physics as requiring a symbolic approach advocated by Poincare and Duhem, Cassirer shows how a renewed transcendental philosophy based on the notion of form borrowed from Goethe should be considered as a resource for post-Kantian developments. Two case studies are under closer scrutiny in this chapter: Relativity theory and theoretical biology.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Feb 15, 2013
Retracer le parcours scientifique d’Alan Turing c’est explorer en mathematiques, surprendre en ph... more Retracer le parcours scientifique d’Alan Turing c’est explorer en mathematiques, surprendre en physique et recommencer en biologie… C’est suivre un cheminement intellectuel qui temoigne d’une grande liberte d’esprit.
Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive
Turing’s Legacy Today : between Inheritance Appropriation and Resource for the Future. The articl... more Turing’s Legacy Today : between Inheritance Appropriation and Resource for the Future. The article describes the particular style of Turing’s articles, distinct from all others by two features : he maintains an imaginary dialogue with his reader and at same time identifies himself with the object he describes in the various domains he deals with, mathematics, logic, philosophy or biology. This particular style is complemented by the description of Turing’s three-phase intellectual development which is described chronologically : being a machine ; being a woman/man/machine ; being a biological form. One becomes aware that the notion of the mechanical or of computation should not at all be considered as the ultimate ontological universal model to be applied to reality in an undifferentiated way : this would be inheritance appropriation. On the contrary, because computation is a consequence of the inner limitations of formal systems, it is by definition an interface that grasps only wh...
Résumé La numérisation actuelle du droit permet de revenir sur les liens historiques entre le dro... more Résumé La numérisation actuelle du droit permet de revenir sur les liens historiques entre le droit et la logique moderne. En se fondant sur la différence établie par J. Van Heijenoort entre logique «comme calcul» et logique «comme langage», l’article établit des analogies entre différentes interprétations de la logique et différents types de systèmes ou d’instances juridiques : «Common law», systèmes «civils», «cour de cassation», cette dernière notion caractérisant le formalisme hilbertien. Ce formalisme a tenté de réduire la logique «comme langage» à la logique «comme calcul» mais la découverte des limitations internes des formalismes y a mis un terme : d’où le parallèle entre l’échec du programme hilbertien et les difficultés rencontrées dans la numérisation actuelle du droit. Le droit n’est pas réductible à un calcul formel sur des marques écrites : il reste une discipline dans laquelle la parole et le dialogue sont indispensables pour réaliser les buts qu’il s’assigne.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2020
Déterminisme prédictif en ingénierie : la question ne se pose pas 22. Déterminisme prédictif en g... more Déterminisme prédictif en ingénierie : la question ne se pose pas 22. Déterminisme prédictif en général : la question est réglée 23. Déterminisme prédictif et non prédictif : la question est loin d'être réglée 3. Retour au droit Conclusion Appendice Bibliographie
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 2020
This chapter is an application of the results gained so far. It investigates the relationships be... more This chapter is an application of the results gained so far. It investigates the relationships between the three semiotic operators the dynamics of which establishes stabilized Symbolic forms. Four of these forms are under closer scrutiny: Myth and Ritual, Language, Scientific knowledge and Technology. In the case of the first operator, that of Expression, one can show that its power is based on a blending of idiomatic meaning and performativity that Cassirer calls “symbolic pregnance”. Although the power of Expression is usually recognized in Myth, Ritual and Language only, it is also at work in Science and in Technology which are both nurtured by symbolic pregnances in a more concealed way. The second operator, called Evocation, is concerned with the possible transfer of symbolic pregnances which are always locally rooted in perception but can expand to larger, less immediate, fields. In this respect, the construction of a mythical space and time as well as the mythical mode of numbering are conceived as some of the most basic elements which pervade the mythical field. In the linguistic domain, two modes of transfer can be described: either an inductive one which leads to a substantial conception of generality or a functional one in which generality derives from the exemplarity of singular cases. These two forms of generality induce two different views on signification that participate in the inner and outer construction of “Symbolic forms”. In Science, the way Cassirer uses the concept of group of transformation is typically a way that allows for a wide range of transfers, from perceived forms (Gestalten) to various forms of knowledge both in Mathematics, Natural and Human sciences. Technology has its specific mode of transfer as well for technology does not only operate with tools but on tools, specifying thereby the conditions of their use and generating specific domains for their relevance. Objectification is the last semiotic operator studied by Cassirer, once the purely arbitrary dimension of signs is acquired and accepted. It presents itself as a paradox, that of a semiotic construction which should not be interpreted as the result of a construction but as objective nature. This is the case in Mythical thinking which describes a natural order that does not depend on the whim of individuals but is subject to laws and (divine) will. It is also the case in Language where idiomaticity should not be conceived as a form of empirical resistance to conceptual knowledge but as a first step towards the construction of possible objects. As for Science, it is the very concept of nature which presents itself in a problematic way since Science appears as the attempt to conceptually construct a science of nature that does not depend on scientific mediations. In the case of Technology, it becomes clear that the concept of nature produced by technological mediations questions the very independence of nature although technology itself only claims to copy a pre-existing nature.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Apr 4, 2012
Dans un article qui fera date, «On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungspro... more Dans un article qui fera date, «On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem» datant de 1936, Alan Turing, jeune mathématicien anglais, jette les bases de ce qui deviendra la théorie de la calculabilité en répondant par la négative à la question de savoir si toute proposition peut être démontrée dans un système formel. Pour ce faire, il imagine une machine à calcul universelle ... en papier. Cette machine est composée d'un «ruban» supposé inini, chaque case contenant un symbole parmi un «alphabet ini «; d'une «tête de lecture/écriture» ; d'un «registre d'états» ; d'une «liste d'instructions». L'ordinateur-théorique-est né ! Turing déinit le calcul sous la forme d'une liste inie d'instructions, itérables un nombre indéini de fois. Il vient de poser les fondements de la science informatique. Il n'a que 24 ans ! Construire une machine universelle en papier Pour le centenaire de sa naissance, nous vous proposons de faire un voyage dans le temps, en construisant votre propre ordinateur en papier, à la manière d'Alan Turing il y a 76 ans. Pour celà, vous aurez besoin d'une règle ; un cutter ; des ciseaux. Et pour éxécuter les programmes d'un crayon et d'une gomme.
1. Introduction À l’origine de mon exposé, il y a une constatation sous la forme d’une analogie :... more 1. Introduction À l’origine de mon exposé, il y a une constatation sous la forme d’une analogie : l’écriture informatique semble en passe aujourd’hui de devenir une nouvelle forme d’équivalent général. Traditionnellement depuis Aristote (même si l’expression est de Marx), c’est la monnaie qui joue ce rôle : l’équivalent général permet à des entités hétérogènes d’avoir une commune mesure dans l’échange. En devenant marchandises, des entités hétérogènes deviennent ainsi monétairement comparable..
Resume La notion d'Intelligence artificielle est decrite a partir de quatre polarites : ses b... more Resume La notion d'Intelligence artificielle est decrite a partir de quatre polarites : ses buts, son rapport au calcul, ses methodes d'investigation et les connaissances qu'elle produit. On decrit ces polarites avant d'en venir a une hypothese generale sur le rapport de l'Intelligence artificielle et de l'informatique : l'Intelligence artificielle vise a confirmer la vision alphabetique et numerique du monde deployee par l'informatique.
This chapter endeavors to examine the relationship between science, myth and their common semioti... more This chapter endeavors to examine the relationship between science, myth and their common semiotic foundation which has two aspects. The first one is shared by scientific and mythical thinking alike: it is the very existence of semiotic mediations such as linguistic signs and human institutions in general to conceal their role in the construction of reality, be it scientific or mythical. That is the reason why scientific and mythical thinking are being caught in the illusion that semiotic mediations can be disposed of and that reality can be grasped directly “as it is”. But scientific and mythical thinking strongly differ in their way of constructing reality through the concealed power of semiotic mediations: whereas scientific thinking builds a limited knowledge in specific domains expanding through history, mythical thinking keeps an all-encompassing viewpoint on reality that keeps it close to the very source of sense-making but does not develop through time. Philosophy appears th...
Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, there is no real “turn” from philosophy of science to phil... more Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, there is no real “turn” from philosophy of science to philosophy of culture in Cassirer’s intellectual development: it is the internal evolution of Geometry and its consequences in Physics that lead Cassirer to broaden an essentially unique perspective. Before Cassirer became intellectually active, the emergence of non-Euclidean geometries had triggered a crisis in Mathematics that had consequences in Natural sciences as well as in Philosophy. The concept of group of transformation in Geometry (Klein) and the subsequent use of Riemanian geometry in relativity theory (Einstein) were responses to this crisis in Mathematics and Physics, respectively. The philosophical response to the crisis prompted Cassirer’s original concept of a “Symbolic Form”. From a transcendental perspective, his approach would transform the concept of objectivity into that of the various modes of objectivation. Thus, Cassirer’s philosophical project can be stated as follow...
The article exhibits a minimal setting in which the emergence of symbolic activities, based upon ... more The article exhibits a minimal setting in which the emergence of symbolic activities, based upon the notion of a Symbolic Form as defined first by Cassirer, can take place. Four features are required in order to clarify the emergence of symbolic activities : (i) inherent blending between fictitious and practical dimensions of meaning; (ii) necessary existence of third parties conceived as intercessors even in one-to-one transactions ; (iii) opacity of meaning ; (iv) potential transposition of a symbolic form on all other activities. According to this minimal setting, two main problems remain open vis-a-vis Cassirer
This chapter deals with Cassirer’s central notion of a “Symbolic form”. Acknowledging the fact th... more This chapter deals with Cassirer’s central notion of a “Symbolic form”. Acknowledging the fact that nowhere does Cassirer give a clear definition of what a “Symbolic form” is, the chapter starts by dismissing two misconceptions that would too reductively label a “Symbolic form” either a conceptual framework (like Darwinism or formalism) or a methodological tool (like differential calculus or perspective). Rather, “Symbolic forms” are viewed as instituting powers that enable different modes of meaning production by inducing distinct semiotic perspectives on a symbolic material. This dynamical view has two far-reaching consequences on the way of understanding the notion of a “Symbolic form”. Firstly, although Cassirer himself had difficulties departing from the idea that Language and Myth were stepping stones towards the later accomplishment of conceptual knowledge, their role should be understood otherwise so that his later work on other “Symbolic forms” like Art, Law or Technology w...
L'intelligence artificielle est une science relativement nouvelle liee a l'institution, d... more L'intelligence artificielle est une science relativement nouvelle liee a l'institution, dans les annees 1930, de la theorie logique de la calculabilite. La naissance de l'intelligence artificielle est nee de la reponse apportee au paradoxe de la pensee et de l'objectivite du mode calculatoire. Heritiere de la doctrine mecaniste du XVII e siecle, elle s'est donne pour projet, a partir de la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, de degager les principes touchant l'organisation, l'information et le langage dans les systemes naturels et artificiels, d'en assurer le controle par le biais de la programmation. Cette entreprise se voulait revolutionnaire. Avec le recul, les ambitions se sont limitees et l'intelligence artificielle se definirait comme l'etude scientifique des ressources convoquees par les etres humains pour rendre l'interaction avec les machines plus intelligente et plus complexe. L'analyse de l'intelligence est alors concue c...
Commençons par faire une constatation aisément vérifiable : il n’y a pas trace de table des catég... more Commençons par faire une constatation aisément vérifiable : il n’y a pas trace de table des catégories dans l’œuvre de Cassirer malgré son appartenance à la tradition kantienne et néokantienne en philosophie des sciences. Ce fait doit sembler énigmatique à qui connaît l’attention que cette tradition fait porter à la description systématique des modes de l’objectivation. Car enfin, comment une philosophie qui se revendique de la tradition transcendantale et dont l’un des piliers est donc pourt..
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 2020
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Starting with Cassirer’s distinction between Substantial and Functional knowledge as a means to a... more Starting with Cassirer’s distinction between Substantial and Functional knowledge as a means to account for the difference between Ancient and Medieval science on the one hand and Modern and Contemporary science on the other, this chapter focuses on the long march towards Functional physics in Modern times and its philosophical consequences. Counter intuitively, the process started with a semiotic revolution in philology during the Renaissance period and reached its climax with transcendental philosophy in Kant. Keeping track of this semiotic thread and interpreting the final steps in the history of physics as requiring a symbolic approach advocated by Poincare and Duhem, Cassirer shows how a renewed transcendental philosophy based on the notion of form borrowed from Goethe should be considered as a resource for post-Kantian developments. Two case studies are under closer scrutiny in this chapter: Relativity theory and theoretical biology.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Feb 15, 2013
Retracer le parcours scientifique d’Alan Turing c’est explorer en mathematiques, surprendre en ph... more Retracer le parcours scientifique d’Alan Turing c’est explorer en mathematiques, surprendre en physique et recommencer en biologie… C’est suivre un cheminement intellectuel qui temoigne d’une grande liberte d’esprit.
Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive
Turing’s Legacy Today : between Inheritance Appropriation and Resource for the Future. The articl... more Turing’s Legacy Today : between Inheritance Appropriation and Resource for the Future. The article describes the particular style of Turing’s articles, distinct from all others by two features : he maintains an imaginary dialogue with his reader and at same time identifies himself with the object he describes in the various domains he deals with, mathematics, logic, philosophy or biology. This particular style is complemented by the description of Turing’s three-phase intellectual development which is described chronologically : being a machine ; being a woman/man/machine ; being a biological form. One becomes aware that the notion of the mechanical or of computation should not at all be considered as the ultimate ontological universal model to be applied to reality in an undifferentiated way : this would be inheritance appropriation. On the contrary, because computation is a consequence of the inner limitations of formal systems, it is by definition an interface that grasps only wh...
Résumé La numérisation actuelle du droit permet de revenir sur les liens historiques entre le dro... more Résumé La numérisation actuelle du droit permet de revenir sur les liens historiques entre le droit et la logique moderne. En se fondant sur la différence établie par J. Van Heijenoort entre logique «comme calcul» et logique «comme langage», l’article établit des analogies entre différentes interprétations de la logique et différents types de systèmes ou d’instances juridiques : «Common law», systèmes «civils», «cour de cassation», cette dernière notion caractérisant le formalisme hilbertien. Ce formalisme a tenté de réduire la logique «comme langage» à la logique «comme calcul» mais la découverte des limitations internes des formalismes y a mis un terme : d’où le parallèle entre l’échec du programme hilbertien et les difficultés rencontrées dans la numérisation actuelle du droit. Le droit n’est pas réductible à un calcul formel sur des marques écrites : il reste une discipline dans laquelle la parole et le dialogue sont indispensables pour réaliser les buts qu’il s’assigne.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2020
Déterminisme prédictif en ingénierie : la question ne se pose pas 22. Déterminisme prédictif en g... more Déterminisme prédictif en ingénierie : la question ne se pose pas 22. Déterminisme prédictif en général : la question est réglée 23. Déterminisme prédictif et non prédictif : la question est loin d'être réglée 3. Retour au droit Conclusion Appendice Bibliographie
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 2020
This chapter is an application of the results gained so far. It investigates the relationships be... more This chapter is an application of the results gained so far. It investigates the relationships between the three semiotic operators the dynamics of which establishes stabilized Symbolic forms. Four of these forms are under closer scrutiny: Myth and Ritual, Language, Scientific knowledge and Technology. In the case of the first operator, that of Expression, one can show that its power is based on a blending of idiomatic meaning and performativity that Cassirer calls “symbolic pregnance”. Although the power of Expression is usually recognized in Myth, Ritual and Language only, it is also at work in Science and in Technology which are both nurtured by symbolic pregnances in a more concealed way. The second operator, called Evocation, is concerned with the possible transfer of symbolic pregnances which are always locally rooted in perception but can expand to larger, less immediate, fields. In this respect, the construction of a mythical space and time as well as the mythical mode of numbering are conceived as some of the most basic elements which pervade the mythical field. In the linguistic domain, two modes of transfer can be described: either an inductive one which leads to a substantial conception of generality or a functional one in which generality derives from the exemplarity of singular cases. These two forms of generality induce two different views on signification that participate in the inner and outer construction of “Symbolic forms”. In Science, the way Cassirer uses the concept of group of transformation is typically a way that allows for a wide range of transfers, from perceived forms (Gestalten) to various forms of knowledge both in Mathematics, Natural and Human sciences. Technology has its specific mode of transfer as well for technology does not only operate with tools but on tools, specifying thereby the conditions of their use and generating specific domains for their relevance. Objectification is the last semiotic operator studied by Cassirer, once the purely arbitrary dimension of signs is acquired and accepted. It presents itself as a paradox, that of a semiotic construction which should not be interpreted as the result of a construction but as objective nature. This is the case in Mythical thinking which describes a natural order that does not depend on the whim of individuals but is subject to laws and (divine) will. It is also the case in Language where idiomaticity should not be conceived as a form of empirical resistance to conceptual knowledge but as a first step towards the construction of possible objects. As for Science, it is the very concept of nature which presents itself in a problematic way since Science appears as the attempt to conceptually construct a science of nature that does not depend on scientific mediations. In the case of Technology, it becomes clear that the concept of nature produced by technological mediations questions the very independence of nature although technology itself only claims to copy a pre-existing nature.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), Apr 4, 2012
Dans un article qui fera date, «On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungspro... more Dans un article qui fera date, «On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem» datant de 1936, Alan Turing, jeune mathématicien anglais, jette les bases de ce qui deviendra la théorie de la calculabilité en répondant par la négative à la question de savoir si toute proposition peut être démontrée dans un système formel. Pour ce faire, il imagine une machine à calcul universelle ... en papier. Cette machine est composée d'un «ruban» supposé inini, chaque case contenant un symbole parmi un «alphabet ini «; d'une «tête de lecture/écriture» ; d'un «registre d'états» ; d'une «liste d'instructions». L'ordinateur-théorique-est né ! Turing déinit le calcul sous la forme d'une liste inie d'instructions, itérables un nombre indéini de fois. Il vient de poser les fondements de la science informatique. Il n'a que 24 ans ! Construire une machine universelle en papier Pour le centenaire de sa naissance, nous vous proposons de faire un voyage dans le temps, en construisant votre propre ordinateur en papier, à la manière d'Alan Turing il y a 76 ans. Pour celà, vous aurez besoin d'une règle ; un cutter ; des ciseaux. Et pour éxécuter les programmes d'un crayon et d'une gomme.
1. Introduction À l’origine de mon exposé, il y a une constatation sous la forme d’une analogie :... more 1. Introduction À l’origine de mon exposé, il y a une constatation sous la forme d’une analogie : l’écriture informatique semble en passe aujourd’hui de devenir une nouvelle forme d’équivalent général. Traditionnellement depuis Aristote (même si l’expression est de Marx), c’est la monnaie qui joue ce rôle : l’équivalent général permet à des entités hétérogènes d’avoir une commune mesure dans l’échange. En devenant marchandises, des entités hétérogènes deviennent ainsi monétairement comparable..
Resume La notion d'Intelligence artificielle est decrite a partir de quatre polarites : ses b... more Resume La notion d'Intelligence artificielle est decrite a partir de quatre polarites : ses buts, son rapport au calcul, ses methodes d'investigation et les connaissances qu'elle produit. On decrit ces polarites avant d'en venir a une hypothese generale sur le rapport de l'Intelligence artificielle et de l'informatique : l'Intelligence artificielle vise a confirmer la vision alphabetique et numerique du monde deployee par l'informatique.
This chapter endeavors to examine the relationship between science, myth and their common semioti... more This chapter endeavors to examine the relationship between science, myth and their common semiotic foundation which has two aspects. The first one is shared by scientific and mythical thinking alike: it is the very existence of semiotic mediations such as linguistic signs and human institutions in general to conceal their role in the construction of reality, be it scientific or mythical. That is the reason why scientific and mythical thinking are being caught in the illusion that semiotic mediations can be disposed of and that reality can be grasped directly “as it is”. But scientific and mythical thinking strongly differ in their way of constructing reality through the concealed power of semiotic mediations: whereas scientific thinking builds a limited knowledge in specific domains expanding through history, mythical thinking keeps an all-encompassing viewpoint on reality that keeps it close to the very source of sense-making but does not develop through time. Philosophy appears th...
Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, there is no real “turn” from philosophy of science to phil... more Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, there is no real “turn” from philosophy of science to philosophy of culture in Cassirer’s intellectual development: it is the internal evolution of Geometry and its consequences in Physics that lead Cassirer to broaden an essentially unique perspective. Before Cassirer became intellectually active, the emergence of non-Euclidean geometries had triggered a crisis in Mathematics that had consequences in Natural sciences as well as in Philosophy. The concept of group of transformation in Geometry (Klein) and the subsequent use of Riemanian geometry in relativity theory (Einstein) were responses to this crisis in Mathematics and Physics, respectively. The philosophical response to the crisis prompted Cassirer’s original concept of a “Symbolic Form”. From a transcendental perspective, his approach would transform the concept of objectivity into that of the various modes of objectivation. Thus, Cassirer’s philosophical project can be stated as follow...
The article exhibits a minimal setting in which the emergence of symbolic activities, based upon ... more The article exhibits a minimal setting in which the emergence of symbolic activities, based upon the notion of a Symbolic Form as defined first by Cassirer, can take place. Four features are required in order to clarify the emergence of symbolic activities : (i) inherent blending between fictitious and practical dimensions of meaning; (ii) necessary existence of third parties conceived as intercessors even in one-to-one transactions ; (iii) opacity of meaning ; (iv) potential transposition of a symbolic form on all other activities. According to this minimal setting, two main problems remain open vis-a-vis Cassirer
This chapter deals with Cassirer’s central notion of a “Symbolic form”. Acknowledging the fact th... more This chapter deals with Cassirer’s central notion of a “Symbolic form”. Acknowledging the fact that nowhere does Cassirer give a clear definition of what a “Symbolic form” is, the chapter starts by dismissing two misconceptions that would too reductively label a “Symbolic form” either a conceptual framework (like Darwinism or formalism) or a methodological tool (like differential calculus or perspective). Rather, “Symbolic forms” are viewed as instituting powers that enable different modes of meaning production by inducing distinct semiotic perspectives on a symbolic material. This dynamical view has two far-reaching consequences on the way of understanding the notion of a “Symbolic form”. Firstly, although Cassirer himself had difficulties departing from the idea that Language and Myth were stepping stones towards the later accomplishment of conceptual knowledge, their role should be understood otherwise so that his later work on other “Symbolic forms” like Art, Law or Technology w...
L'intelligence artificielle est une science relativement nouvelle liee a l'institution, d... more L'intelligence artificielle est une science relativement nouvelle liee a l'institution, dans les annees 1930, de la theorie logique de la calculabilite. La naissance de l'intelligence artificielle est nee de la reponse apportee au paradoxe de la pensee et de l'objectivite du mode calculatoire. Heritiere de la doctrine mecaniste du XVII e siecle, elle s'est donne pour projet, a partir de la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, de degager les principes touchant l'organisation, l'information et le langage dans les systemes naturels et artificiels, d'en assurer le controle par le biais de la programmation. Cette entreprise se voulait revolutionnaire. Avec le recul, les ambitions se sont limitees et l'intelligence artificielle se definirait comme l'etude scientifique des ressources convoquees par les etres humains pour rendre l'interaction avec les machines plus intelligente et plus complexe. L'analyse de l'intelligence est alors concue c...
Commençons par faire une constatation aisément vérifiable : il n’y a pas trace de table des catég... more Commençons par faire une constatation aisément vérifiable : il n’y a pas trace de table des catégories dans l’œuvre de Cassirer malgré son appartenance à la tradition kantienne et néokantienne en philosophie des sciences. Ce fait doit sembler énigmatique à qui connaît l’attention que cette tradition fait porter à la description systématique des modes de l’objectivation. Car enfin, comment une philosophie qui se revendique de la tradition transcendantale et dont l’un des piliers est donc pourt..
Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 2020
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
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