{"id":998264,"date":"2024-12-27T09:31:21","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T01:31:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/998264.html"},"modified":"2024-12-27T09:31:23","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T01:31:23","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e6%89%93%e5%8d%b0%e5%87%ba%e7%89%b9%e6%80%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/998264.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u7279\u6027"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u7279\u6027\"<\/p>\n

\u8981\u5728Python\u4e2d\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570dir()<\/code>\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u4f7f\u7528Python\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4f7f\u7528dir()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

dir()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u662fPython\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5982__class__<\/code>\u3001__delattr__<\/code>\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1.1 \u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4f60\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9dir()<\/code>\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u8c03\u7528dir(object)<\/code>\u5373\u53ef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

class MyClass:<\/p>\n
    def __init__(self):<\/p>\n
        self.name = "example"<\/p>\n
        self.value = 42<\/p>\n
    def my_method(self):<\/p>\n
        pass<\/p>\n
my_instance = MyClass()<\/p>\n
print(dir(my_instance))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0cdir(my_instance)<\/code>\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542bname<\/code>\u3001value<\/code>\u3001my_method<\/code>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5217\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1.2 \u8fc7\u6ee4\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8edir()<\/code>\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8f93\u51fa\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5197\u957f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u6765\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6389\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
attributes = [attr for attr in dir(my_instance) if not attr.startswith('__')]<\/p>\n
print(attributes)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u67e5\u770b\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4f7f\u7528__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u662fPython\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u53ef\u5199\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c__dict__<\/code>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u89c6\u56fe\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2.1 \u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
print(my_instance.__dict__)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u952e\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\uff0c\u503c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u6027\u503c\u3002\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2.2 \u5bf9\u6bd4dir()<\/code>\u548c__dict__<\/code><\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u867d\u7136dir()<\/code>\u548c__dict__<\/code>\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002dir()<\/code>\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c__dict__<\/code>\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c5e\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u53cd\u5c04\u4e0e\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
Python\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u673a\u5236\u5141\u8bb8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97Python\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7075\u6d3b\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3.1 \u4f7f\u7528getattr()<\/code>\u548chasattr()<\/code><\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
getattr()<\/code>\u548chasattr()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    \n
  • getattr(object, name[, default])<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n
  • hasattr(object, name)<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    if hasattr(my_instance, 'name'):<\/p>\n
        print(getattr(my_instance, 'name'))<\/p>\n
    <\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    3.2 \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u6253\u5370\u5bf9\u8c61\u7279\u6027<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
    \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6253\u5370\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u7075\u6d3b\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u8f93\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    def print_object_features(obj):<\/p>\n
        print("Attributes and Methods:")<\/p>\n
        for attr in dir(obj):<\/p>\n
            if not attr.startswith('__'):<\/p>\n
                print(f"- {attr}: {getattr(obj, attr)}")<\/p>\n
    print_object_features(my_instance)<\/p>\n
    <\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7getattr()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    \u56db\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u63a2\u7d22\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
    \u9664\u4e86Python\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u63a2\u7d22Python\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982inspect<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    4.1 \u4f7f\u7528inspect<\/code>\u6a21\u5757<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
    inspect<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    import inspect<\/p>\n
    print(inspect.getmembers(my_instance))<\/p>\n
    <\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bd4dir()<\/code>\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7b7e\u540d\u3001\u7c7b\u7684\u7236\u7c7b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    4.2 \u4f7f\u7528pprint<\/code>\u6a21\u5757<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
    pprint<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5904\u7406\u590d\u6742\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    from pprint import pprint<\/p>\n
    pprint(my_instance.__dict__)<\/p>\n
    <\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
    \u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u5408pprint<\/code>\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    \u4e94\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
    \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6253\u5370\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002dir()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u548c__dict__<\/code>\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5de5\u5177\uff0cgetattr()<\/code>\u548chasattr()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a8\u6001\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0cinspect<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u63a2\u7d22Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    \u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u7b54FAQs\uff1a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
     \u5982\u4f55\u5728Python\u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1f<\/strong>
    \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570dir()<\/code>\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7279\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9dir()<\/code>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u5c5e\u6027\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528vars()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u770b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u83b7\u53d6Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1f<\/strong>
    \u9664\u4e86dir()<\/code>\u548cvars()<\/code>\uff0cPython\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u6a21\u5757inspect<\/code>\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002inspect<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u6709\u5173\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982inspect.getmembers()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u5982\u4f55\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u5c5e\u6027\uff1f<\/strong>
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