{"id":944097,"date":"2024-12-26T23:00:06","date_gmt":"2024-12-26T15:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/944097.html"},"modified":"2024-12-26T23:00:09","modified_gmt":"2024-12-26T15:00:09","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5sql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/944097.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u94fe\u63a5sql"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u94fe\u63a5sql\"<\/p>\n

\u8981\u5c06Python\u4e0eSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u94fe\u63a5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528sqlite3<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u3001SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u5e93\u3001PyMySQL<\/code>\u5e93\u3001psycopg2<\/code>\u5e93\u7b49\u3002sqlite3<\/code>\u662fPython\u5185\u7f6e\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5e94\u7528\uff0cSQLAlchemy<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684ORM\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0cPyMySQL<\/code>\u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0cpsycopg2<\/code>\u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u63a5PostgreSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/strong>\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u7528\u6280\u5de7\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aPython SQL\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\u5668\uff08ORM\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b80\u5316\u4e86SQL\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u8fde\u63a5SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6b65\u9aa4\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemy<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u5e93\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\u901a\u8fc7pip\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

pip install SQLAlchemy<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u8be5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5305\u542b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u7528\u6237\u540d\u3001\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u4e3b\u673a\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u79f0\u7b49\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy import create_engine<\/p>\n
\u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\uff1adialect+driver:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database<\/strong><\/h2>\n
engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql:\/\/user:password@localhost:3306\/mydatabase')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u5b9a\u4e49\u6620\u5c04\u7c7b<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6620\u5c04\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6620\u5c04\u7c7b\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u81eaBase<\/code>\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528Table<\/code>\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String<\/p>\n
Base = declarative_base()<\/p>\n
class User(Base):<\/p>\n
    __tablename__ = 'users'<\/p>\n
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)<\/p>\n
    name = Column(String)<\/p>\n
    age = Column(Integer)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u8868<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u6620\u5c04\u7c7b\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528create_all<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff08Session\uff09\u662fSQLAlchemy<\/code>\u7528\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u6765\u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker<\/p>\n
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)<\/p>\n
session = Session()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684add<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002\u9700\u8981\u5728\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e4b\u524d\u8c03\u7528commit<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
new_user = User(name='Alice', age=25)<\/p>\n
session.add(new_user)<\/p>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684query<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u6570\u636e\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u67e5\u8be2\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
users = session.query(User).all()<\/p>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/h2>\n
alice = session.query(User).filter_by(name='Alice').first()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u68c0\u7d22\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u66f4\u65b0Alice\u7684\u5e74\u9f84<\/p>\n
alice.age = 26<\/p>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u68c0\u7d22\u5230\u76ee\u6807\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528delete<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u5220\u9664Alice<\/p>\n
session.delete(alice)<\/p>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u3001\u5173\u95ed\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5b8c\u6210\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u5173\u95ed\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4ee5\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
session.close()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u4eab<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    \u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u4f1a\u8bdd\u9ed8\u8ba4\u662f\u4e8b\u52a1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u590d\u6742\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    \u8c03\u8bd5\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7<\/strong>\uff1aSQLAlchemy<\/code>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u914d\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7\u5668\u6765\u8c03\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    ORM\u4e0e\u539f\u751fSQL\u7ed3\u5408<\/strong>\uff1a\u867d\u7136SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684ORM\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u751fSQL\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u3002SQLAlchemy<\/code>\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728ORM\u548c\u539f\u751fSQL\u4e4b\u95f4\u7075\u6d3b\u5207\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528\u6279\u91cf\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u7d22\u5f15\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u7b49\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \u603b\u4e4b\uff0cSQLAlchemy<\/code>\u4e3aPython\u4e0eSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5e93\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
    \u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u7b54FAQs\uff1a<\/strong><\/h2>\n
     \u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528Python\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1f<\/strong>
    \u8981\u4f7f\u7528Python\u8fde\u63a5SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u5e93\uff0c\u5982sqlite3<\/code>\u3001pymysql<\/code>\u3001psycopg2<\/code>\u7b49\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6b65\u9aa4\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u88c5\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5e93\u3001\u5bfc\u5165\u5e93\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5e76\u6267\u884cSQL\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528sqlite3<\/code>\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u8fde\u63a5\u5230SQLite\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff1a<\/p>\n
    import sqlite3\nconnection = sqlite3.connect('example.db')\ncursor = connection.cursor()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u8fde\u63a5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u5e93\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u5728Python\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406SQL\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1f<\/strong>
    \u8fde\u63a5\u5230SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540e\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u5e76\u5904\u7406\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6267\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u540e\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528fetchall()<\/code>\u6216fetchone()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users")\nrows = cursor.fetchall()\nfor row in rows:\n    print(row)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
    \u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u904d\u5386\u5e76\u8f93\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u60a8\u5feb\u901f\u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4f7f\u7528Python\u8fde\u63a5SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u54ea\u4e9b\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\uff1f<\/strong>
    \u5728\u4f7f\u7528Python\u8fde\u63a5SQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62SQL\u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u76f4\u63a5\u62fc\u63a5\u5230SQL\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?", (username,))\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
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