An Iznik Tile, Greek Collectors, and the Appreciation of Asia Minor Pottery

Mina Moraitou

An unusual Iznik tile displayed at the Benaki Museum has an interesting acquisition history that dates back to the late Ottoman era. Its journey, from Berlin, Alexandria, and finally Athens, reflects an interconnected story of European collecting, concepts on Ottoman art and cultural exchange in the modern period.

The 17th-century octagonal Iznik tile depicts a walled enclosure, within which a series of domed buildings are set around a large, prominent tree (fig. 1). The building on the left, surmounted by three crosses, most likely represents a church, while the building on the right seems to represent a mosque. The composition is framed by two large red tulips and four unclear characters between the upper branches of the tree. The tile belongs to a broader artistic tradition associated with pilgrimage, offering a visual representation of a holy site.

As one traces the story of this tile, its origins can be found within the Ottoman Empire, where it was acquired by Dr Kurt Zander (1860-1926), a Berlin-based government councillor and avid collector. Zander’s fascination with Oriental art began during his extensive travels, starting in the late 1880s. In 1896, he permanently moved to Istanbul, where he served as director of the Ottoman Anatolian Railway and headed the Commission of the Baghdad Line. Like many European collectors of his time, Zander was captivated by the perceived “exoticism” of the Orient. The 19th century witnessed a surge of European interest in the East. With growing exposure through trade, travel, diplomacy, and military campaigns, Europeans increasingly recognized the cultural and artistic richness of lands beyond their own. Oriental art became highly admired, and collecting such objects became a fashionable pursuit among the European elite.

Dr Zander’s collection, which steadily expanded throughout his lifetime, was auctioned in 1914, a year before his death. In the opening pages of the auction catalogue, it was noted that his frequent travels to the Orient had allowed him to acquire many remarkable art objects at a time when such treasures were still undervalued by European collectors. In the auction catalogue the tile was described as a remarkable 16th-century octagonal tile with red, blue, and green decoration, representing an Armenian church (Collection Dr Kurt Zander 1914, n° 417, p. 16). This description is particularly intriguing because, unlike other items in catalogue, it was not attributed to Iznik nor was an alternative provenance suggested (fig. 2). The possible reason for this lies in the challenges faced by 19th-century art experts in identifying the origins of Iznik ceramics. At the time, attribution was often based on inscriptions, themes of decoration, or the location where a piece was discovered. Publications from that period reveal how scholars and collectors often misattributed ceramics, assuming multiple production centers, such as Kütahya, Damascus, Rhodes or Iran, for what we now recognize as Iznik ceramics. In reality, these wares were predominantly produced in the town of Iznik in western Anatolia, a major centre of ceramic production during the height of the Ottoman Empire. The misattribution of ceramics reflects the evolving understanding of Islamic art during the 19th century as Western scholars gradually uncovered the full complexity of Ottoman artistic traditions and cultural influences (Moraitou 2017).

Following the sale, the story leads to Alexandria, where the tile became part of the collection of Michael Sinadinos, a prominent figure in the city’s thriving Greek community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Like many members of the Greek diaspora in Egypt, Sinadinos was deeply involved in trade and commerce. He also played a vital role in the cultural and social life of the Greek community, serving as president of the Greek Community of Alexandria from 1911 until his death in 1919. At the turn of the 20th century, Alexandria was a cosmopolitan city where cultural influences from Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa converged. Within this vibrant urban environment, wealthy foreign residents, including many Greeks, became important patrons of the arts. Sinadinos was no exception, and he amassed a collection of Iznik tiles, including the octagonal tile. Whether he acquired the tile directly from the auction in Berlin or through one of Alexandria’s many antique dealers remains unclear.

The next step in the tile’s journey came with the inheritance of the Sinadinos tiles by his daughter, Maria, who was married to Alexandros Benakis a member of the Benaki family and an avid admirer of ceramics. His collection in Alexandria, which included both Chinese ceramics and around 100 pieces of Iznik pottery, became one of the foundations of what would later become the Benaki Museum’s Islamic collection. After his death in 1922, the tile was exhibited in Egypt’s first exhibition of Islamic art, which showcased items primarily from private collections (Migeon 1925, no. 4, p. 7; Migeon 1925, pl. 25). The exhibition, which opened to the public in 1925, was modelled on similar exhibitions in London and Paris. Around half of the exhibits were ceramics, and the catalogue noted that the selection of ceramics from Asia Minor—mostly Iznik—was particularly memorable (fig. 3 & 4).

Fig. 3 (Left), Pierre Racine, Exposition d’art musulman, Alexandria 1925 (Benaki Museum – Photographic Archives). Fig. 4 (Right), Cover of the exhibition’s catalogue (Benaki Museum – Library).

During the early 20th century, Greek collectors had developed a strong appreciation for Iznik ceramics. Although it may seem unusual for Greeks to be attracted to Ottoman art, some collectors, particularly those living in cosmopolitan centres like Alexandria, adopted the tastes of their European counterparts, who had long be fascinated by the arts of Asia. The familiarity and admiration for Iznik designs among Greek collectors could be traced back to the influence of these motifs on 19th-century Greek art, such as textiles, architectural decoration or woodwork.

After 1926 Antonis Benakis, Alexandros’ older brother and founder of the Benaki Museum, gradually relocated to Athens with the family’s art collection. Antonis had plans to establish a museum in Athens, and Iznik ceramics were one of the highlights of this vision. In a 1927 letter to George Eumorfopoulos, a leading collector of Chinese art, Antonis mentioned that the ceramics his late brother Alexandros had gathered would form the core of the museum he was planning and intended to donate to the Greek nation. When the museum opened in 1931, the tile was part of the Islamic collection, which was housed in two galleries on the ground floor and today it is exhibited among the rest of the Iznik collection at the Benaki Museum of Islamic Art.

References

Collection Dr. Kurt Zander geh. Regierungsrat Berlin: Art Mahométan tapis persans faïences et arts textiles de l’Orient, manuscrits persans. Sculptures Grecques et Romaines terres cuites. Amsterdam: Frederik Muller, 1914.

Gaston Migeon, Exposition d’art musulman, Les Amis de l’art, exhibition catalogue, Alexandria : Grammata, 1925.

Gaston Migeon, Exposition d’art musulman, Les Amis de l’art, album, Paris : Albert Morancé, 1925.

Mina Moraitou, Iznik a fascination with ceramics, exhibition catalogue, Athens : Benaki Museum, 2017.

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