Abstract Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with an operating temperature of ≤ 600°C... more Abstract Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with an operating temperature of ≤ 600°C, seem to be more advantageous than traditional SOFCs, with an operating temperature of 800–1000°C, due to their durability, affordability, and applicability. It is thought that the potential application areas of direct alcohol-fed SOFCs can be improved further by conducting studies on their fuel accessibility and portability. In this chapter, the results of low-temperature SOFCs for alcohol fuels are compiled. In addition, basic information is given on the working principle behind SOFCs, the cell components, and the electrochemical performance of the system. The studies conducted on alcohol-fed SOFCs and the data obtained were compared with those of hydrogen-fueled SOFCs, and their current situation and the aspects that need to be developed were revealed.
Abstract Oxidation of alcohols, especially electrochemical oxidation, is one of the most importan... more Abstract Oxidation of alcohols, especially electrochemical oxidation, is one of the most important reactions for studies on energy and fuel. Studies in this area have increased further with the advance of fuel cells, and it will remain important so long as the search for alternative energy sources for oil and other fossil fuels continues. The pH value of the environment in which the reaction takes place is as important as the alcohol and electrode types used in oxidation reactions of alcohols. Studies in this area are carried out in both acidic and basic environments. The alcohols most commonly used in studies are methanol and ethanol; however, isopropanol and butanol are also used. Among the various electrodes, platinum (Pt) has the best effectiveness. However, it also has disadvantages—namely, its high cost and the fact that its effectiveness gets reduced as a result of electrode poisoning by absorbing carbon monoxide (CO) on the surface. In recent years, studies have been made about the search for an alternative electrode to Pt. In these studies, catalysts formed by mixing similar metals with Pt in different proportions are made on Pt-free catalysts, carbon-supported catalysts, and catalysts created by combining different metals. Apart from the elements that make up the catalyst, compatibility with the reaction, working environment, and the species to be released are also very important in terms of catalyst selection and design. In this chapter, oxidation reactions in the acidic and alkaline electrolyte media of methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol (the most commonly used alcohols in alcohol oxidation reactions) are described. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of acidic and alkaline environments are compared.
Abstract Energy is one of the indispensable milestones of economic and social development, as one... more Abstract Energy is one of the indispensable milestones of economic and social development, as one of the necessary tools for social welfare and one of the main inputs of production activity. For this reason, it is very important to provide the energy needed by the developments in industry, the rise in living standards, and the increasing population in an adequate, reliable, and low-cost manner. For supply reliability, it is necessary to establish sustainable energy policies and reduce foreign dependency on energy resources. Today, the world's energy needs are largely met by fossil (coal, natural gas, etc.) and nuclear fuels. In addition to all these, it is necessary to obtain suitable energy inputs for advanced technological technologies. Fuel cell technology is developing very rapidly. The application process comes from the fuel cell research process. It still continues with many problems encountered in fuel cell technology. These developments have brought new approaches to fuel cell technology, but there are still some problems, including the pH imbalance encountered in fuel cells and the failure to achieve the appropriate pH range. In this chapter, information about oxidation reaction systems and pH dependencies for electrocatalytic research is given. We need to install advanced battery systems and apply the best systems available. New applications are aimed at obtaining the best battery systems. The information has been given about the working principles of ideal pH systems.
Bu araştırmada; Sivrihisar Yenidogan kahverengi sepiyolitinin karakterizasyonu yapılmış daha sonr... more Bu araştırmada; Sivrihisar Yenidogan kahverengi sepiyolitinin karakterizasyonu yapılmış daha sonra yer karosu massesinde kullanılabilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmalar dört aşamada yapılmıştır. 1. aşamada sepiyolit Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesine %5, %10, %15, %20 ve %25 oranlarında ilave edilmiştir. 2. aşamada yer karosu ana hammaddeleri olan kuvars, feldspat ve kil yerine belirli oranlarda sepiyolit ilave edilmiştir. 3. ve 4. aşamalarda geliştirme reçetelerinde Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesindeki hammadde oranları değiştirilerek iyileştirmeler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. İlk üç aşamada karo örneklerinin kalınlığı 6 mm, 4. aşamada ise 3 mm olarak basılmıştır. Karo örnekleri ilk iki aşamada 1200°C' de 3. ve 4. aşamada 1200°C ve 1125 °C' de yer ve duvar karosu pişirim fırınlarında pişirilerek fıziko-mekaniksel deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesine göre 6 nolu reçetede, kuru mukavemeti yarı yarıya düşük, pişme küçülmesi yaklaşık %1, pişme mukavemeti 1200°C' de 25 kg/cm2 daha yüksek, porozite, su emme ve deformasyon değerleri hemen hemen yakın değerlerde çıkmıştır.
In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural ... more In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural stone sector is worked out. Within this framework, firstly the geology of the region and the formation of the Radyolarite rock is examined. Rock mechanic experiments are applied to the rock samples that are taken from various parts of the region, in the laboratories of Dumlipinar University, Mining Engineering Department. The experiment results are compared to some natural stones and International standarts. The radyolarite rock has a very hard structure because of originating from compact, planktonic and pelagic, silica skeletons. As a result of comparing experiment results with other natural stones, it was concluded that radyolarite rock can be used as a covering stone in construction sector and it can provide a decorative view in buildings with its red appearance. By this study, it was determined that the rock can be utilized in the same way as other natural stones and it may have a good place in the market.
Abstract Alcohol oxidation is an electrochemical reaction that occurs in the anode side of direct... more Abstract Alcohol oxidation is an electrochemical reaction that occurs in the anode side of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). DAFCs generate electricity through the direct oxidation of liquid alcohol. To improve the efficiency and enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the anode side of DAFCs, there is a necessity to create proper, high electrocatalytic activity and low-cost anode electrocatalysts. This chapter deals with the anode electrocatalysts, which contain Pt, Pd, Ru, and nonnoble metals. It also reviews the effect of the electrocatalytic activity of the supporting materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, and oxide structures, as well as conducting polymers.
Abstract In this chapter, the catalytic effects and properties of dendrimer and dendritic macromo... more Abstract In this chapter, the catalytic effects and properties of dendrimer and dendritic macromolecules in alcohol fuel cells are discussed. Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules that contain spaces. Thanks to this hollow structure of dendrimers, nanocomposite materials are encapsulated, making electrocatalytic activity more efficient in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). The toxic reaction caused by platinum damages the alcohol cells and shortens the life of the fuel cell. For this purpose, materials such as carbon-based nanocomposites and nanocomposites of alloys with transition metals are reinforced with dendrimers and DAFCs become more efficient. The effects of dendrimers on the cell by reinforcing platinum with alloys of nanocomposite materials in direct alcohol fuel cells are reported.
Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors today. At this point, the use of fuel cells ... more Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors today. At this point, the use of fuel cells from renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels is promising. Like alcohol instead of hydrogen used in fuel cell it is noteworthy that a fuel that is easier to transport, more easily stored, has a high energy density and is cost-effective. This section reviews the basics of alcohol fuel cells. Thermodynamic data were used to understand the fuel cell performance. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of methanol and ethanol fuel cells, which are most commonly used in alcohol fuel cells are briefly explained and studies aimed at increasing the performance of these fuel cells are mentioned.
... S. Karaoğlu 1 , M. Çolak 2 , İ. Işık 3 ... [2] J. Henderson: İznik ceramics: İznik (ed. Nurha... more ... S. Karaoğlu 1 , M. Çolak 2 , İ. Işık 3 ... [2] J. Henderson: İznik ceramics: İznik (ed. Nurhan Atasoy and Julian Raby), (Alexandra Press, London 1989), 384 p. [3] O. Aslanapa, S. Yetkin, A. Altun: Kiln excavations of the İznik tilesı, 2 nd Period, (Tarihi ...
In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural ... more In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural stone sector is worked out. Within this framework, firstly the geology of the region and the formation of the Radyolarite rock is examined. Rock mechanic experiments are applied to the rock samples that are taken from various parts of the region, in the laboratories of Dumlipinar University, Mining Engineering Department. The experiment results are compared to some natural stones and International standarts. The radyolarite rock has a very hard structure because of originating from compact, planktonic and pelagic, silica skeletons. As a result of comparing experiment results with other natural stones, it was concluded that radyolarite rock can be used as a covering stone in construction sector and it can provide a decorative view in buildings with its red appearance. By this study, it was determined that the rock can be utilized in the same way as other natural stones and it may have a good place in the market.
Porcelain tiles are building materials that offer aesthetics and advantages to the user by using ... more Porcelain tiles are building materials that offer aesthetics and advantages to the user by using ceramic raw materials and additives at high pressure. Energy and labor are spent on raw materials used for production, raw material transportation and transportation until they reach the customer after they become finished products. These high costs reduce competitiveness in the market. In this study, it has been studied on the thinning of porcelain tiles to reduce the cost and to take advantage of transportation. Two different size tiles, which are the most preferred in the market, were selected. In the study, the possibilities of making thinner and environmentally friendly tiles were investigated by characterizing the selected porcelain tile bodies. Çanakkale Saribeyli Region bentonite was used in the body instead of Istanbul clay at the rates of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% by weight, respectively. The body recipes, which were prepared in standard thickness and thinned by 0.5 mm, were fired at 1185 °C temperature. Shrinkage, water absorption, color and mechanical tests of the studied compositions were carried out. As a result of the study, the tile thickness thinning process was carried out in industrial trials in accordance with TSE standards, supported by laboratory test results, and the advantages it provides for transportation cost, environment and human health were demonstrated.
In this study, representative clay samples taken from tile&brick factories before and after extru... more In this study, representative clay samples taken from tile&brick factories before and after extrusion were studied in order to determine the effect of extrusion on properties such as plasticity, drying, and etc. Calculated plasticity values according to the Pfefferkorn were presented. It was concluded that each of the manufacturing processes should be under control through production and their effect on clay properties should be determined in order to minimize minimizing production loses.
Abstract Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with an operating temperature of ≤ 600°C... more Abstract Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with an operating temperature of ≤ 600°C, seem to be more advantageous than traditional SOFCs, with an operating temperature of 800–1000°C, due to their durability, affordability, and applicability. It is thought that the potential application areas of direct alcohol-fed SOFCs can be improved further by conducting studies on their fuel accessibility and portability. In this chapter, the results of low-temperature SOFCs for alcohol fuels are compiled. In addition, basic information is given on the working principle behind SOFCs, the cell components, and the electrochemical performance of the system. The studies conducted on alcohol-fed SOFCs and the data obtained were compared with those of hydrogen-fueled SOFCs, and their current situation and the aspects that need to be developed were revealed.
Abstract Oxidation of alcohols, especially electrochemical oxidation, is one of the most importan... more Abstract Oxidation of alcohols, especially electrochemical oxidation, is one of the most important reactions for studies on energy and fuel. Studies in this area have increased further with the advance of fuel cells, and it will remain important so long as the search for alternative energy sources for oil and other fossil fuels continues. The pH value of the environment in which the reaction takes place is as important as the alcohol and electrode types used in oxidation reactions of alcohols. Studies in this area are carried out in both acidic and basic environments. The alcohols most commonly used in studies are methanol and ethanol; however, isopropanol and butanol are also used. Among the various electrodes, platinum (Pt) has the best effectiveness. However, it also has disadvantages—namely, its high cost and the fact that its effectiveness gets reduced as a result of electrode poisoning by absorbing carbon monoxide (CO) on the surface. In recent years, studies have been made about the search for an alternative electrode to Pt. In these studies, catalysts formed by mixing similar metals with Pt in different proportions are made on Pt-free catalysts, carbon-supported catalysts, and catalysts created by combining different metals. Apart from the elements that make up the catalyst, compatibility with the reaction, working environment, and the species to be released are also very important in terms of catalyst selection and design. In this chapter, oxidation reactions in the acidic and alkaline electrolyte media of methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol (the most commonly used alcohols in alcohol oxidation reactions) are described. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of acidic and alkaline environments are compared.
Abstract Energy is one of the indispensable milestones of economic and social development, as one... more Abstract Energy is one of the indispensable milestones of economic and social development, as one of the necessary tools for social welfare and one of the main inputs of production activity. For this reason, it is very important to provide the energy needed by the developments in industry, the rise in living standards, and the increasing population in an adequate, reliable, and low-cost manner. For supply reliability, it is necessary to establish sustainable energy policies and reduce foreign dependency on energy resources. Today, the world's energy needs are largely met by fossil (coal, natural gas, etc.) and nuclear fuels. In addition to all these, it is necessary to obtain suitable energy inputs for advanced technological technologies. Fuel cell technology is developing very rapidly. The application process comes from the fuel cell research process. It still continues with many problems encountered in fuel cell technology. These developments have brought new approaches to fuel cell technology, but there are still some problems, including the pH imbalance encountered in fuel cells and the failure to achieve the appropriate pH range. In this chapter, information about oxidation reaction systems and pH dependencies for electrocatalytic research is given. We need to install advanced battery systems and apply the best systems available. New applications are aimed at obtaining the best battery systems. The information has been given about the working principles of ideal pH systems.
Bu araştırmada; Sivrihisar Yenidogan kahverengi sepiyolitinin karakterizasyonu yapılmış daha sonr... more Bu araştırmada; Sivrihisar Yenidogan kahverengi sepiyolitinin karakterizasyonu yapılmış daha sonra yer karosu massesinde kullanılabilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Çalışmalar dört aşamada yapılmıştır. 1. aşamada sepiyolit Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesine %5, %10, %15, %20 ve %25 oranlarında ilave edilmiştir. 2. aşamada yer karosu ana hammaddeleri olan kuvars, feldspat ve kil yerine belirli oranlarda sepiyolit ilave edilmiştir. 3. ve 4. aşamalarda geliştirme reçetelerinde Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesindeki hammadde oranları değiştirilerek iyileştirmeler yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. İlk üç aşamada karo örneklerinin kalınlığı 6 mm, 4. aşamada ise 3 mm olarak basılmıştır. Karo örnekleri ilk iki aşamada 1200°C' de 3. ve 4. aşamada 1200°C ve 1125 °C' de yer ve duvar karosu pişirim fırınlarında pişirilerek fıziko-mekaniksel deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; Kütahya Seramik yer karosu massesine göre 6 nolu reçetede, kuru mukavemeti yarı yarıya düşük, pişme küçülmesi yaklaşık %1, pişme mukavemeti 1200°C' de 25 kg/cm2 daha yüksek, porozite, su emme ve deformasyon değerleri hemen hemen yakın değerlerde çıkmıştır.
In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural ... more In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural stone sector is worked out. Within this framework, firstly the geology of the region and the formation of the Radyolarite rock is examined. Rock mechanic experiments are applied to the rock samples that are taken from various parts of the region, in the laboratories of Dumlipinar University, Mining Engineering Department. The experiment results are compared to some natural stones and International standarts. The radyolarite rock has a very hard structure because of originating from compact, planktonic and pelagic, silica skeletons. As a result of comparing experiment results with other natural stones, it was concluded that radyolarite rock can be used as a covering stone in construction sector and it can provide a decorative view in buildings with its red appearance. By this study, it was determined that the rock can be utilized in the same way as other natural stones and it may have a good place in the market.
Abstract Alcohol oxidation is an electrochemical reaction that occurs in the anode side of direct... more Abstract Alcohol oxidation is an electrochemical reaction that occurs in the anode side of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). DAFCs generate electricity through the direct oxidation of liquid alcohol. To improve the efficiency and enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the anode side of DAFCs, there is a necessity to create proper, high electrocatalytic activity and low-cost anode electrocatalysts. This chapter deals with the anode electrocatalysts, which contain Pt, Pd, Ru, and nonnoble metals. It also reviews the effect of the electrocatalytic activity of the supporting materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, and oxide structures, as well as conducting polymers.
Abstract In this chapter, the catalytic effects and properties of dendrimer and dendritic macromo... more Abstract In this chapter, the catalytic effects and properties of dendrimer and dendritic macromolecules in alcohol fuel cells are discussed. Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules that contain spaces. Thanks to this hollow structure of dendrimers, nanocomposite materials are encapsulated, making electrocatalytic activity more efficient in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). The toxic reaction caused by platinum damages the alcohol cells and shortens the life of the fuel cell. For this purpose, materials such as carbon-based nanocomposites and nanocomposites of alloys with transition metals are reinforced with dendrimers and DAFCs become more efficient. The effects of dendrimers on the cell by reinforcing platinum with alloys of nanocomposite materials in direct alcohol fuel cells are reported.
Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors today. At this point, the use of fuel cells ... more Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors today. At this point, the use of fuel cells from renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels is promising. Like alcohol instead of hydrogen used in fuel cell it is noteworthy that a fuel that is easier to transport, more easily stored, has a high energy density and is cost-effective. This section reviews the basics of alcohol fuel cells. Thermodynamic data were used to understand the fuel cell performance. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of methanol and ethanol fuel cells, which are most commonly used in alcohol fuel cells are briefly explained and studies aimed at increasing the performance of these fuel cells are mentioned.
... S. Karaoğlu 1 , M. Çolak 2 , İ. Işık 3 ... [2] J. Henderson: İznik ceramics: İznik (ed. Nurha... more ... S. Karaoğlu 1 , M. Çolak 2 , İ. Işık 3 ... [2] J. Henderson: İznik ceramics: İznik (ed. Nurhan Atasoy and Julian Raby), (Alexandra Press, London 1989), 384 p. [3] O. Aslanapa, S. Yetkin, A. Altun: Kiln excavations of the İznik tilesı, 2 nd Period, (Tarihi ...
In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural ... more In this study, the usability of radyolarit rock that is found in Kutahya-Ilıca Region in natural stone sector is worked out. Within this framework, firstly the geology of the region and the formation of the Radyolarite rock is examined. Rock mechanic experiments are applied to the rock samples that are taken from various parts of the region, in the laboratories of Dumlipinar University, Mining Engineering Department. The experiment results are compared to some natural stones and International standarts. The radyolarite rock has a very hard structure because of originating from compact, planktonic and pelagic, silica skeletons. As a result of comparing experiment results with other natural stones, it was concluded that radyolarite rock can be used as a covering stone in construction sector and it can provide a decorative view in buildings with its red appearance. By this study, it was determined that the rock can be utilized in the same way as other natural stones and it may have a good place in the market.
Porcelain tiles are building materials that offer aesthetics and advantages to the user by using ... more Porcelain tiles are building materials that offer aesthetics and advantages to the user by using ceramic raw materials and additives at high pressure. Energy and labor are spent on raw materials used for production, raw material transportation and transportation until they reach the customer after they become finished products. These high costs reduce competitiveness in the market. In this study, it has been studied on the thinning of porcelain tiles to reduce the cost and to take advantage of transportation. Two different size tiles, which are the most preferred in the market, were selected. In the study, the possibilities of making thinner and environmentally friendly tiles were investigated by characterizing the selected porcelain tile bodies. Çanakkale Saribeyli Region bentonite was used in the body instead of Istanbul clay at the rates of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% by weight, respectively. The body recipes, which were prepared in standard thickness and thinned by 0.5 mm, were fired at 1185 °C temperature. Shrinkage, water absorption, color and mechanical tests of the studied compositions were carried out. As a result of the study, the tile thickness thinning process was carried out in industrial trials in accordance with TSE standards, supported by laboratory test results, and the advantages it provides for transportation cost, environment and human health were demonstrated.
In this study, representative clay samples taken from tile&brick factories before and after extru... more In this study, representative clay samples taken from tile&brick factories before and after extrusion were studied in order to determine the effect of extrusion on properties such as plasticity, drying, and etc. Calculated plasticity values according to the Pfefferkorn were presented. It was concluded that each of the manufacturing processes should be under control through production and their effect on clay properties should be determined in order to minimize minimizing production loses.
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