{"id":982635,"date":"2024-12-27T07:12:26","date_gmt":"2024-12-26T23:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/982635.html"},"modified":"2024-12-27T07:12:28","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T23:12:28","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e8%bf%9e%e6%8e%a5%e5%89%8d%e7%ab%af%e7%95%8c%e9%9d%a2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/982635.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\"<\/p>\n

Python\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u6216Django\u642d\u5efaWeb\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u901a\u8fc7API\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0e\u524d\u7aef\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528WebSocket\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1\u3002<\/strong>\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u548cDjango\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406Web\u5e94\u7528\u3002API\u63a5\u53e3\u5141\u8bb8\u540e\u7aef\u670d\u52a1\u4e0e\u524d\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u800cWebSocket\u5219\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u5b9e\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4f7f\u7528FLASK\u6846\u67b6<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

Flask\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684Python Web\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u548c\u540e\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1.1\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

\u8981\u4f7f\u7528Flask\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5Flask\u5e93\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528pip\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

pip install Flask<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684Flask\u5e94\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from flask import Flask, render_template<\/p>\n
app = Flask(__name__)<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/')<\/p>\n
def home():<\/p>\n
    return render_template('index.html')<\/p>\n
if __name__ == '__mAI<\/a>n__':<\/p>\n
    app.run(debug=True)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0crender_template<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4e8e\u6e32\u67d3HTML\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2aHTML\u6587\u4ef6\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u7aef\u9875\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1.2\u3001\u6a21\u677f\u6e32\u67d3<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Flask\u4f7f\u7528Jinja2\u6a21\u677f\u5f15\u64ce\u6765\u6e32\u67d3HTML\u9875\u9762\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728HTML\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528Jinja2\u8bed\u6cd5\u6765\u52a8\u6001\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<!DOCTYPE html><\/p>\n
<html><\/p>\n
<head><\/p>\n
    <title>My App<\/title><\/p>\n
<\/head><\/p>\n
<body><\/p>\n
    <h1>Hello, {{ name }}!<\/h1><\/p>\n
<\/body><\/p>\n
<\/html><\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728Flask\u8def\u7531\u4e2d\u4f20\u9012\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/user\/<name>')<\/p>\n
def user(name):<\/p>\n
    return render_template('user.html', name=name)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
1.3\u3001\u5904\u7406\u524d\u7aef\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Flask\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406GET\u548cPOST\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u540e\u7aef\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from flask import request<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/submit', methods=['POST'])<\/p>\n
def submit():<\/p>\n
    data = request.form['data']<\/p>\n
    # \u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n
    return 'Data received'<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4f7f\u7528DJANGO\u6846\u67b6<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
Django\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684Python Web\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u548c\u590d\u6742\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5305\u62ecORM\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u754c\u9762\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2.1\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5Django\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install Django<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684Django\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u5e94\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
django-admin startproject myproject<\/p>\n
cd myproject<\/p>\n
python manage.py startapp myapp<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2.2\u3001\u89c6\u56fe\u548c\u6a21\u677f<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728Django\u4e2d\uff0c\u89c6\u56fe\u8d1f\u8d23\u5904\u7406\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u677f\u5f15\u64ce\u6765\u6e32\u67d3HTML\u9875\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from django.shortcuts import render<\/p>\n
def home(request):<\/p>\n
    return render(request, 'home.html', {'name': 'World'})<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728urls.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u8def\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from django.urls import path<\/p>\n
from . import views<\/p>\n
urlpatterns = [<\/p>\n
    path('', views.home, name='home'),<\/p>\n
]<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2.3\u3001\u5904\u7406\u8868\u5355\u548c\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Django\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8868\u5355\u5904\u7406\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u5904\u7406\u7528\u6237\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from django import forms<\/p>\n
class MyForm(forms.Form):<\/p>\n
    name = forms.CharField(label='Your name', max_length=100)<\/p>\n
def submit(request):<\/p>\n
    if request.method == 'POST':<\/p>\n
        form = MyForm(request.POST)<\/p>\n
        if form.is_valid():<\/p>\n
            # \u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n
            pass<\/p>\n
    else:<\/p>\n
        form = MyForm()<\/p>\n
    return render(request, 'submit.html', {'form': form})<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u901a\u8fc7API\u63a5\u53e3\u901a\u4fe1<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
RESTful API\u662f\u524d\u540e\u7aef\u5206\u79bb\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0cPython\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7Flask\u6216Django Rest Framework\u6765\u521b\u5efaAPI\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3.1\u3001\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u521b\u5efaAPI<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u7684flask-restful<\/code>\u6269\u5c55\u6765\u5feb\u901f\u521b\u5efaAPI\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install flask-restful<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49API\u8d44\u6e90\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from flask import Flask, request<\/p>\n
from flask_restful import Resource, Api<\/p>\n
app = Flask(__name__)<\/p>\n
api = Api(app)<\/p>\n
class HelloWorld(Resource):<\/p>\n
    def get(self):<\/p>\n
        return {'hello': 'world'}<\/p>\n
api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '\/')<\/p>\n
if __name__ == '__main__':<\/p>\n
    app.run(debug=True)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3.2\u3001\u4f7f\u7528Django Rest Framework<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Django Rest Framework\uff08DRF\uff09\u662fDjango\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u5efaWeb API\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install djangorestframework<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
INSTALLED_APPS = [<\/p>\n
    ...<\/p>\n
    'rest_framework',<\/p>\n
]<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2aAPI\u89c6\u56fe\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from rest_framework.views import APIView<\/p>\n
from rest_framework.response import Response<\/p>\n
class HelloWorld(APIView):<\/p>\n
    def get(self, request):<\/p>\n
        return Response({"message": "Hello, world!"})<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728urls.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u8def\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from django.urls import path<\/p>\n
from .views import HelloWorld<\/p>\n
urlpatterns = [<\/p>\n
    path('api\/', HelloWorld.as_view(), name='hello_world'),<\/p>\n
]<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u4f7f\u7528WEBSOCKET\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u65f6\u901a\u4fe1<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
WebSocket\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u957f\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65f6\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
4.1\u3001\u4f7f\u7528Flask-SocketIO<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Flask-SocketIO\u6269\u5c55\u7528\u4e8e\u5728Flask\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0WebSocket\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install flask-socketio<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b9a\u4e49WebSocket\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from flask import Flask, render_template<\/p>\n
from flask_socketio import SocketIO, emit<\/p>\n
app = Flask(__name__)<\/p>\n
socketio = SocketIO(app)<\/p>\n
@app.route('\/')<\/p>\n
def index():<\/p>\n
    return render_template('index.html')<\/p>\n
@socketio.on('message')<\/p>\n
def handle_message(message):<\/p>\n
    print('received message: ' + message)<\/p>\n
    emit('response', {'data': 'Message received'})<\/p>\n
if __name__ == '__main__':<\/p>\n
    socketio.run(app)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
4.2\u3001\u4f7f\u7528Django Channels<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
Django Channels\u4e3aDjango\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86WebSocket\u652f\u6301\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install channels<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728settings.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
INSTALLED_APPS = [<\/p>\n
    ...<\/p>\n
    'channels',<\/p>\n
]<\/p>\n
ASGI_APPLICATION = 'myproject.asgi.application'<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from channels.generic.websocket import WebsocketConsumer<\/p>\n
import json<\/p>\n
class ChatConsumer(WebsocketConsumer):<\/p>\n
    def connect(self):<\/p>\n
        self.accept()<\/p>\n
    def disconnect(self, close_code):<\/p>\n
        pass<\/p>\n
    def receive(self, text_data):<\/p>\n
        text_data_json = json.loads(text_data)<\/p>\n
        message = text_data_json['message']<\/p>\n
        self.send(text_data=json.dumps({<\/p>\n
            'message': message<\/p>\n
        }))<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728routing.py<\/code>\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u8def\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from django.urls import re_path<\/p>\n
from . import consumers<\/p>\n
websocket_urlpatterns = [<\/p>\n
    re_path(r'ws\/chat\/$', consumers.ChatConsumer.as_asgi()),<\/p>\n
]<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
Python\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u62ecFlask\u548cDjango\u6846\u67b6\u3001RESTful API\u3001\u4ee5\u53caWebSocket\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u3002Flask\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u5c0f\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u548c\u5feb\u901f\u539f\u578b\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u800cDjango\u5219\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u548c\u590d\u6742\u9879\u76ee\u3002RESTful API\u548cWebSocket\u5206\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u524d\u540e\u7aef\u5206\u79bb\u548c\u5b9e\u65f6\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u51fa\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14\u7075\u6d3b\u7684Web\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u7b54FAQs\uff1a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
 \u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528Python\u4e0e\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1f<\/strong>
Python\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u6846\u67b6\u4e0e\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u6216Django\u7b49Web\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6846\u67b6\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540e\u7aefAPI\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0e\u4e4b\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528SocketIO\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u5373\u65f6\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728Python\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1f<\/strong>
\u5f53\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528AJAX\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u540e\u7aef\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u6216Django\u7b49\u6846\u67b6\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bf7\u6c42\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u5982Flask\u7684request\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u524d\u7aef\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u662fJSON\u683c\u5f0f\u6216\u8868\u5355\u6570\u636e\u3002\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528Python\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u540e\u7aef\u5982\u4f55\u4e0eJavaScript\u524d\u7aef\u4ee3\u7801\u914d\u5408\uff1f<\/strong>
Python\u540e\u7aef\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9bRESTful API\uff0c\u524d\u7aefJavaScript\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Fetch API\u6216Axios\u7b49\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u5f02\u6b65\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u524d\u7aef\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3001\u63d0\u4ea4\u8868\u5355\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528JSON\u683c\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u884c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Python\u8fde\u63a5\u524d\u7aef\u754c\u9762\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528Flask\u6216Django\u642d\u5efaWeb\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u901a\u8fc7API\u63a5\u53e3\u4e0e\u524d\u7aef\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u4ee5 […]","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":982641,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982635"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=982635"}],"version-history":[{"count":"1","href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":982645,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/982635\/revisions\/982645"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/982641"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=982635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=982635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=982635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}