This paper deals with the investigation of ultrasound (US) pretreatment of brewer's spent grain (... more This paper deals with the investigation of ultrasound (US) pretreatment of brewer's spent grain (BSG) as a means of releasing fermentable sugars, and the subsequent production of ethanol from this lignocellulosic biomass. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the influence of US power, time, temperature and biomass loading on fermentable sugar yield from BSG was studied. The optimal conditions were found to be 20% US power, 60 min, 26.3°C, and 17.3% w/v of biomass in water. Under these conditions, an approximate 2.1-fold increase in reducing sugar yield (325 ± 6 mg/g of biomass) was achieved, relative to untreated BSG (151.1 ± 10 mg/g of biomass). In contrast to acid or alkaline pretreatment approaches, the use of water obviated the need for neutralization for the recovery of sugars. The characterization of native and pretreated BSG was performed by HPLC, FTIR, SEM and DSC. Fermentation studies using S. cerevisiae growing on pretreated BSG resulted in a conversion of 66% of the total sugar content ininto ethanol with an ethanol content of 17.73 ± 2 g/ 100 g of pretreated BSG. These results suggest that ultrasound pretreatment is a promising technology for increased valorization of BSG as a feedstock for production of bioethanol, and points ton the need for further work in this area.
Journal of packaging technology and research, Aug 29, 2020
Active packaging improves the food safety and quality with the incorporation of certain additives... more Active packaging improves the food safety and quality with the incorporation of certain additives such as antimicrobial agents. The PLA/PBAT films were prepared with two essential oils-eucalyptus oil and cinnamon oil of various concentrations (1%, 5% and 10% w/w) and characterised their optical and mechanical properties, surface hydrophobicity, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Cinnamon oil composite films were observed as thicker film (88.88 µm) than the eucalyptus oil films (54.46 µm). The highest UV-blocking properties were observed in cinnamon oil films. However, transparency and tensile properties of the cinnamon oil films decreases as the concentration increases. The tensile strength of the eucalyptus oil film decreased by 17%, while for cinnamon by 42%. The cinnamon oil (10% w/w) film showed ≈ 5% higher biofilm inhibition than eucalyptus oil (10% w/w). The PLA/PBAT-cinnamon oil films with potent antimicrobial and UV-blocking properties can be used in food packaging to improve the quality and increase the shelf-life of foods.
for funding under the ABBEST scholarship programme and Enterprise Ireland under the ARE Programme... more for funding under the ABBEST scholarship programme and Enterprise Ireland under the ARE Programme Experimental Conclusion The rapid evaluation of metal doped sol gel coatings in microtiter wells has been presented. The technique gave highly reproducible MIC data where the silver doped solgel coatings exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the test organisms, followed by zinc and copper respectively.
Foodborne pathogens could be transferred to food from food contact surfaces contaminated by poor ... more Foodborne pathogens could be transferred to food from food contact surfaces contaminated by poor hygiene or biofilm formation. The food processing industry has various conditions favouring microbes' adherence, such as moisture, nutrients, and the microbial inoculums obtained from the raw material. The function of the ideal antimicrobial surface is preventing initial attachment of the microbes, killing the microbes or/and removing the dead bacteria. This review article provides detail about the challenges food industries are facing with respect to food contact materials. It also summarises the merits and demerits of several sanitizing methods developed for industrial use. Furthermore, it reviews the new and emerging techniques that enhance the efficiency of reducing microbial contamination. Techniques such as surface functionalisation, high-intensity ultrasound, cold plasma technologies etc. which have high potential to be used for the decontamination of food contact surfaces are discussed. The emerging designs of antibacterial surfaces provide the opportunity to reduce or eradicate the adhesion of microorganisms. The most important purpose of these surfaces is to prevent the attachment of bacteria and to kill the bacteria that come in contact. These emerging technologies have a high potential for developing safe and inert food contact materials for the food industry.
In this study, a new pre-treatment method based on novel non-thermal plasma technology was develo... more In this study, a new pre-treatment method based on novel non-thermal plasma technology was developed to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of brewer's spent grain (BSG) and subsequent bioethanol production. A submerged dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor system was applied for this purpose. Pre-treatments were performed by taking into account variables including; voltages (22 kV, 25 kV and 28 kV), solvent (acid, alkali and water) and time (5, 10, 15 min). The resulting treated biomass was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. A 2.14-fold increase in yield of the reducing sugar was achieved post hydrolysis when the biomass was treated in water for 10 min at a voltage setting of 28 kV (162.90 mg/g of BSG) compared to control (75.94 mg/g of BSG). This research suggests that subjecting lignocellulose to plasma discharges can enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. A high ethanol titre was also obtained upon fermentation of the hydrolysate (25.062 g/l).
Nanotechnology deals with matter of atomic or molecular scale. Other factors that define the char... more Nanotechnology deals with matter of atomic or molecular scale. Other factors that define the character of a nanoparticle are its physical and chemical properties, such as surface area, surface charge, hydrophobicity of the surface, thermal stability of the nanoparticle and its antimicrobial activity. A nanoparticle is usually characterized by using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Microscopic techniques are used to characterise the size, shape and location of the nanoparticle by producing an image of the individual nanoparticle. Several techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy/high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) have been developed to observe and characterise the surface and structural properties of nanostructured material. Spectroscopic techniques are used to study the interaction of a nanoparticle with electromagnetic radiations as the function of wavelength, such as Raman spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Zeta potential spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Nanostructured materials have a wide application in the food industry as nanofood, nano-encapsulated probiotics, edible nano-coatings and in active and smart packaging.
In the present study, novel pre-treatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which ut... more In the present study, novel pre-treatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which utilises the superior oxidising capacity of alkaline KMnO 4 assisted by ultra-sonication. The pre-treatment was conducted for different exposure times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) using different concentrations of KMnO 4 (1,2, 3, 4, 5% w/v) at room temperature with solid/liquid ratio of 1:10. Pretreating SCW with 4% KMnO 4 and exposing it to ultrasound for 20 min resulted in 98% cellulose recovery and a maximum lignin removal of 46%. 1.7fold increase in reducing sugar yield was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of KMnO 4 pretreated SCW as compared to raw. SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis of the pretreated SCW revealed the various effects of pretreatment. Thermal behaviour of the pretreated substrate against the native biomass was also studied using DSC. Ultrasound-assisted potassium permanganate oxidation was found to be an effective pretreatment for SCW, and can be a used as a potential feedstock pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production.
In the present study, eight different pretreatments of varying nature (physical, chemical and phy... more In the present study, eight different pretreatments of varying nature (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) followed by a sequential, combinatorial pretreatment strategy was applied to spent coffee waste to attain maximum sugar yield. Pretreated samples were analysed for total reducing sugar, individual sugars and generation of inhibitory compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) which can hinder microbial growth and enzyme activity. Native spent coffee waste was high in hemicellulose content. Galactose was found to be the predominant sugar in spent coffee waste. Results showed that sequential pretreatment yielded 350.12mg of reducing sugar/g of substrate, which was 1.7-fold higher than in native spent coffee waste (203.4 mg/g of substrate). Furthermore, extensive delignification was achieved using sequential pretreatment strategy. XRD, FTIR, and DSC profiles of the pretreated substrates were studied to analyse the various changes incurred in sequentially pretreated spent coffee waste as opposed to native spent coffee waste.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Carrots are a hardy cool-season crop that grows in the spring or fall in Kansas. Carrots harveste... more Carrots are a hardy cool-season crop that grows in the spring or fall in Kansas. Carrots harvested in cooler weather will be tender and sweet. Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A. The roots grow best in loose or sandy soils. Long slender varieties are not well adapted to growing in our heavier, tighter soils. Varieties Carrot varieties differ in the length and diameter of the root. Short fat varieties include Red Cored Chantenay and Royal Chantenay. Miniature varieties include Sweet-n-Short, Gold Nugget, Little Finger, and Tiny Sweet. Moderate length varieties include Scarlet Nantes.
In this study, a novel pretreatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which combines... more In this study, a novel pretreatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which combines two techniques viz. atmospheric air plasma and FeCl 3 to create a superior pretreatment that involves Fenton chemistry. The pretreatment was optimised employing Taguchi Design of Experiments, and five parameters were taken into consideration viz. biomass loading, FeCl 3 concentration, H 2 SO 4 concentration, plasma discharge voltage and treatment time. The composition analysis of the pretreated SCW revealed substantial amounts of lignin removal, with a maximum for process conditions of 70kV for 2min in an acidic environment containing 1% H 2 SO 4. FTIR, XRD and DSC were performed to characterise the samples. The pretreated SCW after enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 0.496g of reducing sugar/g of SCW. The hydrolysate was subjected to fermentation by S. cerevisiae and led to the production of 18.642g/l of ethanol with a fermentation efficiency of 74%, which was a twofold increase in yield compared to the control.
This paper deals with the investigation of ultrasound (US) pretreatment of brewer's spent grain (... more This paper deals with the investigation of ultrasound (US) pretreatment of brewer's spent grain (BSG) as a means of releasing fermentable sugars, and the subsequent production of ethanol from this lignocellulosic biomass. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the influence of US power, time, temperature and biomass loading on fermentable sugar yield from BSG was studied. The optimal conditions were found to be 20% US power, 60 min, 26.3°C, and 17.3% w/v of biomass in water. Under these conditions, an approximate 2.1-fold increase in reducing sugar yield (325 ± 6 mg/g of biomass) was achieved, relative to untreated BSG (151.1 ± 10 mg/g of biomass). In contrast to acid or alkaline pretreatment approaches, the use of water obviated the need for neutralization for the recovery of sugars. The characterization of native and pretreated BSG was performed by HPLC, FTIR, SEM and DSC. Fermentation studies using S. cerevisiae growing on pretreated BSG resulted in a conversion of 66% of the total sugar content ininto ethanol with an ethanol content of 17.73 ± 2 g/ 100 g of pretreated BSG. These results suggest that ultrasound pretreatment is a promising technology for increased valorization of BSG as a feedstock for production of bioethanol, and points ton the need for further work in this area.
Journal of packaging technology and research, Aug 29, 2020
Active packaging improves the food safety and quality with the incorporation of certain additives... more Active packaging improves the food safety and quality with the incorporation of certain additives such as antimicrobial agents. The PLA/PBAT films were prepared with two essential oils-eucalyptus oil and cinnamon oil of various concentrations (1%, 5% and 10% w/w) and characterised their optical and mechanical properties, surface hydrophobicity, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Cinnamon oil composite films were observed as thicker film (88.88 µm) than the eucalyptus oil films (54.46 µm). The highest UV-blocking properties were observed in cinnamon oil films. However, transparency and tensile properties of the cinnamon oil films decreases as the concentration increases. The tensile strength of the eucalyptus oil film decreased by 17%, while for cinnamon by 42%. The cinnamon oil (10% w/w) film showed ≈ 5% higher biofilm inhibition than eucalyptus oil (10% w/w). The PLA/PBAT-cinnamon oil films with potent antimicrobial and UV-blocking properties can be used in food packaging to improve the quality and increase the shelf-life of foods.
for funding under the ABBEST scholarship programme and Enterprise Ireland under the ARE Programme... more for funding under the ABBEST scholarship programme and Enterprise Ireland under the ARE Programme Experimental Conclusion The rapid evaluation of metal doped sol gel coatings in microtiter wells has been presented. The technique gave highly reproducible MIC data where the silver doped solgel coatings exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the test organisms, followed by zinc and copper respectively.
Foodborne pathogens could be transferred to food from food contact surfaces contaminated by poor ... more Foodborne pathogens could be transferred to food from food contact surfaces contaminated by poor hygiene or biofilm formation. The food processing industry has various conditions favouring microbes' adherence, such as moisture, nutrients, and the microbial inoculums obtained from the raw material. The function of the ideal antimicrobial surface is preventing initial attachment of the microbes, killing the microbes or/and removing the dead bacteria. This review article provides detail about the challenges food industries are facing with respect to food contact materials. It also summarises the merits and demerits of several sanitizing methods developed for industrial use. Furthermore, it reviews the new and emerging techniques that enhance the efficiency of reducing microbial contamination. Techniques such as surface functionalisation, high-intensity ultrasound, cold plasma technologies etc. which have high potential to be used for the decontamination of food contact surfaces are discussed. The emerging designs of antibacterial surfaces provide the opportunity to reduce or eradicate the adhesion of microorganisms. The most important purpose of these surfaces is to prevent the attachment of bacteria and to kill the bacteria that come in contact. These emerging technologies have a high potential for developing safe and inert food contact materials for the food industry.
In this study, a new pre-treatment method based on novel non-thermal plasma technology was develo... more In this study, a new pre-treatment method based on novel non-thermal plasma technology was developed to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of brewer's spent grain (BSG) and subsequent bioethanol production. A submerged dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor system was applied for this purpose. Pre-treatments were performed by taking into account variables including; voltages (22 kV, 25 kV and 28 kV), solvent (acid, alkali and water) and time (5, 10, 15 min). The resulting treated biomass was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. A 2.14-fold increase in yield of the reducing sugar was achieved post hydrolysis when the biomass was treated in water for 10 min at a voltage setting of 28 kV (162.90 mg/g of BSG) compared to control (75.94 mg/g of BSG). This research suggests that subjecting lignocellulose to plasma discharges can enhance the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. A high ethanol titre was also obtained upon fermentation of the hydrolysate (25.062 g/l).
Nanotechnology deals with matter of atomic or molecular scale. Other factors that define the char... more Nanotechnology deals with matter of atomic or molecular scale. Other factors that define the character of a nanoparticle are its physical and chemical properties, such as surface area, surface charge, hydrophobicity of the surface, thermal stability of the nanoparticle and its antimicrobial activity. A nanoparticle is usually characterized by using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Microscopic techniques are used to characterise the size, shape and location of the nanoparticle by producing an image of the individual nanoparticle. Several techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy/high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM/HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) have been developed to observe and characterise the surface and structural properties of nanostructured material. Spectroscopic techniques are used to study the interaction of a nanoparticle with electromagnetic radiations as the function of wavelength, such as Raman spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Zeta potential spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Nanostructured materials have a wide application in the food industry as nanofood, nano-encapsulated probiotics, edible nano-coatings and in active and smart packaging.
In the present study, novel pre-treatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which ut... more In the present study, novel pre-treatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which utilises the superior oxidising capacity of alkaline KMnO 4 assisted by ultra-sonication. The pre-treatment was conducted for different exposure times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) using different concentrations of KMnO 4 (1,2, 3, 4, 5% w/v) at room temperature with solid/liquid ratio of 1:10. Pretreating SCW with 4% KMnO 4 and exposing it to ultrasound for 20 min resulted in 98% cellulose recovery and a maximum lignin removal of 46%. 1.7fold increase in reducing sugar yield was obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of KMnO 4 pretreated SCW as compared to raw. SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis of the pretreated SCW revealed the various effects of pretreatment. Thermal behaviour of the pretreated substrate against the native biomass was also studied using DSC. Ultrasound-assisted potassium permanganate oxidation was found to be an effective pretreatment for SCW, and can be a used as a potential feedstock pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production.
In the present study, eight different pretreatments of varying nature (physical, chemical and phy... more In the present study, eight different pretreatments of varying nature (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) followed by a sequential, combinatorial pretreatment strategy was applied to spent coffee waste to attain maximum sugar yield. Pretreated samples were analysed for total reducing sugar, individual sugars and generation of inhibitory compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) which can hinder microbial growth and enzyme activity. Native spent coffee waste was high in hemicellulose content. Galactose was found to be the predominant sugar in spent coffee waste. Results showed that sequential pretreatment yielded 350.12mg of reducing sugar/g of substrate, which was 1.7-fold higher than in native spent coffee waste (203.4 mg/g of substrate). Furthermore, extensive delignification was achieved using sequential pretreatment strategy. XRD, FTIR, and DSC profiles of the pretreated substrates were studied to analyse the various changes incurred in sequentially pretreated spent coffee waste as opposed to native spent coffee waste.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Carrots are a hardy cool-season crop that grows in the spring or fall in Kansas. Carrots harveste... more Carrots are a hardy cool-season crop that grows in the spring or fall in Kansas. Carrots harvested in cooler weather will be tender and sweet. Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A. The roots grow best in loose or sandy soils. Long slender varieties are not well adapted to growing in our heavier, tighter soils. Varieties Carrot varieties differ in the length and diameter of the root. Short fat varieties include Red Cored Chantenay and Royal Chantenay. Miniature varieties include Sweet-n-Short, Gold Nugget, Little Finger, and Tiny Sweet. Moderate length varieties include Scarlet Nantes.
In this study, a novel pretreatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which combines... more In this study, a novel pretreatment for spent coffee waste (SCW) has been proposed which combines two techniques viz. atmospheric air plasma and FeCl 3 to create a superior pretreatment that involves Fenton chemistry. The pretreatment was optimised employing Taguchi Design of Experiments, and five parameters were taken into consideration viz. biomass loading, FeCl 3 concentration, H 2 SO 4 concentration, plasma discharge voltage and treatment time. The composition analysis of the pretreated SCW revealed substantial amounts of lignin removal, with a maximum for process conditions of 70kV for 2min in an acidic environment containing 1% H 2 SO 4. FTIR, XRD and DSC were performed to characterise the samples. The pretreated SCW after enzymatic hydrolysis yielded 0.496g of reducing sugar/g of SCW. The hydrolysate was subjected to fermentation by S. cerevisiae and led to the production of 18.642g/l of ethanol with a fermentation efficiency of 74%, which was a twofold increase in yield compared to the control.
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