Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean m... more Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean meal. It contains necessary essential amino acids required in poultry feeding. A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of feeding different levels of larvae meal on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and meat quality, and bacterial count. Day-old male broiler chicks (216) were raised for 42 days. Birds were weighed and randomly allotted into 6 dietary treatments consisting of 6 replicates (pens) per treatment and 6 birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments were supplemented with earth larvae meal by 0% (control group), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The feed and drinking water were provided ad lib. The findings showed that body weight, average daily gain and total weight gain for group of birds fed 0% larvae meal significantly decreased compared to those chickens fed 8% and 10% larvae meal. A higher crude protein digestibility was found in birds fed with larva...
The study examined the effects of supplementing vitamin E on the fatty acid profile and breast me... more The study examined the effects of supplementing vitamin E on the fatty acid profile and breast meat quality of broilers fed diets containing an oil blend and L-Arginine. Two hundred sixteen Cobb 500 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to six treatments, namely T1: 6% palm oil (control); T2: blend of 4% palm oil and 2% sunflower oil + 0.25% L-Arginine (positive control); T3: T2 with 20 mg/kg vitamin E added; T4: T2 with 50 mg/kg vitamin E added; T5: T2 with 100 mg/kg vitamin E added; and T6: T2 supplemented with 150 mg/kg vitamin E. Relative to T1, the other diets increased growth rate and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) similarly. Linoleic, arachidonic, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater and palmitic and saturated fatty acids were lower in the meat of birds fed T2–T6 relative to T1. Supplementation of vitamin E reduced drip loss (DL) and increased redness, tenderness, free thiol content, and the oxidative stability of meat during storage at 4 °C. Regardless o...
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding postbiotics and paraprobiotics produce... more This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding postbiotics and paraprobiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on colon mucosa microbiota in broiler chickens. In this study, 336 one-day-old COBB 500 chicks were randomly allotted to eight treatment groups and replicated six times with seven birds per replicate. The treatment included T1 (Negative control) = Basal diet, T2 (Positive control) = Basal diet + 0.01% oxytetracycline, T3 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic TL1, T4 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic RS5, T5 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RG11, T6 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic RI11, T7 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RG14, and T8 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RI11. There were reported changes in the bacterial community using 16S rRNA sequencing of the colon mucosa. The results of the sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in the colon mucosa samples indicated that compared to birds fed the negative control diet, birds fed paraprobiotic RI11 diets were recorded to have a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, while those fed the positive control were recorded to have a higher proportion of Firmicutes. Also, lower Enterococcus was reported in paraprobiotic RI11, while the most abundant genus was Bacteroides in postbiotic TL1. This study revealed that supplementation of postbiotics and paraprobiotics in the diets of broilers demonstrated positive effects on the microbiota by supporting the increase of beneficial microbes like the Firmicutes while decreasing harmful microbes like the Proteobacteria. Therefore, this study has provided knowledge on the modification of chicken mucosa microbiota through the feeding of postbiotics and paraprobiotics.
A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of lecithin on growth performance, nut... more A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of lecithin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lipid profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 240 oneday- old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were obtained from a local hatchery and raised for 42 days. The chicks were divided into 5 dietary treatments. The diets supplemented with prilled palm fat + 2% lysolecithin (PFL) replacing palm oil at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Each treatment group was divided into 6 replicates and 8 chicks per each replicate. Feed and water were offered ad libitum to the birds. The individual body weight and the feed intake for each replicate were recorded. In the finisher and overall periods, the findings showed that body weight gain (BWG) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed 1% PFL compared to those birds fed 5% or 7% PFL. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in broiler supplemented with 1% PFL compared to ...
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms that have potential beneficial effects to be employ... more Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms that have potential beneficial effects to be employed as host for industrial and medical application. LAB plays an important role in food fermentation, inclusive of the flavor, texture, vitamin production as well as preservation of fermented products. Over the last few decades, with the advancement of cell engineering, substantial efforts have been carried out for the improvement of wild bacterial isolates for specific biotechnological purpose. With the aim of screening for probiotic strains that have health profit and commercial potential, we have made an attempt to isolate LAB from the Malaysian herb Polygonum minus. The identification of LAB was carried out using physiological and biochemical tests such as growth temperature, pH condition, salt concentration; phenotype identification on the basis of carbohydrate fermentation pattern; and genotype-based method of 16s rDNA.
The use of synthetic amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine) makes the formulation of diets w... more The use of synthetic amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine) makes the formulation of diets with minimum levels of crude protein possible. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low crude protein diet with amino acids supplementation on the performance, egg production, small intestine villus height and faecal LAB and ENT count in laying hens. A total of 144 16-week old layer hens of Hisex brown were assigned to four dietary treatments: 17.5% CP (control); (ii) 17.5% CP; (iii) 17% CP; and (iv) 16.5% CP supplemented with amino acids. Treatment group supplemented 17% CP was significantly higher (P 0.05) in egg quality. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in both villi height and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The treatment supplemented with 17% CP showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in faecal pH compared to the other groups. There was a significant different (P<0.05) in LAB and ENT count and LAB/ENT ratio among the dietary ...
Research on production and the use of cellulase and xylanase by commercial microbial strains is w... more Research on production and the use of cellulase and xylanase by commercial microbial strains is widely reported. However, research on production of cellulase and xylanase by local isolates of Trichoderma harzianum known as potential cellulase producers is still very limited. T. harzianum SNRS3 was used for cellulase and xylanase production from rice straw under solid state fermentation. Our study revealed that unlike Trichoderma sp. that is normally associated with low amounts of β-glucosidase, insufficient to perform an efficient hydrolysis, T. harzianum SNRS3 could be considered as a potential β-glucosidase producer, but not an efficient xylanase producer. As a result of storage of the crude cellulase at room temperature, β-glucosidase activity only decreased to above 80% of its original activity at the end of the 3rd week of storage. The crude cellulase produced by T. harzianum SNRS3 could be industrially applied as the enzyme is still highly active at 60°C and over a wide range ...
Background: Postbiotics have been established as potential feed additive to be used in monogastri... more Background: Postbiotics have been established as potential feed additive to be used in monogastric such as poultry and swine to enhance health and growth performance. However, information on the postbiotics as feed additive in ruminants is very limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of supplementation of postbiotics in newly-weaned lambs on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population, blood metabolite and expression of genes related to growth and volatile fatty acid transport across the rumen epithelium. Results: Postbiotic supplementation increased weight gain, feed intake, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility of the lambs. No effect on ruminal pH and total VFA, whereas butyrate and ruminal ammonia-N concentration were improved. The lambs fed with postbiotics had higher blood total protein, urea nitrogen and glucose. However, no difference was observed in blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Postbiotics increased the population of fibre degrading bacteria but decreased total protozoa and methanogens in rumen. Postbiotics increased the mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1 and ruminal MCT-1. Conclusions: The inclusion of postbiotics from L. plantarum RG14 in newly-weaned lambs improved growth performance, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility reflected from better rumen fermentation and microbial parameters, blood metabolites and upregulation of growth and nutrient intake genes in the post-weaning lambs.
Background: Threonine is an essential amino acid that is extensively used in livestock industry a... more Background: Threonine is an essential amino acid that is extensively used in livestock industry as feed supplement due to its pronounced effect in improving the growth performance of animals. Application of genetically engineered bacteria for amino acid production has its share of controversies after eosinophils myalgia syndrome outbreak in 1980s. This has urged for continuous search for a food grade producer as a safer alternative for industrial amino acid production. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) appear as an exceptional candidate owing to their non-pathogenic nature and reputation of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status. Recently, we have identified a LAB, Pediococcus pentosaceus TL-3, isolated from Malaysian food as a potential threonine producer. Thus, the objective of this study was to enhance the threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3 via optimized medium developed by using Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). Results: Molasses, meat extract, (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , and MnSO 4 were identified as the main medium components for threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3. The optimum concentration of molasses, meat extract, (NH 4) 2 SO 4 and MnSO 4 were found to be 30.79 g/L, 25.30 g/L, 8.59 g/L, and 0.098 g/L respectively based on model obtained in CCD with a predicted net threonine production of 123.07 mg/L. The net threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3 in the optimized medium was enhanced approximately 2 folds compared to the control. Conclusions: This study has revealed the potential of P. pentosaceus TL-3 as a safer alternative to produce threonine. Additionally, the current study has identified the key medium components affecting the production of threonine by P. pentosaceus TL-3, followed by optimization of their concentrations by means of statistical approach. The findings of this study could act as a guideline for the future exploration of amino acid production by LAB.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding diet containing palm oil (PO) and sunflow... more A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding diet containing palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO) and their combination on bird performance, liver fatty acid profile and meat cholesterol content of broiler. A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb) randomly assigned into four dietary treatments and fed for six weeks. The dietary treatments were T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 4% PO + 2% SO; T3, 2% PO + 4% SO; and T4, 6% SO. The body weight gain increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced with the increasing level of unsaturated fatty acid sources oil (SO) compared to control group (PO). Significantly higher (P<0.05) overall daily body weight gain and lower FCR were found in broilers fed dietary treatments T3 compared to other treatments. However, no differences (P<0.05) were found in daily body weight gain and FCR among the two combination of oil and SO alone. Dietary treatments influence the fatty acid composition of liver and increasing the dietary SO decreased ...
This study examined the effect of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combinations on the... more This study examined the effect of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combinations on the growth performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, ileal digestibility and blood plasma lipid profile of broilers. A total of 144-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned to basal diets supplemented with either T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 4% PO + 2% SO; T3, 2% PO + 4% SO or T4, 6% SO fed for six weeks. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) body weight gain and feed efficiency compared to control (PO) birds at 1-21 days, and no differences were found among T2-T4 treatments. Fat type had no significant effect on birds' performance at 22-42 days and meat quality. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) duodenum and ilium length as well as higher fat digestibility than the control birds. The control diet raised blood plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein than other treatments. It is concluded that feeding a combination of saturated (PO) and unsaturated (SO) oil sources altered the blood lipid profile, and increased nutrient digestibility and performance without conceding the meat quality in broilers.
Aims: Lactobacillus sp. has capability of producing an array of bioactive metabolites that exhibi... more Aims: Lactobacillus sp. has capability of producing an array of bioactive metabolites that exhibit probiotic effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity effect of proteinaceous postbiotic metabolites (PPM) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition on MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Methodology and results: L. plantarum I-UL4 was cultivated in yeast extract and modified de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth containing Tween 80 (CRMRS+T80) or without Tween-80 (CRMRS-T80). Human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) was employed as cancer cell in this study. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of PPM were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide assay and Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay, whereas Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide staining was employed to determine the cytotoxicity mechanism. PPM produced in CRMRS+T80 exerted cytotoxicity in a time and dose dependent manner that was selective towards MCF-7 cancer cell. Profound cytotoxicity with the lowest IC50 concentration of 10.83 µg was detected at 72 h of incubation, whereas the most potent antiproliferative effect revealed by the lowest viable cell population was observed at 24 h of incubation. PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 induced 80.87% of apoptotic MCF-7 cells at 48 h of incubation. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: PPM of L. plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition induced different levels of MCF-7 cancer cell death. The percentage of apoptotic MCF-7 cells treated with PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 24 to 48 h of incubation. The results obtained in this study have revealed the potential of PPM produced by L. plantarum I-UL4 as human health supplement and as anticancer preventive agent.
Aim: The cells growing in biofilms are physiologically distinct even from the same microorganism ... more Aim: The cells growing in biofilms are physiologically distinct even from the same microorganism in the planktonic state. Although mixed-species biofilms predominate in most of the environments, single-species biofilms exist in a large variety of infections, on the surface of medical implants and parts of the machineries in the food industries. Convenient method and early detection of these biofilms are therefore, necessary to avoid or prevent the important implants from the bacterial biofilm formation. Therefore present research was undertaken with the aim to establish an in vitro method for early detection and screening of biofilm with easily applicable image J. Methodology and results: Eight bacterial colonies were isolated from the poultry wastes (PW), dental plaques (DP) and hospital effluents (HE). Among them, three isolates were finally selected for the study based on their source of origin, colony characteristics and the biofilm forming ability determined by test tube assay. The isolates were provisionally identified as Salmonella arizonae (from PW), Micrococcus luteus (from DP) and Aerococcus viridians (from HE) and examined for their biofilm forming ability through a novel in vitro method, cover slip assay. The images of crystal violet stained biofilms of the isolates on the surface of the cover slips were captured and analysed by image-processing software image J. The results of the cover slip assay were then compared with those from test tube assays to conform the efficacy and reliability of the method for screening and evaluating biofilm formation. The results suggest that the novel in vitro method for biofilm screening by cover slip assay is effective for evaluating selected bacterial biofilms. The ability to form biofilm was not specifically correlated with the colony characteristics but the initial attachment for early development of the biofilm was significantly correlated with their motility. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The method of biofilm screening with the cover slip assay used in this study is novel, very simple but powerful and effective method, is expected to have significant impact and gain additional interest among the scientists for biofilm screening and study.
This study examined the effects of different combinations of inulin and postbiotics RG14 on growt... more This study examined the effects of different combinations of inulin and postbiotics RG14 on growth performance, cecal microbiota, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ileal cytokine expression in broiler chickens. Two-hundred-and sixteen, one-day-old chicks were allocated into 6 treatment groups, namely, a basal diet (negative control, NC), basal diet + neomycin and oxytetracycline (positive control, PC), T1 = basal diet + 0.15% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T2 = basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T3 = basal diet + 0.45% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and T4 = basal diet + 0.6% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and fed for 6 weeks. The results showed that birds fed T1 and T3 diets had higher (P < 0.05) final body weight and total weight gain than NC and PC birds. A lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed T1 and T2 compared with those fed the NC diet. Birds fed PC, T1, T2, and T3 had higher (P< 0.05) cecum total bacteria and Bifidobacteria compared to the NC birds. Diet had no effect on cecum Lactobacilli, Enterococcus and Salmonella. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) Enterobacteria and E. coli than other treatments. Concentration of acetic acid was higher in birds fed PC, T1, and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the concentration of butyric acid, propionic acid, and total VFA did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) expression of interferon (IFN) and Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) gene compared with those fed other diets. The mRNA expression of interluken-6 (IL-6) was up-regulated in birds fed T3 and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the expression of interluken-8 (IL-8) gene was not influenced by diet. Postbiotic and inulin combinations are potential replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry industry.
Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho, Jan 21, 2017
The present study assessed the effect of feeding palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their comb... more The present study assessed the effect of feeding palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combination on performance, fat deposition, fatty acid composition and lipogenic gene expression of broilers reared for 42 days. A total of 144 1-day-old broilers (Cobb500) were randomly allotted into four treatment diets with each having six replicates of six chicks in each replicate following a completely randomized design. Live weight gain and feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed with a combination of oil sources compared to controls. Birds fed with the combination of oil and SO alone had higher carcass yield and lower abdominal fat. Higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower concentrations of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found in birds fed SO alone and combinations of SO and PO. Furthermore, the outcomes showed that birds fed diet supplemented with SO and the combination of SO and PO down-regulated gen...
The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the g... more The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A total of 378, 1-day-old birds (Cobb 500) were fed either 6% palm oil, soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three dietary levels of calcium (1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) for 6 weeks. Birds fed SO had higher body weight (BW) compared with those fed LO (p < .05). However, feed efficiency, carcass and bone quality were similar among the oil treatments. Regardless of the oil source, chicken fed diets containing 1.50% of Ca had lower BW compared with those fed 1.00% and 1.25% of Ca. In contrast, birds fed 1.25% of Ca had significantly higher (p < .05) bone quality than those fed 1% of Ca. It can be concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 1.25% improved bone quality regardless of the type of oil.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three feeds containing 6% oils: palm ... more The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three feeds containing 6% oils: palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SO) and linseed oil (LO); and three calcium levels (NRC recommendation, 1.25% and 1.50%) on the fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and cholesterol concentrations of broiler breast meat in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. A total of 378 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to the diets and fed for six weeks. Birds fed diet supplemented with LO, SO and PO had higher proportions of α-linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids, respectively. The LO diet increased the total n-3 fatty acids and decreased the n-6 : n-3 compared with the PO and SO diets. Birds fed the PO diet had higher oxidative stability and cholesterol compared with those fed the SO and LO diets. However, the level of cholesterol in all treatments was within the normal range. The level of calcium and interaction between source of oil and calcium level did not influence lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile and cholesterol level of broiler breast muscle. It can be concluded that dietary LO and SO enhanced n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, while dietary PO enhanced the oleic acid and oxidative stability of broiler breast muscle. Thus, this study showed that PO can be used as an alternative oil source in broiler diets with a positive effect on the oxidative stability of chicken meat refrigerated at seven days when compared with vegetable oils that are rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acid.
A total of 245 Cobb 500 one-day old chicks were raised in open house system at the poultry unit, ... more A total of 245 Cobb 500 one-day old chicks were raised in open house system at the poultry unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The birds were randomly distributed on 7 dietary treatments with 5 replicates per treatment. The chicks were fed 0, 5, 10, 15% palm kernel cake (PKC), and 5, 10, 15% fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC). The birds were fed ad libitum, and the trial lasted for 42 days. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of feeding FPKC on broiler performance. The results obtained showed that body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) were significantly (P 0.05 different. No significant effect in BW and BWG for broilers fed 5% PKC or 5, 10, 15% FPKC. The birds fed 10 and 15% FPKC produced significantly (P<0.05) higher BW and BWG compared to those groups fed 10 and 15% PKC, respectively. The study showed that FPKC can be included up to 15% to broiler diets without any adverse effect.
Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean m... more Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean meal. It contains necessary essential amino acids required in poultry feeding. A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of feeding different levels of larvae meal on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and meat quality, and bacterial count. Day-old male broiler chicks (216) were raised for 42 days. Birds were weighed and randomly allotted into 6 dietary treatments consisting of 6 replicates (pens) per treatment and 6 birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments were supplemented with earth larvae meal by 0% (control group), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The feed and drinking water were provided ad lib. The findings showed that body weight, average daily gain and total weight gain for group of birds fed 0% larvae meal significantly decreased compared to those chickens fed 8% and 10% larvae meal. A higher crude protein digestibility was found in birds fed with larva...
The study examined the effects of supplementing vitamin E on the fatty acid profile and breast me... more The study examined the effects of supplementing vitamin E on the fatty acid profile and breast meat quality of broilers fed diets containing an oil blend and L-Arginine. Two hundred sixteen Cobb 500 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to six treatments, namely T1: 6% palm oil (control); T2: blend of 4% palm oil and 2% sunflower oil + 0.25% L-Arginine (positive control); T3: T2 with 20 mg/kg vitamin E added; T4: T2 with 50 mg/kg vitamin E added; T5: T2 with 100 mg/kg vitamin E added; and T6: T2 supplemented with 150 mg/kg vitamin E. Relative to T1, the other diets increased growth rate and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) similarly. Linoleic, arachidonic, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were greater and palmitic and saturated fatty acids were lower in the meat of birds fed T2–T6 relative to T1. Supplementation of vitamin E reduced drip loss (DL) and increased redness, tenderness, free thiol content, and the oxidative stability of meat during storage at 4 °C. Regardless o...
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding postbiotics and paraprobiotics produce... more This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding postbiotics and paraprobiotics produced from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on colon mucosa microbiota in broiler chickens. In this study, 336 one-day-old COBB 500 chicks were randomly allotted to eight treatment groups and replicated six times with seven birds per replicate. The treatment included T1 (Negative control) = Basal diet, T2 (Positive control) = Basal diet + 0.01% oxytetracycline, T3 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic TL1, T4 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic RS5, T5 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RG11, T6 = Basal diet + 0.2% postbiotic RI11, T7 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RG14, and T8 = Basal diet + 0.2% paraprobiotic RI11. There were reported changes in the bacterial community using 16S rRNA sequencing of the colon mucosa. The results of the sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in the colon mucosa samples indicated that compared to birds fed the negative control diet, birds fed paraprobiotic RI11 diets were recorded to have a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, while those fed the positive control were recorded to have a higher proportion of Firmicutes. Also, lower Enterococcus was reported in paraprobiotic RI11, while the most abundant genus was Bacteroides in postbiotic TL1. This study revealed that supplementation of postbiotics and paraprobiotics in the diets of broilers demonstrated positive effects on the microbiota by supporting the increase of beneficial microbes like the Firmicutes while decreasing harmful microbes like the Proteobacteria. Therefore, this study has provided knowledge on the modification of chicken mucosa microbiota through the feeding of postbiotics and paraprobiotics.
A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of lecithin on growth performance, nut... more A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of lecithin on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, lipid profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 240 oneday- old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were obtained from a local hatchery and raised for 42 days. The chicks were divided into 5 dietary treatments. The diets supplemented with prilled palm fat + 2% lysolecithin (PFL) replacing palm oil at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Each treatment group was divided into 6 replicates and 8 chicks per each replicate. Feed and water were offered ad libitum to the birds. The individual body weight and the feed intake for each replicate were recorded. In the finisher and overall periods, the findings showed that body weight gain (BWG) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed 1% PFL compared to those birds fed 5% or 7% PFL. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in broiler supplemented with 1% PFL compared to ...
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms that have potential beneficial effects to be employ... more Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are microorganisms that have potential beneficial effects to be employed as host for industrial and medical application. LAB plays an important role in food fermentation, inclusive of the flavor, texture, vitamin production as well as preservation of fermented products. Over the last few decades, with the advancement of cell engineering, substantial efforts have been carried out for the improvement of wild bacterial isolates for specific biotechnological purpose. With the aim of screening for probiotic strains that have health profit and commercial potential, we have made an attempt to isolate LAB from the Malaysian herb Polygonum minus. The identification of LAB was carried out using physiological and biochemical tests such as growth temperature, pH condition, salt concentration; phenotype identification on the basis of carbohydrate fermentation pattern; and genotype-based method of 16s rDNA.
The use of synthetic amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine) makes the formulation of diets w... more The use of synthetic amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine) makes the formulation of diets with minimum levels of crude protein possible. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low crude protein diet with amino acids supplementation on the performance, egg production, small intestine villus height and faecal LAB and ENT count in laying hens. A total of 144 16-week old layer hens of Hisex brown were assigned to four dietary treatments: 17.5% CP (control); (ii) 17.5% CP; (iii) 17% CP; and (iv) 16.5% CP supplemented with amino acids. Treatment group supplemented 17% CP was significantly higher (P 0.05) in egg quality. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in both villi height and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The treatment supplemented with 17% CP showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in faecal pH compared to the other groups. There was a significant different (P<0.05) in LAB and ENT count and LAB/ENT ratio among the dietary ...
Research on production and the use of cellulase and xylanase by commercial microbial strains is w... more Research on production and the use of cellulase and xylanase by commercial microbial strains is widely reported. However, research on production of cellulase and xylanase by local isolates of Trichoderma harzianum known as potential cellulase producers is still very limited. T. harzianum SNRS3 was used for cellulase and xylanase production from rice straw under solid state fermentation. Our study revealed that unlike Trichoderma sp. that is normally associated with low amounts of β-glucosidase, insufficient to perform an efficient hydrolysis, T. harzianum SNRS3 could be considered as a potential β-glucosidase producer, but not an efficient xylanase producer. As a result of storage of the crude cellulase at room temperature, β-glucosidase activity only decreased to above 80% of its original activity at the end of the 3rd week of storage. The crude cellulase produced by T. harzianum SNRS3 could be industrially applied as the enzyme is still highly active at 60°C and over a wide range ...
Background: Postbiotics have been established as potential feed additive to be used in monogastri... more Background: Postbiotics have been established as potential feed additive to be used in monogastric such as poultry and swine to enhance health and growth performance. However, information on the postbiotics as feed additive in ruminants is very limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of supplementation of postbiotics in newly-weaned lambs on growth performance, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population, blood metabolite and expression of genes related to growth and volatile fatty acid transport across the rumen epithelium. Results: Postbiotic supplementation increased weight gain, feed intake, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility of the lambs. No effect on ruminal pH and total VFA, whereas butyrate and ruminal ammonia-N concentration were improved. The lambs fed with postbiotics had higher blood total protein, urea nitrogen and glucose. However, no difference was observed in blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels. Postbiotics increased the population of fibre degrading bacteria but decreased total protozoa and methanogens in rumen. Postbiotics increased the mRNA expression of hepatic IGF-1 and ruminal MCT-1. Conclusions: The inclusion of postbiotics from L. plantarum RG14 in newly-weaned lambs improved growth performance, nutrient intake and nutrient digestibility reflected from better rumen fermentation and microbial parameters, blood metabolites and upregulation of growth and nutrient intake genes in the post-weaning lambs.
Background: Threonine is an essential amino acid that is extensively used in livestock industry a... more Background: Threonine is an essential amino acid that is extensively used in livestock industry as feed supplement due to its pronounced effect in improving the growth performance of animals. Application of genetically engineered bacteria for amino acid production has its share of controversies after eosinophils myalgia syndrome outbreak in 1980s. This has urged for continuous search for a food grade producer as a safer alternative for industrial amino acid production. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) appear as an exceptional candidate owing to their non-pathogenic nature and reputation of Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status. Recently, we have identified a LAB, Pediococcus pentosaceus TL-3, isolated from Malaysian food as a potential threonine producer. Thus, the objective of this study was to enhance the threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3 via optimized medium developed by using Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). Results: Molasses, meat extract, (NH 4) 2 SO 4 , and MnSO 4 were identified as the main medium components for threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3. The optimum concentration of molasses, meat extract, (NH 4) 2 SO 4 and MnSO 4 were found to be 30.79 g/L, 25.30 g/L, 8.59 g/L, and 0.098 g/L respectively based on model obtained in CCD with a predicted net threonine production of 123.07 mg/L. The net threonine production by P. pentosaceus TL-3 in the optimized medium was enhanced approximately 2 folds compared to the control. Conclusions: This study has revealed the potential of P. pentosaceus TL-3 as a safer alternative to produce threonine. Additionally, the current study has identified the key medium components affecting the production of threonine by P. pentosaceus TL-3, followed by optimization of their concentrations by means of statistical approach. The findings of this study could act as a guideline for the future exploration of amino acid production by LAB.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding diet containing palm oil (PO) and sunflow... more A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding diet containing palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO) and their combination on bird performance, liver fatty acid profile and meat cholesterol content of broiler. A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb) randomly assigned into four dietary treatments and fed for six weeks. The dietary treatments were T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 4% PO + 2% SO; T3, 2% PO + 4% SO; and T4, 6% SO. The body weight gain increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced with the increasing level of unsaturated fatty acid sources oil (SO) compared to control group (PO). Significantly higher (P<0.05) overall daily body weight gain and lower FCR were found in broilers fed dietary treatments T3 compared to other treatments. However, no differences (P<0.05) were found in daily body weight gain and FCR among the two combination of oil and SO alone. Dietary treatments influence the fatty acid composition of liver and increasing the dietary SO decreased ...
This study examined the effect of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combinations on the... more This study examined the effect of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combinations on the growth performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, ileal digestibility and blood plasma lipid profile of broilers. A total of 144-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned to basal diets supplemented with either T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 4% PO + 2% SO; T3, 2% PO + 4% SO or T4, 6% SO fed for six weeks. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) body weight gain and feed efficiency compared to control (PO) birds at 1-21 days, and no differences were found among T2-T4 treatments. Fat type had no significant effect on birds' performance at 22-42 days and meat quality. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) duodenum and ilium length as well as higher fat digestibility than the control birds. The control diet raised blood plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein than other treatments. It is concluded that feeding a combination of saturated (PO) and unsaturated (SO) oil sources altered the blood lipid profile, and increased nutrient digestibility and performance without conceding the meat quality in broilers.
Aims: Lactobacillus sp. has capability of producing an array of bioactive metabolites that exhibi... more Aims: Lactobacillus sp. has capability of producing an array of bioactive metabolites that exhibit probiotic effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity effect of proteinaceous postbiotic metabolites (PPM) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition on MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Methodology and results: L. plantarum I-UL4 was cultivated in yeast extract and modified de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth containing Tween 80 (CRMRS+T80) or without Tween-80 (CRMRS-T80). Human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) was employed as cancer cell in this study. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of PPM were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide assay and Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay, whereas Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide staining was employed to determine the cytotoxicity mechanism. PPM produced in CRMRS+T80 exerted cytotoxicity in a time and dose dependent manner that was selective towards MCF-7 cancer cell. Profound cytotoxicity with the lowest IC50 concentration of 10.83 µg was detected at 72 h of incubation, whereas the most potent antiproliferative effect revealed by the lowest viable cell population was observed at 24 h of incubation. PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 induced 80.87% of apoptotic MCF-7 cells at 48 h of incubation. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: PPM of L. plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition induced different levels of MCF-7 cancer cell death. The percentage of apoptotic MCF-7 cells treated with PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 24 to 48 h of incubation. The results obtained in this study have revealed the potential of PPM produced by L. plantarum I-UL4 as human health supplement and as anticancer preventive agent.
Aim: The cells growing in biofilms are physiologically distinct even from the same microorganism ... more Aim: The cells growing in biofilms are physiologically distinct even from the same microorganism in the planktonic state. Although mixed-species biofilms predominate in most of the environments, single-species biofilms exist in a large variety of infections, on the surface of medical implants and parts of the machineries in the food industries. Convenient method and early detection of these biofilms are therefore, necessary to avoid or prevent the important implants from the bacterial biofilm formation. Therefore present research was undertaken with the aim to establish an in vitro method for early detection and screening of biofilm with easily applicable image J. Methodology and results: Eight bacterial colonies were isolated from the poultry wastes (PW), dental plaques (DP) and hospital effluents (HE). Among them, three isolates were finally selected for the study based on their source of origin, colony characteristics and the biofilm forming ability determined by test tube assay. The isolates were provisionally identified as Salmonella arizonae (from PW), Micrococcus luteus (from DP) and Aerococcus viridians (from HE) and examined for their biofilm forming ability through a novel in vitro method, cover slip assay. The images of crystal violet stained biofilms of the isolates on the surface of the cover slips were captured and analysed by image-processing software image J. The results of the cover slip assay were then compared with those from test tube assays to conform the efficacy and reliability of the method for screening and evaluating biofilm formation. The results suggest that the novel in vitro method for biofilm screening by cover slip assay is effective for evaluating selected bacterial biofilms. The ability to form biofilm was not specifically correlated with the colony characteristics but the initial attachment for early development of the biofilm was significantly correlated with their motility. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The method of biofilm screening with the cover slip assay used in this study is novel, very simple but powerful and effective method, is expected to have significant impact and gain additional interest among the scientists for biofilm screening and study.
This study examined the effects of different combinations of inulin and postbiotics RG14 on growt... more This study examined the effects of different combinations of inulin and postbiotics RG14 on growth performance, cecal microbiota, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ileal cytokine expression in broiler chickens. Two-hundred-and sixteen, one-day-old chicks were allocated into 6 treatment groups, namely, a basal diet (negative control, NC), basal diet + neomycin and oxytetracycline (positive control, PC), T1 = basal diet + 0.15% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T2 = basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T3 = basal diet + 0.45% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and T4 = basal diet + 0.6% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and fed for 6 weeks. The results showed that birds fed T1 and T3 diets had higher (P < 0.05) final body weight and total weight gain than NC and PC birds. A lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed T1 and T2 compared with those fed the NC diet. Birds fed PC, T1, T2, and T3 had higher (P< 0.05) cecum total bacteria and Bifidobacteria compared to the NC birds. Diet had no effect on cecum Lactobacilli, Enterococcus and Salmonella. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) Enterobacteria and E. coli than other treatments. Concentration of acetic acid was higher in birds fed PC, T1, and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the concentration of butyric acid, propionic acid, and total VFA did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) expression of interferon (IFN) and Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) gene compared with those fed other diets. The mRNA expression of interluken-6 (IL-6) was up-regulated in birds fed T3 and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the expression of interluken-8 (IL-8) gene was not influenced by diet. Postbiotic and inulin combinations are potential replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry industry.
Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho, Jan 21, 2017
The present study assessed the effect of feeding palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their comb... more The present study assessed the effect of feeding palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combination on performance, fat deposition, fatty acid composition and lipogenic gene expression of broilers reared for 42 days. A total of 144 1-day-old broilers (Cobb500) were randomly allotted into four treatment diets with each having six replicates of six chicks in each replicate following a completely randomized design. Live weight gain and feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed with a combination of oil sources compared to controls. Birds fed with the combination of oil and SO alone had higher carcass yield and lower abdominal fat. Higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower concentrations of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found in birds fed SO alone and combinations of SO and PO. Furthermore, the outcomes showed that birds fed diet supplemented with SO and the combination of SO and PO down-regulated gen...
The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the g... more The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A total of 378, 1-day-old birds (Cobb 500) were fed either 6% palm oil, soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three dietary levels of calcium (1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) for 6 weeks. Birds fed SO had higher body weight (BW) compared with those fed LO (p < .05). However, feed efficiency, carcass and bone quality were similar among the oil treatments. Regardless of the oil source, chicken fed diets containing 1.50% of Ca had lower BW compared with those fed 1.00% and 1.25% of Ca. In contrast, birds fed 1.25% of Ca had significantly higher (p < .05) bone quality than those fed 1% of Ca. It can be concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 1.25% improved bone quality regardless of the type of oil.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three feeds containing 6% oils: palm ... more The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three feeds containing 6% oils: palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SO) and linseed oil (LO); and three calcium levels (NRC recommendation, 1.25% and 1.50%) on the fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and cholesterol concentrations of broiler breast meat in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. A total of 378 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to the diets and fed for six weeks. Birds fed diet supplemented with LO, SO and PO had higher proportions of α-linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids, respectively. The LO diet increased the total n-3 fatty acids and decreased the n-6 : n-3 compared with the PO and SO diets. Birds fed the PO diet had higher oxidative stability and cholesterol compared with those fed the SO and LO diets. However, the level of cholesterol in all treatments was within the normal range. The level of calcium and interaction between source of oil and calcium level did not influence lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile and cholesterol level of broiler breast muscle. It can be concluded that dietary LO and SO enhanced n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively, while dietary PO enhanced the oleic acid and oxidative stability of broiler breast muscle. Thus, this study showed that PO can be used as an alternative oil source in broiler diets with a positive effect on the oxidative stability of chicken meat refrigerated at seven days when compared with vegetable oils that are rich in linoleic and α-linolenic acid.
A total of 245 Cobb 500 one-day old chicks were raised in open house system at the poultry unit, ... more A total of 245 Cobb 500 one-day old chicks were raised in open house system at the poultry unit, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The birds were randomly distributed on 7 dietary treatments with 5 replicates per treatment. The chicks were fed 0, 5, 10, 15% palm kernel cake (PKC), and 5, 10, 15% fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC). The birds were fed ad libitum, and the trial lasted for 42 days. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of feeding FPKC on broiler performance. The results obtained showed that body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) were significantly (P 0.05 different. No significant effect in BW and BWG for broilers fed 5% PKC or 5, 10, 15% FPKC. The birds fed 10 and 15% FPKC produced significantly (P<0.05) higher BW and BWG compared to those groups fed 10 and 15% PKC, respectively. The study showed that FPKC can be included up to 15% to broiler diets without any adverse effect.
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