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Cesar Llorente

De La Salle University, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Faculty Member

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Anant G Kulkarni

Rungta College of Engineering & Technology, Bhilai

Neil Vachharajani

Princeton University

nathapon tongnoi

University of California, San Diego

Saymon Fernandes Dos Anjos

Universidade Estadual de Campinas

Ricardo Menotti

UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos

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Papers by Cesar Llorente

Outcome-based Approach in Teaching Digital Systems Design for Undergraduate Computer and Electronics Engineering Programs

Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2017

The adoption by the Philippine Educational system of the K to 12 program, which puts an additiona... more The adoption by the Philippine Educational system of the K to 12 program, which puts an additional 2 years in the secondary education of high school students, prompted Higher Educational Institutions particularly offering engineering programs to rewrite the curriculum. With the new curriculum for all engineering programs already at the public consultation stage, the contents of the teaching materials must be adjusted to comply with the Outcome Based Education (OBE). In this work, an outcome-based laboratory manual for teaching digital systems design has been developed, and the approaches used in its adoption are described. Key features of the manual are the tutorials section which introduces VHDL and FPGA as the hardware modeling and implementation tools, and then followed by machine problems which are small projects that can be designed and implemented a team of students up to 5 members. The machine problems after implementation can be reused to develop the term project which has a...

Fuzzy Set the Data and Traffic Harmonize Algorithm for IP-Transit and Peer links of IXP

2021 IEEE 13th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), 2021

Much depends on how well the IXP or gateway maintains the Internet connection for the convenience... more Much depends on how well the IXP or gateway maintains the Internet connection for the convenience and efficiency of the LSP (local service provider) users. As for usage increases, traffic and bandwidths increase dramatically across lines. IXP is responsible for the timely improvement of backbone links and, in other words, the backbone link downtime. In most countries, IXPs are manually configuring the backbone links, transit links, and peer links provided. This article is designed primarily for automation using membership functions with a fuzzy set to align lines and harmonize lines. The function of the semantic rule is to associate the input parameters accompanying an output function of the fuzzy system, which in case we combined link rhythming and automation. The Input memberships are three membership functions that are used LOW, Medium, and HIGH. [1] The output membership functions are applied Open, Close of the links. In this paper, the fuzzy logic is used the MIMO fuzzy logic function, eight inputs, and four output functions, and a load harmonic method.

FPGA Implementation of Archery Target Detection using Color Sequence Recognition Algorithm

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2019

In this paper, an implementation of image processing methods to extract and recognize a standard ... more In this paper, an implementation of image processing methods to extract and recognize a standard tri-colored archery target to a field-programmable gate array is demonstrated. Detection and recognition of the archery target was never been done on an FPGA platform. The platform used to realize the design was the ZedBoard™ Development Kit equipped with Xilinx Zynq®-7000 All Programmable system on chip. The algorithms used to extract the central region is based on color classification in HSV color space. Once each image pixels are classified, the color sequence recognition algorithm attempts to look for the target and extract the central region of the archery target if present. Image filtering techniques and analysis such as morphological filtering and contour feature analysis are used to properly identify the shape and location of the extracted pixels. Discussed next is the implementation of the algorithm both in the software and hardware aspects and a comparison between their respons...

Development and Validation of a Camera-Based Illumination Controller for People Detection, Tracking and Recognition using Computational Intelligence

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019

Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor survei... more Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor surveillance applications, Infrared (IR) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the common means of providing illumination to the camera to cause no discomfort to human occupants. While IR provides non-obtrusive illumination for the camera, the same energy consumed does not provide the illumination to indoor spaces of the building. This is important if the premises where the camera is installed is not connected to the main power source or electric grid but derives energy from renewable sources. In this work, an illumination controller based on fuzzy logic system is developed and integrated to a vision system and an LED lighting system to provide a constant level of illumination to an object regardless of its distance from the image sensor. The computer vision system performs human object detection and face recognition and outputs fuzzy values representing the inferred distance of detected objects wh...

A Cascadable Microcontroller-based Data Acquisition Module for Environmental Data Monitoring with RF and GSM Communication Links for Data Relay

Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2017

High air and water quality is crucial to life. Maintaining it to ensure a sustainable environment... more High air and water quality is crucial to life. Maintaining it to ensure a sustainable environment for future generations require constant measurement and monitoring of pertinent environmental parameters to detect degradation. Gathering these data require physical presence in the locality where such measurements are to be made, posing a physical danger to the individual carrying out such task. Technology that performs measurements of environmental data and can transmit these data over radio frequency (RF) communication links are in existence but are hampered by limited range. Data can only be transmitted from the place data is gathered to a location where data can be stored and processed. Moreover, the range is further limited by adverse weather condition such as heavy rains. In this study, a cascadable data acquisition module for gathering environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and pressure is developed. The RF link is designed to relay information from a data acquis...

FPGA-Based Urinalysis Using Principal Component Analysis

Urinalysis is considered to be a common test performed in laboratory in order to diagnose Urinary... more Urinalysis is considered to be a common test performed in laboratory in order to diagnose Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). It undergoes three stages, which include macroscopic, dipstick, and microscopic analysis. This paper describes a way of performing urinalysis for UTI detection using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) implemented using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Input to the system is from five ion-selective sensors that measure five different components specifically sodium, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and pH level of a urine sample. Tests show that the system obtained an accuracy of 94.13% for standard urinalysis showing the accuracy of sensors and measurements used. To be able to detect the presence of UTI in urines, an outlier detection method Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was used. PCA is a tool used in reducing multidimensional data to lesser dimensions while keeping all the information. An accuracy of 83.33% in detecting UTI infection was achieved. Th...

A Microcontroller Based Led Sunphotometer with RF Data Acquisition

A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was succ... more A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was successfully developed in this study. The control and data acquisition was done wirelessly using a Zigbee RF Transceiver Module. The RF transceiver module was connected to the sun tracking mount and to a personal computer. Sun tracking was done using a quadrant photodiode for feedback control and a mathematical algorithm for tracking the sun for low-sunlight intensity situations. High correlation coefficients were obtained when the data obtained from the four LED channels of the system was compared with a commercial four channel SP02 sunphotometer. With this system, the sun tracking mount can be placed anywhere without the need for long wires as long as there exists a line of sight between the two RF transceiver modules.

Characterizing Illumination Levels of an Image Sensor as Input to a Camera Based Illumination Controller

2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology,Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM), 2018

Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor survei... more Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor surveillance applications, Infrared (IR) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the common means of providing illumination to the camera to cause no discomfort to human occupants. While IR provides non-obtrusive illumination for the camera, the same energy consumed does not provide the illumination to indoor spaces of the building. In this work, the characteristics of an LED based camera illumination for detecting human occupant motion and detecting the face was carried out. Using algorithms from the OpenCV library, the size of the bounding box during detection of motion, walking and faces were used as indication of the distance of the object from the camera. Results indicate that walking human motion is detected at illumination level of 32.3 lux at a distance of 12 feet, while face detection is obtained at illumination level of 15 lux from a distance of 8 feet. The results obtained in this work can be used in designing a camera based illumination control using fuzzy control system to automatically set the illumination level at the least energy consumption.

Rfid-Based Audio and Textual Guide for Museums

Deployment of technologies that alleviates the effects of human fatigue and monotony can enhance ... more Deployment of technologies that alleviates the effects of human fatigue and monotony can enhance the experience of visitors in the museums. Audio recordings can be played back repeatedly without deterioration brought about by fatigue and boredom. Such technologies based on Radio Frequency ID tags can be used to identify or tag an artifact. A recording or multimedia presentation can be associated to a particular tag. This presentation can be activated or played back in a portable device when it detects the tag. The portable device is carried by the tour guide. In this study, a portable device is developed to scan or detect an RF tag and play back an audio recording describing the artifact. It utilizes the NIOSII softcore processor and implemented on Altera Corporation's DE2 FPGA Development Board using Quatus II SOPC Builder. Tests showed that the system is able to detect the tag placed in the artifact and played back the corresponding wav audio recording with 100% accuracy.

Implementation of a Web based Weather Monitoring Station and Data Storage System

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 2019

A Microcontroller Based Led Sunphotometer with RF Data Acquisition

A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was succ... more A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was successfully developed in this study. The control and data acquisition was done wirelessly using a Zigbee RF Transceiver Module. The RF transceiver module was connected to the sun tracking mount and to a personal computer. Sun tracking was done using a quadrant photodiode for feedback control and a mathematical algorithm for tracking the sun for low-sunlight intensity situations. High correlation coefficients were obtained when the data obtained from the four LED channels of the system was compared with a commercial four channel SP02 sunphotometer. With this system, the sun tracking mount can be placed anywhere without the need for long wires as long as there exists a line of sight between the two RF transceiver modules.

Development and Characterization of a Dimmable LED Luminaire for Body Detection, Tracking and Recognition under Natural and Artificial Low-light Illumination

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, Apr 15, 2019

Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computatio... more Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computation task correctly. In this study, an LED based luminaire is developed for a computer vision system for the detection and tracking of pedestrian or human body in a video under different illumination. The illumination is provided using an LED lighting system where the intensity of illumination can be varied by changing the duty cycle of the pulse activating the LEDs. The mean of ambient light intensities captured by the image sensor is captured under different lighting conditions which will be useful in designing a control system that consider the amount of ambient lighting to set the setting of LED lighting activation. This adaptive system is useful to provide illumination that take into consideration ambient light intensities.

Development and Characterization of a Computer Vision System for Human Body Detection and Tracking under Low-light Condition

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering

Computer vision is an exciting field that integrates soft-computing algorithms and computer hardw... more Computer vision is an exciting field that integrates soft-computing algorithms and computer hardware powerful enough to handle the computation required especially if it is to be used in real-time applications. Pedestrian detection and tracking is one application of computer vision which is very useful in surveillance applications. Under this application, real-time processing of images to detect human object and perform tracking is carried out. Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computation task correctly. In this study, a computer vision system is developed for the detection and tracking of pedestrian or human body in a video. Detection and tracking of the human object is performed under different illumination. The illumination is provided using an LED lighting system where the intensity of illumination can be varied by changing the duty cycle of the pulse activating the LEDs..

Vehicle parking inventory system utilizing image recognition through artificial neural networks

TENCON 2012 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2012

An automated vehicle logging system is introduced in this paper. The system utilizes character re... more An automated vehicle logging system is introduced in this paper. The system utilizes character recognition through images captured from the entrance of a parking area. These images are processed to extract the licensed plates of any vehicle entering the parking area. Extracted plates images are then converted into numerical forms devised by researchers to fit the requirements of the artificial neural network. From the numbered plate, each character is then extracted to produce their distinct features. Character recognition engine is primarily implemented using feed forward neural networks. There are 50 input neurons which are defined by resizing each character into 25x25 pixel image and summing all the pixel values in each row and each columns resulting to 50 sums. After which a numerical value will be produce and will signify a character equivalent. Characters are recognized separately. This process is done until all of the characters are recognized. Afterwards, these characters are then concatenated to produce the plate number identity. The system is trained using 5860 sets of training data yielding a system with 0.0001645724% error.

Outcome-based Approach in Teaching Digital Systems Design for Undergraduate Computer and Electronics Engineering Programs

Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2017

The adoption by the Philippine Educational system of the K to 12 program, which puts an additiona... more The adoption by the Philippine Educational system of the K to 12 program, which puts an additional 2 years in the secondary education of high school students, prompted Higher Educational Institutions particularly offering engineering programs to rewrite the curriculum. With the new curriculum for all engineering programs already at the public consultation stage, the contents of the teaching materials must be adjusted to comply with the Outcome Based Education (OBE). In this work, an outcome-based laboratory manual for teaching digital systems design has been developed, and the approaches used in its adoption are described. Key features of the manual are the tutorials section which introduces VHDL and FPGA as the hardware modeling and implementation tools, and then followed by machine problems which are small projects that can be designed and implemented a team of students up to 5 members. The machine problems after implementation can be reused to develop the term project which has a...

Fuzzy Set the Data and Traffic Harmonize Algorithm for IP-Transit and Peer links of IXP

2021 IEEE 13th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), 2021

Much depends on how well the IXP or gateway maintains the Internet connection for the convenience... more Much depends on how well the IXP or gateway maintains the Internet connection for the convenience and efficiency of the LSP (local service provider) users. As for usage increases, traffic and bandwidths increase dramatically across lines. IXP is responsible for the timely improvement of backbone links and, in other words, the backbone link downtime. In most countries, IXPs are manually configuring the backbone links, transit links, and peer links provided. This article is designed primarily for automation using membership functions with a fuzzy set to align lines and harmonize lines. The function of the semantic rule is to associate the input parameters accompanying an output function of the fuzzy system, which in case we combined link rhythming and automation. The Input memberships are three membership functions that are used LOW, Medium, and HIGH. [1] The output membership functions are applied Open, Close of the links. In this paper, the fuzzy logic is used the MIMO fuzzy logic function, eight inputs, and four output functions, and a load harmonic method.

FPGA Implementation of Archery Target Detection using Color Sequence Recognition Algorithm

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 2019

In this paper, an implementation of image processing methods to extract and recognize a standard ... more In this paper, an implementation of image processing methods to extract and recognize a standard tri-colored archery target to a field-programmable gate array is demonstrated. Detection and recognition of the archery target was never been done on an FPGA platform. The platform used to realize the design was the ZedBoard™ Development Kit equipped with Xilinx Zynq®-7000 All Programmable system on chip. The algorithms used to extract the central region is based on color classification in HSV color space. Once each image pixels are classified, the color sequence recognition algorithm attempts to look for the target and extract the central region of the archery target if present. Image filtering techniques and analysis such as morphological filtering and contour feature analysis are used to properly identify the shape and location of the extracted pixels. Discussed next is the implementation of the algorithm both in the software and hardware aspects and a comparison between their respons...

Development and Validation of a Camera-Based Illumination Controller for People Detection, Tracking and Recognition using Computational Intelligence

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 2019

Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor survei... more Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor surveillance applications, Infrared (IR) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the common means of providing illumination to the camera to cause no discomfort to human occupants. While IR provides non-obtrusive illumination for the camera, the same energy consumed does not provide the illumination to indoor spaces of the building. This is important if the premises where the camera is installed is not connected to the main power source or electric grid but derives energy from renewable sources. In this work, an illumination controller based on fuzzy logic system is developed and integrated to a vision system and an LED lighting system to provide a constant level of illumination to an object regardless of its distance from the image sensor. The computer vision system performs human object detection and face recognition and outputs fuzzy values representing the inferred distance of detected objects wh...

A Cascadable Microcontroller-based Data Acquisition Module for Environmental Data Monitoring with RF and GSM Communication Links for Data Relay

Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2017

High air and water quality is crucial to life. Maintaining it to ensure a sustainable environment... more High air and water quality is crucial to life. Maintaining it to ensure a sustainable environment for future generations require constant measurement and monitoring of pertinent environmental parameters to detect degradation. Gathering these data require physical presence in the locality where such measurements are to be made, posing a physical danger to the individual carrying out such task. Technology that performs measurements of environmental data and can transmit these data over radio frequency (RF) communication links are in existence but are hampered by limited range. Data can only be transmitted from the place data is gathered to a location where data can be stored and processed. Moreover, the range is further limited by adverse weather condition such as heavy rains. In this study, a cascadable data acquisition module for gathering environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and pressure is developed. The RF link is designed to relay information from a data acquis...

FPGA-Based Urinalysis Using Principal Component Analysis

Urinalysis is considered to be a common test performed in laboratory in order to diagnose Urinary... more Urinalysis is considered to be a common test performed in laboratory in order to diagnose Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). It undergoes three stages, which include macroscopic, dipstick, and microscopic analysis. This paper describes a way of performing urinalysis for UTI detection using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) implemented using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Input to the system is from five ion-selective sensors that measure five different components specifically sodium, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and pH level of a urine sample. Tests show that the system obtained an accuracy of 94.13% for standard urinalysis showing the accuracy of sensors and measurements used. To be able to detect the presence of UTI in urines, an outlier detection method Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was used. PCA is a tool used in reducing multidimensional data to lesser dimensions while keeping all the information. An accuracy of 83.33% in detecting UTI infection was achieved. Th...

A Microcontroller Based Led Sunphotometer with RF Data Acquisition

A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was succ... more A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was successfully developed in this study. The control and data acquisition was done wirelessly using a Zigbee RF Transceiver Module. The RF transceiver module was connected to the sun tracking mount and to a personal computer. Sun tracking was done using a quadrant photodiode for feedback control and a mathematical algorithm for tracking the sun for low-sunlight intensity situations. High correlation coefficients were obtained when the data obtained from the four LED channels of the system was compared with a commercial four channel SP02 sunphotometer. With this system, the sun tracking mount can be placed anywhere without the need for long wires as long as there exists a line of sight between the two RF transceiver modules.

Characterizing Illumination Levels of an Image Sensor as Input to a Camera Based Illumination Controller

2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology,Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM), 2018

Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor survei... more Illumination is crucial in human activities and in machine vision applications. For indoor surveillance applications, Infrared (IR) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are the common means of providing illumination to the camera to cause no discomfort to human occupants. While IR provides non-obtrusive illumination for the camera, the same energy consumed does not provide the illumination to indoor spaces of the building. In this work, the characteristics of an LED based camera illumination for detecting human occupant motion and detecting the face was carried out. Using algorithms from the OpenCV library, the size of the bounding box during detection of motion, walking and faces were used as indication of the distance of the object from the camera. Results indicate that walking human motion is detected at illumination level of 32.3 lux at a distance of 12 feet, while face detection is obtained at illumination level of 15 lux from a distance of 8 feet. The results obtained in this work can be used in designing a camera based illumination control using fuzzy control system to automatically set the illumination level at the least energy consumption.

Rfid-Based Audio and Textual Guide for Museums

Deployment of technologies that alleviates the effects of human fatigue and monotony can enhance ... more Deployment of technologies that alleviates the effects of human fatigue and monotony can enhance the experience of visitors in the museums. Audio recordings can be played back repeatedly without deterioration brought about by fatigue and boredom. Such technologies based on Radio Frequency ID tags can be used to identify or tag an artifact. A recording or multimedia presentation can be associated to a particular tag. This presentation can be activated or played back in a portable device when it detects the tag. The portable device is carried by the tour guide. In this study, a portable device is developed to scan or detect an RF tag and play back an audio recording describing the artifact. It utilizes the NIOSII softcore processor and implemented on Altera Corporation's DE2 FPGA Development Board using Quatus II SOPC Builder. Tests showed that the system is able to detect the tag placed in the artifact and played back the corresponding wav audio recording with 100% accuracy.

Implementation of a Web based Weather Monitoring Station and Data Storage System

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 2019

A Microcontroller Based Led Sunphotometer with RF Data Acquisition

A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was succ... more A microcontroller based four-channel LED sunphotometer system with RF transceiver system was successfully developed in this study. The control and data acquisition was done wirelessly using a Zigbee RF Transceiver Module. The RF transceiver module was connected to the sun tracking mount and to a personal computer. Sun tracking was done using a quadrant photodiode for feedback control and a mathematical algorithm for tracking the sun for low-sunlight intensity situations. High correlation coefficients were obtained when the data obtained from the four LED channels of the system was compared with a commercial four channel SP02 sunphotometer. With this system, the sun tracking mount can be placed anywhere without the need for long wires as long as there exists a line of sight between the two RF transceiver modules.

Development and Characterization of a Dimmable LED Luminaire for Body Detection, Tracking and Recognition under Natural and Artificial Low-light Illumination

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, Apr 15, 2019

Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computatio... more Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computation task correctly. In this study, an LED based luminaire is developed for a computer vision system for the detection and tracking of pedestrian or human body in a video under different illumination. The illumination is provided using an LED lighting system where the intensity of illumination can be varied by changing the duty cycle of the pulse activating the LEDs. The mean of ambient light intensities captured by the image sensor is captured under different lighting conditions which will be useful in designing a control system that consider the amount of ambient lighting to set the setting of LED lighting activation. This adaptive system is useful to provide illumination that take into consideration ambient light intensities.

Development and Characterization of a Computer Vision System for Human Body Detection and Tracking under Low-light Condition

International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering

Computer vision is an exciting field that integrates soft-computing algorithms and computer hardw... more Computer vision is an exciting field that integrates soft-computing algorithms and computer hardware powerful enough to handle the computation required especially if it is to be used in real-time applications. Pedestrian detection and tracking is one application of computer vision which is very useful in surveillance applications. Under this application, real-time processing of images to detect human object and perform tracking is carried out. Illumination of the scene is crucial in order the detection algorithm to carry out the computation task correctly. In this study, a computer vision system is developed for the detection and tracking of pedestrian or human body in a video. Detection and tracking of the human object is performed under different illumination. The illumination is provided using an LED lighting system where the intensity of illumination can be varied by changing the duty cycle of the pulse activating the LEDs..

Vehicle parking inventory system utilizing image recognition through artificial neural networks

TENCON 2012 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2012

An automated vehicle logging system is introduced in this paper. The system utilizes character re... more An automated vehicle logging system is introduced in this paper. The system utilizes character recognition through images captured from the entrance of a parking area. These images are processed to extract the licensed plates of any vehicle entering the parking area. Extracted plates images are then converted into numerical forms devised by researchers to fit the requirements of the artificial neural network. From the numbered plate, each character is then extracted to produce their distinct features. Character recognition engine is primarily implemented using feed forward neural networks. There are 50 input neurons which are defined by resizing each character into 25x25 pixel image and summing all the pixel values in each row and each columns resulting to 50 sums. After which a numerical value will be produce and will signify a character equivalent. Characters are recognized separately. This process is done until all of the characters are recognized. Afterwards, these characters are then concatenated to produce the plate number identity. The system is trained using 5860 sets of training data yielding a system with 0.0001645724% error.