Concerns over wrongful convictions have spurred an increased focus on understanding criminal just... more Concerns over wrongful convictions have spurred an increased focus on understanding criminal justice decision-making. This study describes an experimental approach that complements conventional mock-juror experiments and case studies by providing a rapid, high-throughput screen for identifying preconceptions and biases that can influence how jurors and lawyers evaluate evidence in criminal cases. The approach combines an experimental decision task derived from marketing research with statistical modeling to explore how subjects evaluate the strength of the case against a defendant. The results show that, in the absence of explicit information about potential error rates or objective reliability, subjects tend to overweight widely used types of Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
Global expression profiling of neurologic or psychiatric disorders has been confounded by variabi... more Global expression profiling of neurologic or psychiatric disorders has been confounded by variability among laboratories, animal models, tissues sampled, and experimental platforms, with the result being that few genes demonstrate consistent expression changes. We attempted to minimize these confounds by pooling dentate granule cell transcriptional profiles from 164 rats in seven laboratories, using three status epilepticus (SE) epilepsy models (pilocarpine, kainate, self-sustained SE), plus amygdala kindling. In each epilepsy model, RNA was harvested from laser-captured dentate granule cells from six rats at four time points early in the process of developing epilepsy, and data were collected from two independent laboratories in each rodent model except SSSE. Hierarchical clustering of differentially-expressed transcripts in the three SE models revealed complete separation between controls and SE rats isolated 1 day after SE. However, concordance of gene expression changes in the S...
Page 1. Long-Chain Fatty Acylation of Proteins Sean I. Patterson and JH Pate Skene 1. Introductio... more Page 1. Long-Chain Fatty Acylation of Proteins Sean I. Patterson and JH Pate Skene 1. Introduction Reversible modifications of cellular proteins often serve as key steps in signal transduction and effector pathways, and the investigation ...
Polypeptide H (mol wt 195,000) is axonally transported in rabbit retinal ganglion cells at a velo... more Polypeptide H (mol wt 195,000) is axonally transported in rabbit retinal ganglion cells at a velocity of 0.7--1.1 mm/d, i.e., in the most slowly moving of the five transport groups described in these neurons. To identify the organelle with which H is associated, we purified H, prepared antibodies directed against it, and adsorbed the antibodies onto Formvar-coated electron microscope grids. When the resulting "immuno-affinity grids" were incubated with extracts of spinal cord and then examined in the electron microscope, they contained as many as 100 times more 100-A filaments than did grids coated similarly with nonimmune IgG. The ability of the anti-H IgG to specifically adsorb filaments to grids was completely blocked by incubating the IgG with polypeptide H. The 100-A filaments adsorbed to anti-H immunoaffinity grids could be specifically decorated by incubating them with anti-H IgG. These observations demonstrate that H antigens (and most likely H itself) are associat...
Growth cones are specialized structures that form the distal tips of growing axons. During both n... more Growth cones are specialized structures that form the distal tips of growing axons. During both normal development of the nervous system and regeneration of injured nerves, growth cones are essential for elongation and guidance of growing axons. Developmental and regenerative axon growth is frequently accompanied by elevated synthesis of a protein designated GAP43. GAP-43 has now been found to be a major component of growth-cone membranes in developing rat brains. Relative to total protein, GAP-43 is approximately 12 times as abundant in growth-cone membranes as in synaptic membranes from adult brains. Immunohistochemical localization of GAP-43 in frozen sections of developing brain indicates that the protein is specifically associated with neuropil areas containing growth cones and immature synaptic terminals. The results support the proposal that GAP-43 plays a role in axon growth. G AP-43 IS ONE OF A SMALL GROUP of axonally transported "growthassociated" proteins whose synthesis is increased 20to 100-fold during successful regeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) of nonmammalian vertebrates (1-4) and in peripheral nerves of mammals (5). In adult mammalian CNS pathways that do not regenerate, GAP-43 synthesis and transport fails to increase beyond low background levels in response to injury (5, 6). During mammalian CNS de
Nitric oxide, a free-radical gas produced endogenously by several mammalian cell types, has been ... more Nitric oxide, a free-radical gas produced endogenously by several mammalian cell types, has been implicated as a diffusible intercellular messenger subserving use-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy in the mature central nervous system. It has been suggested on theoretical grounds that nitric oxide might play an analogous role during the establishment of ordered connections by developing neurons. We report here that nitric oxide rapidly and reversibly inhibits growth of neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. In addition, we show that exposure to nitric oxide inhibits thioester-linked long-chain fatty acylation of neuronal proteins, possibly through a direct modification of substrate cysteine thiols. Our results demonstrate a potential role for nitric oxide in the regulation of process outgrowth and remodelling during neuronal development, which may be effected at least in part through modulation of dynamic protein fatty acylation in neuronal growth cones.
Efforts to explain jury decisions have focused on competing models emphasizing utility, narrative... more Efforts to explain jury decisions have focused on competing models emphasizing utility, narrative, and social-affective mechanisms, but these are difficult to distinguish using behavior alone. Here, we use patterns of brain activation derived from large neuroimaging databases to look for signatures of the cognitive processes associated with models of juror decision making. We asked jury-eligible subjects to rate the strength of a series of criminal cases while recording the resulting patterns of brain activation. When subjects considered evidence, utility and narrative processes were both active, but cognitive processes associated with narrative models better explain the patterns of brain activation. In contrast, a biasing effect of crime type on perceived strength of the case was best explained by brain patterns associated with social cognition.
We are grateful to Drs. Laurel Bolin, Anson Lowe, and Dennis Clegg for providing cell lines, and ... more We are grateful to Drs. Laurel Bolin, Anson Lowe, and Dennis Clegg for providing cell lines, and to Dr. Susan Meakin for providing 7SNGF and the CAT expression vectors. We also thank Dr. Comelia Gorman, who suggested the experiments using PCR to amplify primer extension products and provided a detailed protocol, and Dr. Tom Schwartz for helpful suggestions regarding these experiments. We thank Dr. Richard Scheller for providing cDNA libraries and for helpful advice, and Suzanne Muller for sharing transfection protocols prior to publication. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Stuart Feinstein for excellent advice, help with transfection experiments, and critical reading of the manuscript.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016
Skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. Compared with gut microbes, we... more Skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. Compared with gut microbes, we know little about the changes in the composition of skin microbes in response to evolutionary changes in hosts, or more recent behavioural and cultural changes in humans. No studies have used sequence-based approaches to consider the skin microbe communities of gorillas and chimpanzees, for example. Comparison of the microbial associates of non-human primates with those of humans offers unique insights into both the ancient and modern features of our skin-associated microbes. Here we describe the microbes found on the skin of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus macaques and baboons. We focus on the bacterial and archaeal residents in the axilla using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We find that human skin microbial communities are unique relative to those of other primates, in terms of both their diversity and their composition. These differences appear to reflect bot...
Sociality is believed to have evolved as a strategy for animals to cope with their environments. ... more Sociality is believed to have evolved as a strategy for animals to cope with their environments. Yet the genetic basis of sociality remains unclear. Here we provide evidence that social network tendencies are heritable in a gregarious primate. The tendency for rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, to be tied affiliatively to others via connections mediated by their social partners-analogous to friends of friends in people-demonstrated additive genetic variance. Affiliative tendencies were predicted by genetic variation at two loci involved in serotonergic signalling, although this result did not withstand correction for multiple tests. Aggressive tendencies were also heritable and were related to reproductive output, a fitness proxy. Our findings suggest that, like humans, the skills and temperaments that shape the formation of multi-agent relationships have a genetic basis in nonhuman primates, and, as such, begin to fill the gaps in our understanding of the genetic basis of sociality.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1983
When rat sciatic nerves are crushed, Schwann cells or other supporting cells distal to the injury... more When rat sciatic nerves are crushed, Schwann cells or other supporting cells distal to the injury site begin to synthesize and secrete an acidic 37-kilodalton (kDa) protein. This crush-induced protein accumulates within the nerve sheath and accounts for 2-5% of the total extracellular protein in the distal nerve stump. Synthesis of the 37-kDa protein increased for 2 weeks after nerve crush and declines slowly, beginning 4-6 weeks after the injury. The synthesis of the protein may be regulated by axon-Schwann cell contact. The specific induction of the 37-kDa protein and its accumulation in the extracellular space during nerve regeneration suggest that the protein promotes some aspect of axon growth. Because it is induced slowly after injury, the 37-kDa protein is unlikely to stimulate initial outgrowth of axons; however, it might promote later neuronal responses related to axon growth. The sciatic nerve supporting cells also respond to denervation by reducing the synthesis and relea...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1986
A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is dramatically increased afte... more A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is dramatically increased after injury of the rat sciatic and optic nerves. Cells in the nerve sheath, distal to the site of injury, produce and secrete large amounts of this protein, so that by 3 weeks after injury, it represents 2-5% of the total soluble extracellular protein in the regenerating sciatic nerve sheath, although it fails to accumulate in damaged optic nerve. Results presented here reveal extensive homology between the 37-kDa nerve injury-induced protein and a well-studied serum protein, apolipoprotein E (apoE), that is involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and that has been shown recently to be present in adult and developing rat astroglia. Both proteins have identical isoelectric focusing points and similar molecular masses. Antibodies raised against the 37-kDa protein recognize apoE and anti-apoE serum crossreacts with the 37-kDa protein. Sequence data for two 14 amino acid stretches of the 3...
Concerns over wrongful convictions have spurred an increased focus on understanding criminal just... more Concerns over wrongful convictions have spurred an increased focus on understanding criminal justice decision-making. This study describes an experimental approach that complements conventional mock-juror experiments and case studies by providing a rapid, high-throughput screen for identifying preconceptions and biases that can influence how jurors and lawyers evaluate evidence in criminal cases. The approach combines an experimental decision task derived from marketing research with statistical modeling to explore how subjects evaluate the strength of the case against a defendant. The results show that, in the absence of explicit information about potential error rates or objective reliability, subjects tend to overweight widely used types of Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:
Global expression profiling of neurologic or psychiatric disorders has been confounded by variabi... more Global expression profiling of neurologic or psychiatric disorders has been confounded by variability among laboratories, animal models, tissues sampled, and experimental platforms, with the result being that few genes demonstrate consistent expression changes. We attempted to minimize these confounds by pooling dentate granule cell transcriptional profiles from 164 rats in seven laboratories, using three status epilepticus (SE) epilepsy models (pilocarpine, kainate, self-sustained SE), plus amygdala kindling. In each epilepsy model, RNA was harvested from laser-captured dentate granule cells from six rats at four time points early in the process of developing epilepsy, and data were collected from two independent laboratories in each rodent model except SSSE. Hierarchical clustering of differentially-expressed transcripts in the three SE models revealed complete separation between controls and SE rats isolated 1 day after SE. However, concordance of gene expression changes in the S...
Page 1. Long-Chain Fatty Acylation of Proteins Sean I. Patterson and JH Pate Skene 1. Introductio... more Page 1. Long-Chain Fatty Acylation of Proteins Sean I. Patterson and JH Pate Skene 1. Introduction Reversible modifications of cellular proteins often serve as key steps in signal transduction and effector pathways, and the investigation ...
Polypeptide H (mol wt 195,000) is axonally transported in rabbit retinal ganglion cells at a velo... more Polypeptide H (mol wt 195,000) is axonally transported in rabbit retinal ganglion cells at a velocity of 0.7--1.1 mm/d, i.e., in the most slowly moving of the five transport groups described in these neurons. To identify the organelle with which H is associated, we purified H, prepared antibodies directed against it, and adsorbed the antibodies onto Formvar-coated electron microscope grids. When the resulting "immuno-affinity grids" were incubated with extracts of spinal cord and then examined in the electron microscope, they contained as many as 100 times more 100-A filaments than did grids coated similarly with nonimmune IgG. The ability of the anti-H IgG to specifically adsorb filaments to grids was completely blocked by incubating the IgG with polypeptide H. The 100-A filaments adsorbed to anti-H immunoaffinity grids could be specifically decorated by incubating them with anti-H IgG. These observations demonstrate that H antigens (and most likely H itself) are associat...
Growth cones are specialized structures that form the distal tips of growing axons. During both n... more Growth cones are specialized structures that form the distal tips of growing axons. During both normal development of the nervous system and regeneration of injured nerves, growth cones are essential for elongation and guidance of growing axons. Developmental and regenerative axon growth is frequently accompanied by elevated synthesis of a protein designated GAP43. GAP-43 has now been found to be a major component of growth-cone membranes in developing rat brains. Relative to total protein, GAP-43 is approximately 12 times as abundant in growth-cone membranes as in synaptic membranes from adult brains. Immunohistochemical localization of GAP-43 in frozen sections of developing brain indicates that the protein is specifically associated with neuropil areas containing growth cones and immature synaptic terminals. The results support the proposal that GAP-43 plays a role in axon growth. G AP-43 IS ONE OF A SMALL GROUP of axonally transported "growthassociated" proteins whose synthesis is increased 20to 100-fold during successful regeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) of nonmammalian vertebrates (1-4) and in peripheral nerves of mammals (5). In adult mammalian CNS pathways that do not regenerate, GAP-43 synthesis and transport fails to increase beyond low background levels in response to injury (5, 6). During mammalian CNS de
Nitric oxide, a free-radical gas produced endogenously by several mammalian cell types, has been ... more Nitric oxide, a free-radical gas produced endogenously by several mammalian cell types, has been implicated as a diffusible intercellular messenger subserving use-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy in the mature central nervous system. It has been suggested on theoretical grounds that nitric oxide might play an analogous role during the establishment of ordered connections by developing neurons. We report here that nitric oxide rapidly and reversibly inhibits growth of neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. In addition, we show that exposure to nitric oxide inhibits thioester-linked long-chain fatty acylation of neuronal proteins, possibly through a direct modification of substrate cysteine thiols. Our results demonstrate a potential role for nitric oxide in the regulation of process outgrowth and remodelling during neuronal development, which may be effected at least in part through modulation of dynamic protein fatty acylation in neuronal growth cones.
Efforts to explain jury decisions have focused on competing models emphasizing utility, narrative... more Efforts to explain jury decisions have focused on competing models emphasizing utility, narrative, and social-affective mechanisms, but these are difficult to distinguish using behavior alone. Here, we use patterns of brain activation derived from large neuroimaging databases to look for signatures of the cognitive processes associated with models of juror decision making. We asked jury-eligible subjects to rate the strength of a series of criminal cases while recording the resulting patterns of brain activation. When subjects considered evidence, utility and narrative processes were both active, but cognitive processes associated with narrative models better explain the patterns of brain activation. In contrast, a biasing effect of crime type on perceived strength of the case was best explained by brain patterns associated with social cognition.
We are grateful to Drs. Laurel Bolin, Anson Lowe, and Dennis Clegg for providing cell lines, and ... more We are grateful to Drs. Laurel Bolin, Anson Lowe, and Dennis Clegg for providing cell lines, and to Dr. Susan Meakin for providing 7SNGF and the CAT expression vectors. We also thank Dr. Comelia Gorman, who suggested the experiments using PCR to amplify primer extension products and provided a detailed protocol, and Dr. Tom Schwartz for helpful suggestions regarding these experiments. We thank Dr. Richard Scheller for providing cDNA libraries and for helpful advice, and Suzanne Muller for sharing transfection protocols prior to publication. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Stuart Feinstein for excellent advice, help with transfection experiments, and critical reading of the manuscript.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2016
Skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. Compared with gut microbes, we... more Skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. Compared with gut microbes, we know little about the changes in the composition of skin microbes in response to evolutionary changes in hosts, or more recent behavioural and cultural changes in humans. No studies have used sequence-based approaches to consider the skin microbe communities of gorillas and chimpanzees, for example. Comparison of the microbial associates of non-human primates with those of humans offers unique insights into both the ancient and modern features of our skin-associated microbes. Here we describe the microbes found on the skin of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus macaques and baboons. We focus on the bacterial and archaeal residents in the axilla using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We find that human skin microbial communities are unique relative to those of other primates, in terms of both their diversity and their composition. These differences appear to reflect bot...
Sociality is believed to have evolved as a strategy for animals to cope with their environments. ... more Sociality is believed to have evolved as a strategy for animals to cope with their environments. Yet the genetic basis of sociality remains unclear. Here we provide evidence that social network tendencies are heritable in a gregarious primate. The tendency for rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, to be tied affiliatively to others via connections mediated by their social partners-analogous to friends of friends in people-demonstrated additive genetic variance. Affiliative tendencies were predicted by genetic variation at two loci involved in serotonergic signalling, although this result did not withstand correction for multiple tests. Aggressive tendencies were also heritable and were related to reproductive output, a fitness proxy. Our findings suggest that, like humans, the skills and temperaments that shape the formation of multi-agent relationships have a genetic basis in nonhuman primates, and, as such, begin to fill the gaps in our understanding of the genetic basis of sociality.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1983
When rat sciatic nerves are crushed, Schwann cells or other supporting cells distal to the injury... more When rat sciatic nerves are crushed, Schwann cells or other supporting cells distal to the injury site begin to synthesize and secrete an acidic 37-kilodalton (kDa) protein. This crush-induced protein accumulates within the nerve sheath and accounts for 2-5% of the total extracellular protein in the distal nerve stump. Synthesis of the 37-kDa protein increased for 2 weeks after nerve crush and declines slowly, beginning 4-6 weeks after the injury. The synthesis of the protein may be regulated by axon-Schwann cell contact. The specific induction of the 37-kDa protein and its accumulation in the extracellular space during nerve regeneration suggest that the protein promotes some aspect of axon growth. Because it is induced slowly after injury, the 37-kDa protein is unlikely to stimulate initial outgrowth of axons; however, it might promote later neuronal responses related to axon growth. The sciatic nerve supporting cells also respond to denervation by reducing the synthesis and relea...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1986
A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is dramatically increased afte... more A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is dramatically increased after injury of the rat sciatic and optic nerves. Cells in the nerve sheath, distal to the site of injury, produce and secrete large amounts of this protein, so that by 3 weeks after injury, it represents 2-5% of the total soluble extracellular protein in the regenerating sciatic nerve sheath, although it fails to accumulate in damaged optic nerve. Results presented here reveal extensive homology between the 37-kDa nerve injury-induced protein and a well-studied serum protein, apolipoprotein E (apoE), that is involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and that has been shown recently to be present in adult and developing rat astroglia. Both proteins have identical isoelectric focusing points and similar molecular masses. Antibodies raised against the 37-kDa protein recognize apoE and anti-apoE serum crossreacts with the 37-kDa protein. Sequence data for two 14 amino acid stretches of the 3...
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