{"id":1056929,"date":"2024-12-31T15:03:38","date_gmt":"2024-12-31T07:03:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1056929.html"},"modified":"2024-12-31T15:03:41","modified_gmt":"2024-12-31T07:03:41","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%ba%93%e8%ae%bf%e9%97%ae%e6%8e%a5%e5%8f%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1056929.html","title":{"rendered":"python\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"python\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3\"<\/p>\n

Python\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\u5de5\u5177\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9a71\u52a8\u5e93\u3001\u5c01\u88c5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u5c42\u7b49\u3002ORM\u5de5\u5177\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6709SQLAlchemy\u3001Django ORM\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9a71\u52a8\u5e93\u5305\u62ecPyMySQL\u3001psycopg2\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

SQLAlchemy\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14\u7075\u6d3b\u7684ORM\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u52a0\u4fbf\u6377\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001SQLALCHEMY\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

SQLAlchemy\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u6700\u6d41\u884c\u7684ORM\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u652f\u6301\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u5982MySQL\u3001PostgreSQL\u3001SQLite\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u652f\u6301NoSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002SQLAlchemy\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u5199SQL\u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

SQLAlchemy\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7ec4\u6210\uff1aSQLAlchemy Core\uff08\u6838\u5fc3\uff09\u548cSQLAlchemy ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\u3002SQLAlchemy Core\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u7684SQL\u8868\u8fbe\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u7684SQL\u8bed\u53e5\u3002\u800cSQLAlchemy ORM\u5219\u5141\u8bb8\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f7f\u7528Python\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u7c7b\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u5b89\u88c5SQLALCHEMY<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemy\u5e93\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528pip\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u5b89\u88c5\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

pip install sqlalchemy<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9a71\u52a8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528MySQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u88c5PyMySQL\u9a71\u52a8\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
pip install pymysql<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728SQLAlchemy\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u901a\u5e38\u7ee7\u627f\u81eaBase<\/code>\u7c7b\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u8868\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base<\/p>\n
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efaBase\u7c7b<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Base = declarative_base()<\/p>\n
\u5b9a\u4e49\u7528\u6237\u8868\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/h2>\n
class User(Base):<\/p>\n
    __tablename__ = 'users'<\/p>\n
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)<\/p>\n
    username = Column(String(50), nullable=False, unique=True)<\/p>\n
    emAI<\/a>l = Column(String(100), nullable=False, unique=True)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/strong><\/h2>\n
engine = create_engine('mysql+pymysql:\/\/username:password@localhost\/mydatabase')<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u6240\u6709\u8868<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u5bfc\u5165\u4e86SQLAlchemy\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aBase<\/code>\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aUser<\/code>\u7c7b\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u7528\u6237\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff1aid<\/code>\u3001username<\/code>\u548cemail<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728SQLAlchemy\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff08Session\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528sessionmaker<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5de5\u5382\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u5382\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5de5\u5382<\/p>\n
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)<\/p>\n
\u521b\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session = Session()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u63d2\u5165\u6570\u636e\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
new_user = User(username='johndoe', email='johndoe@example.com')<\/p>\n
\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.add(new_user)<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7528\u6237\u5bf9\u8c61new_user<\/code>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
SQLAlchemy\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
users = session.query(User).all()<\/p>\n
for user in users:<\/p>\n
    print(user.username, user.email)<\/p>\n
\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/h2>\n
user = session.query(User).filter_by(username='johndoe').first()<\/p>\n
print(user.username, user.email)<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u751fSQL\u67e5\u8be2<\/strong><\/h2>\n
result = session.execute('SELECT * FROM users')<\/p>\n
for row in result:<\/p>\n
    print(row['username'], row['email'])<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u7528\u6237\u3001\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u6237\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u751fSQL\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u66f4\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
user = session.query(User).filter_by(username='johndoe').first()<\/p>\n
\u66f4\u65b0\u7528\u6237\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1<\/strong><\/h2>\n
user.email = 'john.doe@example.com'<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u66f4\u65b0\u4e86\u8be5\u7528\u6237\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4ee5\u5c06\u66f4\u6539\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u6237<\/p>\n
user = session.query(User).filter_by(username='johndoe').first()<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u7528\u6237<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.delete(user)<\/p>\n
\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n
session.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u67e5\u8be2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u8be5\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u4ea4\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4ee5\u5c06\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from contextlib import contextmanager<\/p>\n
@contextmanager<\/p>\n
def session_scope():<\/p>\n
    session = Session()<\/p>\n
    try:<\/p>\n
        yield session<\/p>\n
        session.commit()<\/p>\n
    except:<\/p>\n
        session.rollback()<\/p>\n
        raise<\/p>\n
    finally:<\/p>\n
        session.close()<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/h2>\n
with session_scope() as session:<\/p>\n
    new_user = User(username='janedoe', email='janedoe@example.com')<\/p>\n
    session.add(new_user)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3asession_scope<\/code>\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7684__enter__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5728__exit__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u786e\u4fdd\u4f1a\u8bdd\u6b63\u786e\u5173\u95ed\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u5341\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86SQLAlchemy\u5e93\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528SQLAlchemy\u63d2\u5165\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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