Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and sev... more Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity over the coming decades. Low rates of house building and a growing population mean there is a need to plan for climate adaptation of existing dwellings. This research uses dynamic thermal simulation to model the effect of a series of passive heat wave mitigating interventions for UK dwellings. The interventions include a range of additions and modifications to solar shading, insulation and ventilation.
"In the United Kingdom (UK) Energy Performance Certificates (EPC... more "In the United Kingdom (UK) Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are intended to indicate the energy efficiency potential of a building for owner/occupiers and Display Energy Certificates (DEC) provide a performance rating for an operational facility based upon metered data. This study uses dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) to evaluate the difference between the EPC and DEC results for the new International Pier at Birmingham Airport in the UK and to test the impact of EPC recommendations. The Pier building achieved an EPC rating of ‘B’ but the operational DEC rating of ‘F’ was much lower than anticipated. Differences between EPC, actual performance and simulation data have been analysed to identify the critical pieces of information that influence the disparate ratings. Conclusions consider the role of EPCs in designing this type of building and informing energy efficient operation."
ABSTRACT Climate change, government emission targets and unpredicatble rising energy costs mean t... more ABSTRACT Climate change, government emission targets and unpredicatble rising energy costs mean that reducing building energy use and carbon emissions is becoming a priority for owners and occupiers. For the next forty years it is expected that United Kingdom (UK) aiports will largely be operating terminals that have already been built. Reducing their carbon footprint will require large scale retrofit. This paper describes a case study of the terminal building at East Midlands airport (EMA). A calibrated baseline simulation model is used to test a range of retrofit options; potential carbon footprint savings and economic implications have been evaluated for each option. Analysis also considers the effect of government targets and financial incentives. Despite being complex in form and function terminal facilities have many common features. It is intended that this research will contribute towards a retrofit pathway for UK airport terminal buildings.
"Whole building simulation is considered best practice when estimating impac... more "Whole building simulation is considered best practice when estimating impacts of large scale retrofit. The main aim of this paper is to illustrate the importance of a calibrated simulation model in this process. An evidence based methodology is used to calibrate a dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) model of the terminal building at Birmingham Airport with monthly utility data. A methodology has been demonstrated for the calibration of a very large building with highly variable occupancy and operating profiles. Methods for calculating model inputs from a combination of measured data and site survey results are also described. Potential economic and environmental outcomes were calculated for the model at each stage of calibration. Results confirm the importance of internal heat gains in the accurate simulation of this type of building and show large errors in estimated CO2 and cost savings from models that are not calibrated."
This paper describes the methods developed to extend the functionality of a commercial CFD progra... more This paper describes the methods developed to extend the functionality of a commercial CFD program to provide a means of exchanging simulation data with a multi-segmented model of human thermal comfort and physiology.
The case study described in this paper illustrates the role building simulation can play in evalu... more The case study described in this paper illustrates the role building simulation can play in evaluating refurbishment options that reduce the carbon footprint of existing airport terminals. A model of the terminal building at a busy United Kingdom (UK) regional airport is used to test the effect of different interventions on the environmental and economic performance of the facility. A calibration process is described and each version of the model is simulated to include future passenger increases and weather scenarios. This research will ultimately contribute towards the creation of a retrofit pathway for airport terminals that reduces their carbon footprints.
Citation: CROPPER, P.C. ... et al, 2010. Coupling a model of human thermoregulation with computat... more Citation: CROPPER, P.C. ... et al, 2010. Coupling a model of human thermoregulation with computational fluid dynamics for predicting human-environment interaction.
Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and sev... more Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity over the coming decades. Low house building rates and a growing population mean there is a need to adapt existing dwellings. Research presented here uses dynamic thermal simulation to model the effect of passive heat wave mitigating interventions for UK dwellings. Interventions include a range of additions and modifications to solar shading, insulation and ventilation.
The building bioclimatic charts of Givoni are used to test whether passive downdraught evaporativ... more The building bioclimatic charts of Givoni are used to test whether passive downdraught evaporative cooling, in conjunction with night ventilation, might yield thermal comfort in an o ce building in Southern Europe. Dynamic thermal simulation indicated that the direct evaporative cooling boundary, proposed by Givoni, was an unreliable indicator of the climatic conditions for which comfort could be provided. New boundaries, deÿning the climatic limit of thermal comfort for direct evaporative cooling in o ces, with di ering levels of internal heat gain, are proposed. For each one, a band of climatic conditions, within which comfort is sometimes achieved and sometimes not, is also indicated. ?
Climate change projections indicate that the UK is expected to experience more frequent and more ... more Climate change projections indicate that the UK is expected to experience more frequent and more intense heat wave periods over the coming decades. Buildings frequently experience overheating even under the present climate, resulting in discomfort, health complaints and even mortality. Current house building rates are low, resulting in a need to adapt the existing building stock to provide more comfortable and safe environments. Dynamic thermal simulation computer modelling was used to assess and rank the ...
Multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and ran... more Multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and rank the effectiveness of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions for reducing overheating during a heat wave period. The simulations were carried out for Victorian terraced houses in South East England using two different occupancy profiles: a family and an elderly couple and two different building orientations: front north facing and south facing. The ranking of interventions for bedrooms, where occupied hours are similar, ...
Proceedings of Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort. Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, Apr 1, 2010
The effects of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions were modelled for 19 th centur... more The effects of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions were modelled for 19 th century terraced houses in the UK, using two different occupancy profiles: a family and an elderly couple. Computer simulation, using multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and rank the effectiveness of the interventions for reducing overheating during a heat wave period.
This paper describes the methods developed to couple a commercial CFD program with a multisegment... more This paper describes the methods developed to couple a commercial CFD program with a multisegmented model of human thermal comfort and physiology.
This paper describes the development of computational thermal manikins (CTMs) to be used in a cou... more This paper describes the development of computational thermal manikins (CTMs) to be used in a coupled simulation envrionment to simulate the human thermoregulary response in buildings. 3D graphic design and engineering tools have been used to create CTMs with different postures and clothing insultation levels. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a nude CTM in a space with displacement ventilation has shown good agreement with experimental data of measured convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients. Investigations of a clothed CTM in a space with natural ventilation has also been conducted and compared with published experimental data.
Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and sev... more Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity over the coming decades. Low rates of house building and a growing population mean there is a need to plan for climate adaptation of existing dwellings. This research uses dynamic thermal simulation to model the effect of a series of passive heat wave mitigating interventions for UK dwellings. The interventions include a range of additions and modifications to solar shading, insulation and ventilation.
"In the United Kingdom (UK) Energy Performance Certificates (EPC... more "In the United Kingdom (UK) Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are intended to indicate the energy efficiency potential of a building for owner/occupiers and Display Energy Certificates (DEC) provide a performance rating for an operational facility based upon metered data. This study uses dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) to evaluate the difference between the EPC and DEC results for the new International Pier at Birmingham Airport in the UK and to test the impact of EPC recommendations. The Pier building achieved an EPC rating of ‘B’ but the operational DEC rating of ‘F’ was much lower than anticipated. Differences between EPC, actual performance and simulation data have been analysed to identify the critical pieces of information that influence the disparate ratings. Conclusions consider the role of EPCs in designing this type of building and informing energy efficient operation."
ABSTRACT Climate change, government emission targets and unpredicatble rising energy costs mean t... more ABSTRACT Climate change, government emission targets and unpredicatble rising energy costs mean that reducing building energy use and carbon emissions is becoming a priority for owners and occupiers. For the next forty years it is expected that United Kingdom (UK) aiports will largely be operating terminals that have already been built. Reducing their carbon footprint will require large scale retrofit. This paper describes a case study of the terminal building at East Midlands airport (EMA). A calibrated baseline simulation model is used to test a range of retrofit options; potential carbon footprint savings and economic implications have been evaluated for each option. Analysis also considers the effect of government targets and financial incentives. Despite being complex in form and function terminal facilities have many common features. It is intended that this research will contribute towards a retrofit pathway for UK airport terminal buildings.
"Whole building simulation is considered best practice when estimating impac... more "Whole building simulation is considered best practice when estimating impacts of large scale retrofit. The main aim of this paper is to illustrate the importance of a calibrated simulation model in this process. An evidence based methodology is used to calibrate a dynamic thermal simulation (DTS) model of the terminal building at Birmingham Airport with monthly utility data. A methodology has been demonstrated for the calibration of a very large building with highly variable occupancy and operating profiles. Methods for calculating model inputs from a combination of measured data and site survey results are also described. Potential economic and environmental outcomes were calculated for the model at each stage of calibration. Results confirm the importance of internal heat gains in the accurate simulation of this type of building and show large errors in estimated CO2 and cost savings from models that are not calibrated."
This paper describes the methods developed to extend the functionality of a commercial CFD progra... more This paper describes the methods developed to extend the functionality of a commercial CFD program to provide a means of exchanging simulation data with a multi-segmented model of human thermal comfort and physiology.
The case study described in this paper illustrates the role building simulation can play in evalu... more The case study described in this paper illustrates the role building simulation can play in evaluating refurbishment options that reduce the carbon footprint of existing airport terminals. A model of the terminal building at a busy United Kingdom (UK) regional airport is used to test the effect of different interventions on the environmental and economic performance of the facility. A calibration process is described and each version of the model is simulated to include future passenger increases and weather scenarios. This research will ultimately contribute towards the creation of a retrofit pathway for airport terminals that reduces their carbon footprints.
Citation: CROPPER, P.C. ... et al, 2010. Coupling a model of human thermoregulation with computat... more Citation: CROPPER, P.C. ... et al, 2010. Coupling a model of human thermoregulation with computational fluid dynamics for predicting human-environment interaction.
Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and sev... more Extreme weather events, including heat waves, are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity over the coming decades. Low house building rates and a growing population mean there is a need to adapt existing dwellings. Research presented here uses dynamic thermal simulation to model the effect of passive heat wave mitigating interventions for UK dwellings. Interventions include a range of additions and modifications to solar shading, insulation and ventilation.
The building bioclimatic charts of Givoni are used to test whether passive downdraught evaporativ... more The building bioclimatic charts of Givoni are used to test whether passive downdraught evaporative cooling, in conjunction with night ventilation, might yield thermal comfort in an o ce building in Southern Europe. Dynamic thermal simulation indicated that the direct evaporative cooling boundary, proposed by Givoni, was an unreliable indicator of the climatic conditions for which comfort could be provided. New boundaries, deÿning the climatic limit of thermal comfort for direct evaporative cooling in o ces, with di ering levels of internal heat gain, are proposed. For each one, a band of climatic conditions, within which comfort is sometimes achieved and sometimes not, is also indicated. ?
Climate change projections indicate that the UK is expected to experience more frequent and more ... more Climate change projections indicate that the UK is expected to experience more frequent and more intense heat wave periods over the coming decades. Buildings frequently experience overheating even under the present climate, resulting in discomfort, health complaints and even mortality. Current house building rates are low, resulting in a need to adapt the existing building stock to provide more comfortable and safe environments. Dynamic thermal simulation computer modelling was used to assess and rank the ...
Multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and ran... more Multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and rank the effectiveness of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions for reducing overheating during a heat wave period. The simulations were carried out for Victorian terraced houses in South East England using two different occupancy profiles: a family and an elderly couple and two different building orientations: front north facing and south facing. The ranking of interventions for bedrooms, where occupied hours are similar, ...
Proceedings of Conference: Adapting to Change: New Thinking on Comfort. Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, Apr 1, 2010
The effects of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions were modelled for 19 th centur... more The effects of selected passive heat wave mitigating interventions were modelled for 19 th century terraced houses in the UK, using two different occupancy profiles: a family and an elderly couple. Computer simulation, using multi-zone dynamic thermal simulation linked to a nodal airflow model, was used to assess and rank the effectiveness of the interventions for reducing overheating during a heat wave period.
This paper describes the methods developed to couple a commercial CFD program with a multisegment... more This paper describes the methods developed to couple a commercial CFD program with a multisegmented model of human thermal comfort and physiology.
This paper describes the development of computational thermal manikins (CTMs) to be used in a cou... more This paper describes the development of computational thermal manikins (CTMs) to be used in a coupled simulation envrionment to simulate the human thermoregulary response in buildings. 3D graphic design and engineering tools have been used to create CTMs with different postures and clothing insultation levels. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a nude CTM in a space with displacement ventilation has shown good agreement with experimental data of measured convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients. Investigations of a clothed CTM in a space with natural ventilation has also been conducted and compared with published experimental data.
Uploads
Papers by Paul Cropper