{"id":1017799,"date":"2024-12-27T12:34:11","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T04:34:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/ask-ask\/1017799.html"},"modified":"2024-12-27T12:34:13","modified_gmt":"2024-12-27T04:34:13","slug":"python%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%88%ac%e5%8f%96cssci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docs.pingcode.com\/ask\/1017799.html","title":{"rendered":"Python\u5982\u4f55\u722c\u53d6CSSCI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Python\u5982\u4f55\u722c\u53d6CSSCI\"<\/p>\n

\u5728Python\u4e2d\u722c\u53d6CSSCI\uff08Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5f15\u6587\u7d22\u5f15\uff09\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u53cd\u722c\u63aa\u65bd\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8<\/strong>\u7b49\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e93\uff08\u5982requests\uff09\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5229\u7528\u89e3\u6790\u5e93\uff08\u5982BeautifulSoup\u6216lxml\uff09\u63d0\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5e94\u5bf9\u53cd\u722c\u866b\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5982\u4f7f\u7528\u968f\u673aUser-Agent\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u95f4\u9694\u3001\u6a21\u62df\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u884c\u4e3a\u7b49\u3002\u89e3\u6790\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u672c\u5730\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u5206\u6790\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5404\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\u53ca\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u722c\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7f51\u7edc\u8bf7\u6c42\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u7684HTML\u5185\u5bb9\u3002Python\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e93\u6709requests\u548curllib\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

1. \u4f7f\u7528requests\u5e93<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n

requests\u5e93\u662fPython\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684HTTP\u5e93\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7b80\u5355\u4e14\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7requests.get()\u65b9\u6cd5\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

import requests<\/p>\n
url = 'http:\/\/cssci.nju.edu.cn\/'<\/p>\n
headers = {<\/p>\n
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla\/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit\/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome\/58.0.3029.110 Safari\/537.3'}<\/p>\n
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)<\/p>\n
html_content = response.text<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8bf7\u6c42\u5934\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6eUser-Agent\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a21\u62df\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u5904\u7406HTTPS\u8bf7\u6c42<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u6709\u65f6\u76ee\u6807\u7f51\u7ad9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528HTTPS\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fddrequests\u5e93\u652f\u6301SSL\u3002\u9ed8\u8ba4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0crequests\u5df2\u7ecf\u652f\u6301SSL\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230SSL\u8bc1\u4e66\u9a8c\u8bc1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u6570verify=False<\/code>\u6765\u5ffd\u7565\u8bc1\u4e66\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, verify=False)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5ffd\u7565SSL\u9a8c\u8bc1\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5e94\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6790<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u83b7\u53d6\u7f51\u9875HTML\u5185\u5bb9\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u5e93\u6709BeautifulSoup\u548clxml\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528BeautifulSoup\u89e3\u6790<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
BeautifulSoup\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u6790HTML\u548cXML\u6587\u6863\u7684Python\u5e93\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u89e3\u6790\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup<\/p>\n
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'html.parser')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6807\u7b7e\u540d\u3001\u5c5e\u6027\u3001CSS\u9009\u62e9\u5668\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u67e5\u627e\u548c\u63d0\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
titles = soup.find_all('h2', class_='title')<\/p>\n
for title in titles:<\/p>\n
    print(title.get_text())<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u4f7f\u7528lxml\u89e3\u6790<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
lxml\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u6548\u7684XML\u548cHTML\u89e3\u6790\u5e93\uff0c\u652f\u6301XPath\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u63d0\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from lxml import etree<\/p>\n
parser = etree.HTMLParser()<\/p>\n
tree = etree.fromstring(html_content, parser)<\/p>\n
titles = tree.xpath('\/\/h2[@class="title"]\/text()')<\/p>\n
for title in titles:<\/p>\n
    print(title)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u53cd\u722c\u63aa\u65bd<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u53d6CSSCI\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u53cd\u722c\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u5b9a\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406IP<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u7406IP\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u85cf\u771f\u5b9eIP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u9891\u7e41\u8bf7\u6c42\u88ab\u5c01\u7981\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee3\u7406\u6c60\u81ea\u52a8\u5207\u6362IP\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
proxies = {<\/p>\n
    'http': 'http:\/\/10.10.1.10:3128',<\/p>\n
    'https': 'http:\/\/10.10.1.10:1080',<\/p>\n
}<\/p>\n
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u6a21\u62df\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u884c\u4e3a<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528Selenium\u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u6a21\u62df\u771f\u5b9e\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9875\u9762\u6eda\u52a8\u3001\u70b9\u51fb\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from selenium import webdriver<\/p>\n
driver = webdriver.Chrome()<\/p>\n
driver.get(url)<\/p>\n
content = driver.page_source<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u95f4\u9694<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bf7\u6c42\u95f4\u9694\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u8bf7\u6c42\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u88ab\u53cd\u722c\u8bc6\u522b\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import time<\/p>\n
time.sleep(2)  # \u6682\u505c2\u79d2<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u722c\u53d6\u5e76\u89e3\u6790\u6570\u636e\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u4ee5\u4f9b\u540e\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3001CSV\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u5b58\u50a8\u4e3aCSV\u6587\u4ef6<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
CSV\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6587\u672c\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Python\u7684csv\u6a21\u5757\u8fdb\u884c\u8bfb\u5199\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import csv<\/p>\n
with open('data.csv', mode='w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:<\/p>\n
    writer = csv.writer(file)<\/p>\n
    writer.writerow(['Title', 'Author', 'Journal'])<\/p>\n
    writer.writerows(data)  # data\u4e3a\u89e3\u6790\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u5982MySQL\u3001PostgreSQL\uff09\u66f4\u4e3a\u5408\u9002\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import pymysql<\/p>\n
connection = pymysql.connect(host='localhost',<\/p>\n
                             user='user',<\/p>\n
                             password='passwd',<\/p>\n
                             database='cssci')<\/p>\n
cursor = connection.cursor()<\/p>\n
sql = "INSERT INTO articles (title, author, journal) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)"<\/p>\n
cursor.executemany(sql, data)<\/p>\n
connection.commit()<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u4f7f\u7528NoSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u6570\u636e\u6216\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528NoSQL\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u5982MongoDB\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from pymongo import MongoClient<\/p>\n
client = MongoClient('mongodb:\/\/localhost:27017\/')<\/p>\n
db = client['cssci']<\/p>\n
collection = db['articles']<\/p>\n
collection.insert_many(data)  # data\u4e3a\u89e3\u6790\u540e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b57\u5178\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u866b\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5982\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u89e3\u6790\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u3002\u826f\u597d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u722c\u866b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7try-except\u8bed\u53e5\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u56e0\u9519\u8bef\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
try:<\/p>\n
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)<\/p>\n
    response.rAI<\/a>se_for_status()<\/p>\n
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:<\/p>\n
    print(f"Request failed: {e}")<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u8bb0\u5f55\u65e5\u5fd7<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528Python\u7684logging\u6a21\u5757\u8bb0\u5f55\u722c\u866b\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
import logging<\/p>\n
logging.basicConfig(filename='crawler.log', level=logging.INFO,<\/p>\n
                    format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')<\/p>\n
logging.info('Starting crawler...')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u722c\u866b\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u722c\u866b\u5f00\u53d1\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u7f51\u7ad9\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u722c\u53d6\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6790<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u89e3\u6790\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f18\u5316XPath\u6216CSS\u9009\u62e9\u5668\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u89e3\u6790\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
# \u4f18\u5316\u524d<\/p>\n
titles = tree.xpath('\/\/div[@class="content"]\/\/h2[@class="title"]\/text()')<\/p>\n
\u4f18\u5316\u540e<\/strong><\/h2>\n
titles = tree.xpath('\/\/h2[@class="title"]\/text()')<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\/\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u722c\u53d6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6216\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u52a0\u901f\u722c\u53d6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor<\/p>\n
def fetch_data(url):<\/p>\n
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)<\/p>\n
    return response.text<\/p>\n
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:<\/p>\n
    results = executor.map(fetch_data, urls)  # urls\u4e3a\u5f85\u722c\u53d6\u7684URL\u5217\u8868<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u5b9a\u671f\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u66f4\u65b0<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u7531\u4e8e\u7f51\u7ad9\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u53cd\u722c\u7b56\u7565\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u722c\u866b\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u671f\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u91cf<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7f51\u9875\u722c\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4fb5\u72af\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u7248\u6743\u548c\u9690\u79c1\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
1. \u9075\u5b88robots.txt<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5728\u722c\u53d6\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e94\u68c0\u67e5\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684robots.txt\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u5141\u8bb8\u548c\u7981\u6b62\u722c\u53d6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
User-agent: *<\/p>\n
Disallow: \/private\/<\/p>\n
<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
2. \u83b7\u5f97\u6388\u6743<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u6388\u6743\u6216\u767b\u5f55\u624d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e94\u83b7\u5f97\u7f51\u7ad9\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u5e76\u9075\u5faa\u5176\u4f7f\u7528\u6761\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3. \u6570\u636e\u9690\u79c1\u548c\u5b89\u5168<\/h4>\n<\/p>\n
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