In this paper, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and... more In this paper, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and its climatic adaptability is explored, based on a complex case study of a unique low energy sustainable building project. In particular, an innovative use of sycamore and its suitability as a structural and constructional timber has been investigated and reported, given that the current codes of practice deem that is not appropriate for structural applications due to its durability. A research method of in-situ longitudinal study has been adopted, concentrating on the monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. On the component level, the research reports on the methods and standards of sycamore grading and classification, service classes, resistance to decay, impact of the moisture movement and results of its laboratory and in situ testing. On the system level, the climatic adaptability of the building as a whole has been analysed via dynamic performance simulation and compared to the in situ measurements. This was important in order to develop a holistic building performance monitoring strategy, but in particular, to understand the impact of building microclimate on the sycamore frame and hempcrete components of the external load-bearing wall. So far research has concluded that sycamore can be used as structural and constructional material in building design, but due attention has to be paid to construction detailing and provision of a breathable, low humidity environment with an effective resistance to decay and insect attack. This includes measures that ensure a low equilibrium moisture content conditions, effective ventilation provision and appropriate service class uses. It is important to state however, given the single site locality of sycamore sourcing, that results can only be interpreted in the context of the given case study, i.e. they cannot be extrapolated to broader geographical extents.
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are ... more As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE), 2019
This is a repository copy of Optimization of a wearable thermoelectric generator encapsulated in ... more This is a repository copy of Optimization of a wearable thermoelectric generator encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) : a numerical modelling.
In this research, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance ... more In this research, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and its climatic adaptability is explored, based on a complex real word case study of a unique low energy sustainable building project. In particular, an innovative use of sycamore and its suitability as a structural and constructional timber has been investigated and reported, considering that is deemed not appropriate for structural applications by current standards. A research method of in-situ longitudinal study has been adopted, concentrating on the performance monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. On the system level, the climatic adaptability of the building as a whole has been analysed via dynamic performance simulation and compared to the in-situ measurements. This was important in order to develop a holistic building performance monitoring strategy, but in particular, to understand the impact of building microclimate on the sycamore frame and hempcrete components of the external load-bearing wall. So far research has concluded that sycamore can be used as structural and constructional material in building design, but due attention has to be paid to construction detailing and provision of a breathable, low humidity environment with an effective resistance to decay and insect attack. This includes measures that ensure a low equilibrium moisture content conditions, effective ventilation provision and appropriate service class uses.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021
Abstract Using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat into electricity is a renewable al... more Abstract Using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat into electricity is a renewable alternative to fossil energy sources. As thermoelectric materials are the main element of thermoelectric generators, so far numerous studies have attempted to optimize their energy conversion efficiency. However, no single study to date has examined their life cycle impacts, whilst it is the most important feature of any renewable technology. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to assess the life cycle impacts of thermoelectric materials at their production stage (cradle to gate) using a life cycle assessment tool called GaBi v.4.4. Thus, the thermoelectric materials were categorized into inorganic, organic, and hybrid types. The five investigated impact categories were resource consumption, emission, waste, primary energy demand, and global warming potential. The results confirmed that the inorganic type caused significantly greater environmental impacts than the other two types. The only inorganic exception was Bi 2 Te 3 that its environmental impact was by far the lowest among all the studied thermoelectric materials. Notably, the inorganic type caused major harm to the environment due to its extremely energy-intensive manufacturing process. However, the core environmental drawback of the organic and hybrid types was driven from their raw materials supply.
Creating and keeping balance is the basic and the most important principle of Chinese traditional... more Creating and keeping balance is the basic and the most important principle of Chinese traditional philosophy. It provides the fundamental philosophical basis for Chinese FengShui in pursuing coexistence between human and nature. Influenced by the traditional philosophy, Chinese FengShui displays the concept of balance, harmony and order in the design of ancient living environment and development of traditional settlement with many detailed manifestations that embody representative sustainable character. This paper discusses the principle of sustainability in FengShui practice from philosophical, environmental, ecological, socio-cultural and economic perspectives. It further intends to reveal the inherent connection between FengShui, traditional Chinese culture and the vernacular sustainable development of the agricultural society in ancient China.
Over the last century global average temperatures have increased up to 1°F. Indeed, since records... more Over the last century global average temperatures have increased up to 1°F. Indeed, since records of comprehensive global temperatures were available as early as 1880, the evidence suggests that 2001-2010 decade has been shown to be the warmest. This change is having a direct impact in terms of an increase in extremely hot days and warm nights and a decrease in cold days. Evidence suggests that different parts of the world are warming at a faster rate than others. However, research predicts that the long-term impact of global warming is only set to increase. One of the major contributors of global warming is the impact of carbon emissions and in an effort to reduce these emissions the UK Government implemented changes to UK regulations, such as Part L conservation of heat and power that dictates improved thermal insulation and enhanced air tightness. The UK is fully committed to achieving its carbon targets under the climate Change Act 2008. However, there is a caveat that comes wit...
International Journal of Energy and Environment, 2016
In this paper research on sustainable sourcing and innovative use of building materials is explor... more In this paper research on sustainable sourcing and innovative use of building materials is explored, through the prism of a complex case study of real building project. In particular, a novel use of sycamore as a structural material is investigated and reported. This includes methods and standards of its grading and classification, service classes and resistance to decay, in addition to results of its laboratory and in situ testing. A research method of longitudinal study is adopted, concentrating on the monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. The study comprised of extensive desktop research on the sycamore properties, its standards and classification, followed by laboratory testing of its mechanical properties, namely bending strength and compression parallel to grain. In addition, an experimental build with half sycamore-half softwood structural timber frame was designed and constructed and early monitoring and assessm...
The concept of a dynamic building enclosure is relatively radical and unexplored area in sustaina... more The concept of a dynamic building enclosure is relatively radical and unexplored area in sustainable architectural design and engineering and as such could be considered a new paradigm. In this research, a novel application of shape grammar approach to design of kinetic façade shading systems has been discussed, inspired by vernacular Vietnamese architectural patterns and parametric generative design. The research reports on the system development and testing, exploring different façade shading configurations and evaluating their performance based on the real-time monitoring of daylight and heat gains, using wireless sensor technology. The strategy for BIM integrated sustainable design analysis (SDA) has also been deliberated, as a framework for exploring the integration of proposed building management system (BMS) into smart building environments (SBEs).
The design development of new cold roll formed sections can lead to a significant reduction in ma... more The design development of new cold roll formed sections can lead to a significant reduction in material costs if the sections are optimised for strength performance considering the effect of shapes and change of material properties by cold working during the manufacturing process. In this paper, the buckling and ultimate strengths of cold roll formed channel and zed sections with intermediate stiffeners under distortional bending were studied using experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) models. The section strength was optimised using FE modelling and optimisation based on Design Of Experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology. A nonlinear FE model was first developed for a referenced section subject to four-point bending tests and the section’s dimensions and material properties were defined as geometric parameters using the DOE technique. A response surface was then used to determine the influences of the stiffeners’ location, shape, size, and cold working at the section corners and stiffener bends during the manufacturing process. A multi-objective genetic algorithm method was deployed to obtain optimal shapes for the sections with maximum buckling and ultimate strengths while keeping the same amount of material used. The results revealed that the ultimate bending moment capacities could be enhanced up to 17% and 25% for the channel and zed sections, respectively. Including the cold working effect had considerable enhancement in the ultimate moment capacities, with a maximum increase of 5%. The results of this study clearly demonstrated an efficient and effective approach to optimise design for strength performance of cold roll formed sections.The University of Derb
Abstract Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered as a promising power supply for... more Abstract Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered as a promising power supply for low power wearable electronics. To obtain high thermoelectric (TE) generation, the focus should be on two main factors, including TE materials and the configurations of TE legs. Concerning these two factors, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent studies on wearable TEGs. In general, TE materials can be classified into three categories, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid (inorganic-organic). In addition, the TE legs can be prepared in three different configurations, including ingot-shaped, film-shaped, and yarn-shaped. Based on the reviewed literatures, the superior output powers of all the three configurations were achieved by the inorganic, hybrid, and organic TE materials, respectively. It should be noted that the ingot- and the yarn-shaped legs were mostly composed of the inorganic and the organic TE materials, respectively. Whereas, all the three types of TE materials were almost equally used to prepare the film-shaped legs. Regarding power density, the ingot-shaped legs stood first followed by the film- and the yarn-shaped legs, respectively. Precisely, the output powers of the ingot- and the film-shaped legs were at µW/cm2 level, dropping to nW/cm2 for the yarn-shaped legs.
Eco-Architecture VII: Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature, 2018
New computational techniques have been introduced to assist the design of adaptable building faça... more New computational techniques have been introduced to assist the design of adaptable building façades and to help quantify relationships between the building envelope and the environment. Designers increasingly use generative design approach for form-generation of building envelopes, and the organisation of components over a predefined form. In this research an original shape grammar approach for façade systems generation is proposed, with a rule-based method for the creation and exploration of complex shape composites based upon a set of simple initial shapes and predefined rules of composition. This is in order to explore a form finding of set of different building façade configurations before merging generated data into a simulated process of real-time daylighting and heat gains performance evaluation. The developed models adapt via responding to the data-regulation protocols responsible for sensing and processing building performance data in real time. The research reports on the prototype system development and testing, allowing continuous evaluation of multiple solutions and presenting opportunity for further improvement via multi-objective optimisation, which would be very difficult to do, if not impossible, with conventional design methods.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
To mitigate climate change attributed to the built environments, there have been tremendous effor... more To mitigate climate change attributed to the built environments, there have been tremendous efforts to improve air conditioning systems in the buildings. The possibility of harvesting body heat as a renewable energy source to power a wearable personal heating system is investigated. The aim of this study is to integrate a wearable personal heating system with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that harvests the body heat which is used to convert it into electricity. Moreover, the interaction between the TEG configuration and power output is studied. The power generation of TEG system is obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics software. The simulation results concluded that all the four proposed heat sink configurations can improve the power output of the wearable TEG at 1.4 m/s and 3m/s compared to that of the reference model. Furthermore, the perforated and trapezium shapes of heat sinks have a significantly better performance in comparison to conventional heat sinks.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020
Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) emerge as a viable renewable energy source, which direc... more Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) emerge as a viable renewable energy source, which directly convert the heat dissipated from human skin into electricity. Extensive reviews have been conducted on the efficiency of thermoelectric materials (TE) as the dominant element of TEGs. TE materials are categorised as inorganic, organic, and hybrid. Each of these reviews focused on either a specific type of TE materials, or on a certain specification (i.e. flexibility) of them. However, less attention has been paid to comprehensively review all these types without taking into account a certain specification. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress and current state-of-the-art research on the three types of TE materials respecting their TE properties and efficiency at 300K, which is the operating temperature of wearable TEGs. Concerning the inorganic TE materials, the results show that Bi0.4-xSb1.6+xTe3 and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 are the most optimal TE materials, which exhibit the greatest efficiencies at room temperature. In addition, it is remarkably more efficient to replace polymer based TE composites with carbon based TE composites in the organic and the hybrid types. In total, this comprehensive review paves the way for researchers to find out the most suitable TE materials at room temperatures.
Designed to address the challenges of a sustainable future and the financial difficulties facing ... more Designed to address the challenges of a sustainable future and the financial difficulties facing schools, Smart-POD is a unique and innovative research project which provides an alternative to traditional classroom planning. It proposes a rapid deployment building solution, transitory or permanent in its use, modular in design, flexible in set-up and selfsustaining in use, requiring nominal site works and providing for all of its energy demands from renewable energy sources. Its feasibility was tested via a design case study which investigated potential of its novel "thermal capacity on demand" energy performance approach. It combines a modular thermal storage solution capable of balancing heating demand and supply for a low rise, low mass superstructure with renewable technologies and the level of backup power/services needed. The project team has formed a consortium of stakeholders and consulted on design methodology, performance specification and viability of other markets, the results of which are reported in this paper. The research has, in its final output, established a commercial model based on its design, procurement, financing, supply chain and the manufacturing strategy and is currently negotiating funding for the prototype.
In this research, a novel "thermal capacity on demand" approach to modular thermal storage design... more In this research, a novel "thermal capacity on demand" approach to modular thermal storage design has been discussed, seen as a key to the climatic adaptability of a proposed Smart-POD building system and its energy performance. Smart-POD is a unique and innovative research project which provides an alternative to traditional classroom design. It proposes a rapid deployment building solution, temporary or permanent in its use, modular in design, flexible in set-up and self-sustaining in use, requiring minimal site preparation, and meeting all its energy demands from renewable energy sources. Its feasibility was tested by a design case study which investigated climatic adaptability based on the proposed approach. This approach uniquely combines balancing of energy demand and supply using renewable technologies and a bespoke low temperature thermal store. It further proposes to use an open source Building energy Management System (oBeMS) conceived in this research, to intelligently manage thermal, ventilation and humidity control strategies which adapt to the climate, season and weather in which the building is placed. The predicted performance of proposed system demonstrates potential for an effective diurnal climatic adaptability, enhanced by integrated passive design strategies, and intelligent modes of building control. The method of BIM integrated sustainable design analysis (SDA) and building management system (BMS) has also been deliberated, as a framework for exploring the integration of proposed building management system into smart building environments (SBEs).
Purpose: This paper presents research findings that involve the use of analytic network process (... more Purpose: This paper presents research findings that involve the use of analytic network process (ANP) to select contractors for build–operate–transfer (BOT) infrastructure in Nigeria. To deliver sustainable infrastructure (SI), a responsive methodology is required for contractors' selection process, which combines judgement and data for an effective outcomes prediction. Design/methodology/approach: Theoretically grounded on a system theory, sustainable infrastructure delivery (SID) model has been developed in this study. At the deductive phase of the model is the integration of the ANP (a multicriteria decision-making technique) for data synthesis. To obtain decision criteria, 55 sustainability indicators for contractor selection were identified from the literature review. The criteria were first developed to a web-based questionnaire where respondents were requested to rank the importance of the criteria towards selecting contractors that deliver SI, using Likert scale of 1–5 (...
The Retro-Tek research project investigates the potential of existing buildings in the UK contrib... more The Retro-Tek research project investigates the potential of existing buildings in the UK contributing towards the EU 2050 CO 2 target, through a sustainable retrofit programme aimed specifically at empty homes. It proposes a novel design and procurement methodology to bring empty homes back into use, integrate sustainable technologies and materials and offer them back to the market. Along with the obvious environmental sustainability benefits, it also assists communities and areas in need of regeneration, supporting the developments to both help address housing shortages and tackle socio-economic problems with empty, dilapidated dwellings. The project has formed a consortium of stakeholders and established unique design and procurement processes and methodologies relevant to the sustainable retrofit process. Their viability was tested via undertaking two case studies of representative empty homes, establishing results within a measurable data format. The research further developed a commercial output model based on financing, procurement, the supply chain and the project management process and is currently applying for funding to launch a major scheme of bringing 1000 empty homes back in use by 2020.
This paper presents a case study based research of both the method and technology for integration... more This paper presents a case study based research of both the method and technology for integration of sustainable design analysis (SDA) and building information modelling (BIM) within smart built environments (SBE). Level 3 BIM federation and integration challenges are recognised and improvements suggested, including issues with combining geometry and managing attribute data. The research defines SDA as rapid and quantifiable analysis of diverse sustainable alternatives and 'what if' scenarios posed by a design team and client during the early stages of the project, where the benefits of correct decisions can significantly exceed the actual investment required. The SDA concept and BIM integration findings are explained through a convergence from conceptualisation to calculation stages, emphasising the importance of an iterative over a linear approach. The approach allowed for a multitude of "what if" scenarios to be analysed, leading to more informed sustainable solutions at the right stages of the project development, with a generally lower level of detail (LOD) and computational/modelling effort required. In addition, the final stage of Building Regulations Part L compliance calculations was reached with a lot greater level of certainty, in terms of its requirements. Finally, a strategy for long term performance monitoring and evaluation of the building design in terms of its environmental sustainability is presented, via integration between BIM and SBE (Smart Built Environment) technologies.
In this paper the method for sustainable design analysis (SDA) integration with building informat... more In this paper the method for sustainable design analysis (SDA) integration with building information modelling (BIM) is explored, through the prism of a complex case study based research. BIM model federation and integration challenges are reported, including issues with combining geometry and managing attribute data. The research defines SDA as rapid and quantifiable analysis of multitude of sustainable alternatives and 'what if' questions posed by a design team during the early stages of the project, when the benefits of correct decisions can significantly exceed the actual investment required. The SDA concept and BIM integration findings are explained from conceptualisation to calculation stage, emphasising the importance of an iterative over a linear approach. The research approach adopted has led to more informed sustainable solutions at earlier stages of project development, with a generally lower level of development (LOD) and computational/modelling effort required.
In this paper, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and... more In this paper, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and its climatic adaptability is explored, based on a complex case study of a unique low energy sustainable building project. In particular, an innovative use of sycamore and its suitability as a structural and constructional timber has been investigated and reported, given that the current codes of practice deem that is not appropriate for structural applications due to its durability. A research method of in-situ longitudinal study has been adopted, concentrating on the monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. On the component level, the research reports on the methods and standards of sycamore grading and classification, service classes, resistance to decay, impact of the moisture movement and results of its laboratory and in situ testing. On the system level, the climatic adaptability of the building as a whole has been analysed via dynamic performance simulation and compared to the in situ measurements. This was important in order to develop a holistic building performance monitoring strategy, but in particular, to understand the impact of building microclimate on the sycamore frame and hempcrete components of the external load-bearing wall. So far research has concluded that sycamore can be used as structural and constructional material in building design, but due attention has to be paid to construction detailing and provision of a breathable, low humidity environment with an effective resistance to decay and insect attack. This includes measures that ensure a low equilibrium moisture content conditions, effective ventilation provision and appropriate service class uses. It is important to state however, given the single site locality of sycamore sourcing, that results can only be interpreted in the context of the given case study, i.e. they cannot be extrapolated to broader geographical extents.
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are ... more As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE), 2019
This is a repository copy of Optimization of a wearable thermoelectric generator encapsulated in ... more This is a repository copy of Optimization of a wearable thermoelectric generator encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) : a numerical modelling.
In this research, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance ... more In this research, a novel use of building materials and their impact on the building performance and its climatic adaptability is explored, based on a complex real word case study of a unique low energy sustainable building project. In particular, an innovative use of sycamore and its suitability as a structural and constructional timber has been investigated and reported, considering that is deemed not appropriate for structural applications by current standards. A research method of in-situ longitudinal study has been adopted, concentrating on the performance monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. On the system level, the climatic adaptability of the building as a whole has been analysed via dynamic performance simulation and compared to the in-situ measurements. This was important in order to develop a holistic building performance monitoring strategy, but in particular, to understand the impact of building microclimate on the sycamore frame and hempcrete components of the external load-bearing wall. So far research has concluded that sycamore can be used as structural and constructional material in building design, but due attention has to be paid to construction detailing and provision of a breathable, low humidity environment with an effective resistance to decay and insect attack. This includes measures that ensure a low equilibrium moisture content conditions, effective ventilation provision and appropriate service class uses.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2021
Abstract Using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat into electricity is a renewable al... more Abstract Using thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat into electricity is a renewable alternative to fossil energy sources. As thermoelectric materials are the main element of thermoelectric generators, so far numerous studies have attempted to optimize their energy conversion efficiency. However, no single study to date has examined their life cycle impacts, whilst it is the most important feature of any renewable technology. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to assess the life cycle impacts of thermoelectric materials at their production stage (cradle to gate) using a life cycle assessment tool called GaBi v.4.4. Thus, the thermoelectric materials were categorized into inorganic, organic, and hybrid types. The five investigated impact categories were resource consumption, emission, waste, primary energy demand, and global warming potential. The results confirmed that the inorganic type caused significantly greater environmental impacts than the other two types. The only inorganic exception was Bi 2 Te 3 that its environmental impact was by far the lowest among all the studied thermoelectric materials. Notably, the inorganic type caused major harm to the environment due to its extremely energy-intensive manufacturing process. However, the core environmental drawback of the organic and hybrid types was driven from their raw materials supply.
Creating and keeping balance is the basic and the most important principle of Chinese traditional... more Creating and keeping balance is the basic and the most important principle of Chinese traditional philosophy. It provides the fundamental philosophical basis for Chinese FengShui in pursuing coexistence between human and nature. Influenced by the traditional philosophy, Chinese FengShui displays the concept of balance, harmony and order in the design of ancient living environment and development of traditional settlement with many detailed manifestations that embody representative sustainable character. This paper discusses the principle of sustainability in FengShui practice from philosophical, environmental, ecological, socio-cultural and economic perspectives. It further intends to reveal the inherent connection between FengShui, traditional Chinese culture and the vernacular sustainable development of the agricultural society in ancient China.
Over the last century global average temperatures have increased up to 1°F. Indeed, since records... more Over the last century global average temperatures have increased up to 1°F. Indeed, since records of comprehensive global temperatures were available as early as 1880, the evidence suggests that 2001-2010 decade has been shown to be the warmest. This change is having a direct impact in terms of an increase in extremely hot days and warm nights and a decrease in cold days. Evidence suggests that different parts of the world are warming at a faster rate than others. However, research predicts that the long-term impact of global warming is only set to increase. One of the major contributors of global warming is the impact of carbon emissions and in an effort to reduce these emissions the UK Government implemented changes to UK regulations, such as Part L conservation of heat and power that dictates improved thermal insulation and enhanced air tightness. The UK is fully committed to achieving its carbon targets under the climate Change Act 2008. However, there is a caveat that comes wit...
International Journal of Energy and Environment, 2016
In this paper research on sustainable sourcing and innovative use of building materials is explor... more In this paper research on sustainable sourcing and innovative use of building materials is explored, through the prism of a complex case study of real building project. In particular, a novel use of sycamore as a structural material is investigated and reported. This includes methods and standards of its grading and classification, service classes and resistance to decay, in addition to results of its laboratory and in situ testing. A research method of longitudinal study is adopted, concentrating on the monitoring and assessment of its structural performance and conditions in which it might deteriorate. The study comprised of extensive desktop research on the sycamore properties, its standards and classification, followed by laboratory testing of its mechanical properties, namely bending strength and compression parallel to grain. In addition, an experimental build with half sycamore-half softwood structural timber frame was designed and constructed and early monitoring and assessm...
The concept of a dynamic building enclosure is relatively radical and unexplored area in sustaina... more The concept of a dynamic building enclosure is relatively radical and unexplored area in sustainable architectural design and engineering and as such could be considered a new paradigm. In this research, a novel application of shape grammar approach to design of kinetic façade shading systems has been discussed, inspired by vernacular Vietnamese architectural patterns and parametric generative design. The research reports on the system development and testing, exploring different façade shading configurations and evaluating their performance based on the real-time monitoring of daylight and heat gains, using wireless sensor technology. The strategy for BIM integrated sustainable design analysis (SDA) has also been deliberated, as a framework for exploring the integration of proposed building management system (BMS) into smart building environments (SBEs).
The design development of new cold roll formed sections can lead to a significant reduction in ma... more The design development of new cold roll formed sections can lead to a significant reduction in material costs if the sections are optimised for strength performance considering the effect of shapes and change of material properties by cold working during the manufacturing process. In this paper, the buckling and ultimate strengths of cold roll formed channel and zed sections with intermediate stiffeners under distortional bending were studied using experimentally validated Finite Element (FE) models. The section strength was optimised using FE modelling and optimisation based on Design Of Experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology. A nonlinear FE model was first developed for a referenced section subject to four-point bending tests and the section’s dimensions and material properties were defined as geometric parameters using the DOE technique. A response surface was then used to determine the influences of the stiffeners’ location, shape, size, and cold working at the section corners and stiffener bends during the manufacturing process. A multi-objective genetic algorithm method was deployed to obtain optimal shapes for the sections with maximum buckling and ultimate strengths while keeping the same amount of material used. The results revealed that the ultimate bending moment capacities could be enhanced up to 17% and 25% for the channel and zed sections, respectively. Including the cold working effect had considerable enhancement in the ultimate moment capacities, with a maximum increase of 5%. The results of this study clearly demonstrated an efficient and effective approach to optimise design for strength performance of cold roll formed sections.The University of Derb
Abstract Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered as a promising power supply for... more Abstract Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered as a promising power supply for low power wearable electronics. To obtain high thermoelectric (TE) generation, the focus should be on two main factors, including TE materials and the configurations of TE legs. Concerning these two factors, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent studies on wearable TEGs. In general, TE materials can be classified into three categories, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid (inorganic-organic). In addition, the TE legs can be prepared in three different configurations, including ingot-shaped, film-shaped, and yarn-shaped. Based on the reviewed literatures, the superior output powers of all the three configurations were achieved by the inorganic, hybrid, and organic TE materials, respectively. It should be noted that the ingot- and the yarn-shaped legs were mostly composed of the inorganic and the organic TE materials, respectively. Whereas, all the three types of TE materials were almost equally used to prepare the film-shaped legs. Regarding power density, the ingot-shaped legs stood first followed by the film- and the yarn-shaped legs, respectively. Precisely, the output powers of the ingot- and the film-shaped legs were at µW/cm2 level, dropping to nW/cm2 for the yarn-shaped legs.
Eco-Architecture VII: Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature, 2018
New computational techniques have been introduced to assist the design of adaptable building faça... more New computational techniques have been introduced to assist the design of adaptable building façades and to help quantify relationships between the building envelope and the environment. Designers increasingly use generative design approach for form-generation of building envelopes, and the organisation of components over a predefined form. In this research an original shape grammar approach for façade systems generation is proposed, with a rule-based method for the creation and exploration of complex shape composites based upon a set of simple initial shapes and predefined rules of composition. This is in order to explore a form finding of set of different building façade configurations before merging generated data into a simulated process of real-time daylighting and heat gains performance evaluation. The developed models adapt via responding to the data-regulation protocols responsible for sensing and processing building performance data in real time. The research reports on the prototype system development and testing, allowing continuous evaluation of multiple solutions and presenting opportunity for further improvement via multi-objective optimisation, which would be very difficult to do, if not impossible, with conventional design methods.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
To mitigate climate change attributed to the built environments, there have been tremendous effor... more To mitigate climate change attributed to the built environments, there have been tremendous efforts to improve air conditioning systems in the buildings. The possibility of harvesting body heat as a renewable energy source to power a wearable personal heating system is investigated. The aim of this study is to integrate a wearable personal heating system with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that harvests the body heat which is used to convert it into electricity. Moreover, the interaction between the TEG configuration and power output is studied. The power generation of TEG system is obtained by COMSOL Multiphysics software. The simulation results concluded that all the four proposed heat sink configurations can improve the power output of the wearable TEG at 1.4 m/s and 3m/s compared to that of the reference model. Furthermore, the perforated and trapezium shapes of heat sinks have a significantly better performance in comparison to conventional heat sinks.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020
Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) emerge as a viable renewable energy source, which direc... more Wearable thermoelectric generators (TEGs) emerge as a viable renewable energy source, which directly convert the heat dissipated from human skin into electricity. Extensive reviews have been conducted on the efficiency of thermoelectric materials (TE) as the dominant element of TEGs. TE materials are categorised as inorganic, organic, and hybrid. Each of these reviews focused on either a specific type of TE materials, or on a certain specification (i.e. flexibility) of them. However, less attention has been paid to comprehensively review all these types without taking into account a certain specification. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress and current state-of-the-art research on the three types of TE materials respecting their TE properties and efficiency at 300K, which is the operating temperature of wearable TEGs. Concerning the inorganic TE materials, the results show that Bi0.4-xSb1.6+xTe3 and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 are the most optimal TE materials, which exhibit the greatest efficiencies at room temperature. In addition, it is remarkably more efficient to replace polymer based TE composites with carbon based TE composites in the organic and the hybrid types. In total, this comprehensive review paves the way for researchers to find out the most suitable TE materials at room temperatures.
Designed to address the challenges of a sustainable future and the financial difficulties facing ... more Designed to address the challenges of a sustainable future and the financial difficulties facing schools, Smart-POD is a unique and innovative research project which provides an alternative to traditional classroom planning. It proposes a rapid deployment building solution, transitory or permanent in its use, modular in design, flexible in set-up and selfsustaining in use, requiring nominal site works and providing for all of its energy demands from renewable energy sources. Its feasibility was tested via a design case study which investigated potential of its novel "thermal capacity on demand" energy performance approach. It combines a modular thermal storage solution capable of balancing heating demand and supply for a low rise, low mass superstructure with renewable technologies and the level of backup power/services needed. The project team has formed a consortium of stakeholders and consulted on design methodology, performance specification and viability of other markets, the results of which are reported in this paper. The research has, in its final output, established a commercial model based on its design, procurement, financing, supply chain and the manufacturing strategy and is currently negotiating funding for the prototype.
In this research, a novel "thermal capacity on demand" approach to modular thermal storage design... more In this research, a novel "thermal capacity on demand" approach to modular thermal storage design has been discussed, seen as a key to the climatic adaptability of a proposed Smart-POD building system and its energy performance. Smart-POD is a unique and innovative research project which provides an alternative to traditional classroom design. It proposes a rapid deployment building solution, temporary or permanent in its use, modular in design, flexible in set-up and self-sustaining in use, requiring minimal site preparation, and meeting all its energy demands from renewable energy sources. Its feasibility was tested by a design case study which investigated climatic adaptability based on the proposed approach. This approach uniquely combines balancing of energy demand and supply using renewable technologies and a bespoke low temperature thermal store. It further proposes to use an open source Building energy Management System (oBeMS) conceived in this research, to intelligently manage thermal, ventilation and humidity control strategies which adapt to the climate, season and weather in which the building is placed. The predicted performance of proposed system demonstrates potential for an effective diurnal climatic adaptability, enhanced by integrated passive design strategies, and intelligent modes of building control. The method of BIM integrated sustainable design analysis (SDA) and building management system (BMS) has also been deliberated, as a framework for exploring the integration of proposed building management system into smart building environments (SBEs).
Purpose: This paper presents research findings that involve the use of analytic network process (... more Purpose: This paper presents research findings that involve the use of analytic network process (ANP) to select contractors for build–operate–transfer (BOT) infrastructure in Nigeria. To deliver sustainable infrastructure (SI), a responsive methodology is required for contractors' selection process, which combines judgement and data for an effective outcomes prediction. Design/methodology/approach: Theoretically grounded on a system theory, sustainable infrastructure delivery (SID) model has been developed in this study. At the deductive phase of the model is the integration of the ANP (a multicriteria decision-making technique) for data synthesis. To obtain decision criteria, 55 sustainability indicators for contractor selection were identified from the literature review. The criteria were first developed to a web-based questionnaire where respondents were requested to rank the importance of the criteria towards selecting contractors that deliver SI, using Likert scale of 1–5 (...
The Retro-Tek research project investigates the potential of existing buildings in the UK contrib... more The Retro-Tek research project investigates the potential of existing buildings in the UK contributing towards the EU 2050 CO 2 target, through a sustainable retrofit programme aimed specifically at empty homes. It proposes a novel design and procurement methodology to bring empty homes back into use, integrate sustainable technologies and materials and offer them back to the market. Along with the obvious environmental sustainability benefits, it also assists communities and areas in need of regeneration, supporting the developments to both help address housing shortages and tackle socio-economic problems with empty, dilapidated dwellings. The project has formed a consortium of stakeholders and established unique design and procurement processes and methodologies relevant to the sustainable retrofit process. Their viability was tested via undertaking two case studies of representative empty homes, establishing results within a measurable data format. The research further developed a commercial output model based on financing, procurement, the supply chain and the project management process and is currently applying for funding to launch a major scheme of bringing 1000 empty homes back in use by 2020.
This paper presents a case study based research of both the method and technology for integration... more This paper presents a case study based research of both the method and technology for integration of sustainable design analysis (SDA) and building information modelling (BIM) within smart built environments (SBE). Level 3 BIM federation and integration challenges are recognised and improvements suggested, including issues with combining geometry and managing attribute data. The research defines SDA as rapid and quantifiable analysis of diverse sustainable alternatives and 'what if' scenarios posed by a design team and client during the early stages of the project, where the benefits of correct decisions can significantly exceed the actual investment required. The SDA concept and BIM integration findings are explained through a convergence from conceptualisation to calculation stages, emphasising the importance of an iterative over a linear approach. The approach allowed for a multitude of "what if" scenarios to be analysed, leading to more informed sustainable solutions at the right stages of the project development, with a generally lower level of detail (LOD) and computational/modelling effort required. In addition, the final stage of Building Regulations Part L compliance calculations was reached with a lot greater level of certainty, in terms of its requirements. Finally, a strategy for long term performance monitoring and evaluation of the building design in terms of its environmental sustainability is presented, via integration between BIM and SBE (Smart Built Environment) technologies.
In this paper the method for sustainable design analysis (SDA) integration with building informat... more In this paper the method for sustainable design analysis (SDA) integration with building information modelling (BIM) is explored, through the prism of a complex case study based research. BIM model federation and integration challenges are reported, including issues with combining geometry and managing attribute data. The research defines SDA as rapid and quantifiable analysis of multitude of sustainable alternatives and 'what if' questions posed by a design team during the early stages of the project, when the benefits of correct decisions can significantly exceed the actual investment required. The SDA concept and BIM integration findings are explained from conceptualisation to calculation stage, emphasising the importance of an iterative over a linear approach. The research approach adopted has led to more informed sustainable solutions at earlier stages of project development, with a generally lower level of development (LOD) and computational/modelling effort required.
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Papers by Boris Ceranic