ZIMBABWE SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL General Certificate of Education Advanced Level MARKING SCHEME NOVEMBER 2020 SESSION SOCIOLOGY 6043/12 MARK BANDS/GRADE CRITERIA FOR SOCIOLOGY E 10-11 D 12-13 C 14-15 B 16-17 A 18-19 gibberish/total irrelevance/nothing written largely irrelevant/more inaccurate than accurate unfinished & lacking potential/ some points, but very weak immature/limited knowledge unable to create coherent argument sees the main point/minimum for A-level pass/basic level of k/limited reasoning/largely relevant level of k just wider than basiclin general sticks to the point reasonable coverage/reasonable technical vocab. has done a bit of reading/reasonable structure moderate to reasonable general quality of language sees what the question wants/ fair k/fair construction/has several of the main points clearly has read something/some analytical ability competent with technical vocab./reasonable quality of language/some idea of critical scholarship addresses what the question is looking for/something more than factual regurgitation of just one book interacts with the question/quotes scholars’ views fairly accurately good quality of language/good k of the text working with the texts and books they’ve read, can apply and compare arguments/better k of the text/better k of scholars can identify important issues/well-constructed evaluates/better quality of language/interacts well with the question outstanding/sophisticated expression for an 18-year-old excellent detail/sustains flueney/well-read@) (b) ©) 3 Maize supply has decreased due to low rainfall. People are sourcing maize from distant markets pushing up prices. Most poor households are relying on government and humanitarian assistance for food. The Zimbabwean government introduced social policies and measures to curb social problems that affect poor people's livelihoods. What is meant by the term social policy? [3] Social policy are initiatives or measures put in place to mitigate or eradicate problems faced by citizens. = Objectives formulated or adopted by the government that are directed towards meeting the social needs of the population. 1 mark for highlighting that they are targets to mitigate problems. 2 marks for a clear definition including n the measures put in pl Identify any four social policies in Zimbabwe 4] - Domestic violence Act = Drought Mitigation Programme cal Affirmative Action = Education for All - Land and Agrarian Reform - Command Agriculture Award | mark for each correct policy Analyse any three effects of social problems in the Zimbabwean society. [8] - Malnutrition — caused by poverty = HIV/AIDS — prostitution = Schoo! dropouts ~ poverty - Child headed families - due to domestic violence = Anti-social behaviour ~ drug abuse, unemployment = Divorce ~ domestic violence, prostitution = Suicide ~ poverty, drug abuse ete Award 2 marks for identifying on effect and explaining the effect.2 Symbolic intera 4 Evaluate measures put forward by the Zimbabwean government society to curb social problems. U0) Domestic Violence Act~ reduces abuse of spouses within families. Drought Mitigation Programme — provision of food and to vulnerable social groups, Affimative Action — promotes gender equality in all spheres of social life Education for All ~ reduce discrimination on access to education, Land and Agrarian Reform — allocate land to the landless indigenous people. Command Agriculture ~ provides inputs, knowledge, markets to command farmers. However, a good response should include both strengths and weaknesses of these social problems and give judgement. 0-4 marks One sided answer either mentioning strengths or weaknesses only. 5-8marks A well balanced analysis highlighting both strengths and weaknesses giving an overall judgement. m and feminism argue that socialisation causes gender inequalities and subordination of women in society. (a) (b) Explain what symbolic interactionist say about So Name any two symbolic interactionism on socialism. 13] Charles Horton Cooley George Herbert Mead Erving Goffman I mark for each correct answer ‘ation, Wy In peer groups the children take part in making the rules rather than simply following rules passed down to them. Peer groups tend to seek more immediate gratification than agents of socialisation, who are concerned with long- term adjustment to society. Peer groups provide an alternative to adult standards and may values that are different from those of adults ~ This can lead to socialisation conflict, when the demands of the peer group contract rules that derive from parental authority Peer group is very important reference group. 2 marks for identifying and explaining the role of peer groups in the socialisation process.© (a) Ilustrate the weakness of symbolic interaction on socialisation. 18] Weaknesses of symbolic interactionism on socialisation. Only focuses on small scale interactions on shaping human behaviour while ignoring the influence of other social structures, they ignore the divisive nature of socialisation they have concentrated on particular situations and encounters, with little reference to the historical events leading up to them on the wider social amework in which they occur. interactionists tend to downplay the constraints on action, critics argue that meanings are not spontaneously created in interaction situations, instead, they are systematically generated by the social structure. Award 2 marks for identifying and illustrating the weakness of symbolic interactionism on socialisation. ‘Women subordination is a product of socialisation.’ Discuss. {10} Teaches women to be passive and docile ‘women to be expressive constrain women into domestic roles women are restricted to feminine subjects ‘women are socialised not to own means of production norms and values constrain women to be respectful school management structure is patriarchal. stereotypical perceptions and images from teachers children’s games provide important cultural lessons. However Biology ‘women were born physical weak cannot take men roles undergo pregnancy, child care bor natural talented to feminine jobs naturally men are in charge of thinking, women in charge of feeling 0 ~ 4 marks ~ one sided answer mentioning contribution to women is subordination. = 8 marks ~ tackled both sides with clear judgementDomestic violence takes a number of forms and it causes harm to both children and adults. Most victims do not report those cases to relevant authorities, Traditional measures are seen as important in solving domestic violence. (a) Name any two forms of domestic violence. 13] Forms of domestic violence - verbal ab use, emotional abuse - sexual harassment — physical abuse - no freedom of choice = no access to food and shelter (b) Suggest any four reasons why victims of domestic violence may not report to the police. (41 Reasons - They may feel that the people will be unable or unwilling to do anything - They may fear that the violence will become worse. - They may fear that the violence will become worse. - They may be afraid of losing contact with their children - They may believe that the abuse is normal or that they deserve it = They may believe that they will be able to change the abuser’s behaviour, or that he is still really a good person. = Some men may not report cases of domestic violence because of fear or embarrassment. Award Imark for each correct reason. (c) Identify the effects of domestic violence on children’s rights and responsibilities. 18] Effects of domestic violence = emotional stress = physical abuse = school dropout - hard labour - child neglect - child labour = sexual abuse = infection Award | mark for each correct effect and | mark for an explanation.(@) Assess the relevance of traditional ways of resolving conflict. 10 Strength - social exclusive from the family group - banishment = reparation payments - summoned to family / traditional courts - use of taboos - sanctions and punishment - awareness through songs and dance Howev - They are culture specific — they are not universal - Traditional ways are biased on the basis of gender and class - There is weak enforcement of traditional ways - There is resistance from youths. 0 —4 one sided answer showing only the relevance of traditional ways of resolving family conflicts. 4 —8 clear analysis showing both sides. Zimbabwe has places that ensure cultural preservation and there are various agents and processes that transmit culture from generation to generation. Functionalists that is an important element of society. ue preserve culture in Zimbabwe. BI (a) Identify two places th - Great Zimbabwe - —— Khami ruins - Chinhoyi caves - museums 7 art galleries - libraries [mark for each correct place(b) © (@) Describe any two ways by which children learn about their culture. 14] = children Jearn the norms, values and beliefs of their society through social interactions with family members - through imitation = education - through reading schemes = religion through its teachings and beliefs = mass media ~ through watching cultural programmes ‘Award | mark for identifying and 1 mark for deseription. Explain why som: .d groups do not confirm to their culture. Reasons 18] = culture might be biased towards or against a certain group = cultural might be discriminatory in nature - the impact of globalisation = culture maybe too primitive and not suit the Morden world - societies are multicultural so individuals their 3needs - xenocentrism - the culture might be so constraining 1 mark for identifying and 1 mark for explanation. Examine whether functionalism over emphasises the importance of culture in society or not. [10] Functionalism on culture = culture serves the interest of society as a whole = culture brings value consensus = culture promotes collective conscience - culture enhances cooperation and integration = culture promote social solidarity - culture brings peace, order and stability However = culture is a ruling. Class instrument used to oppress the subject class = culture is patriarchal in nature = culture serves the interests of the dominant classes + culture might be an arena for conflicts 0-4 for narrating the views. of funetionalism 5 ~8 a well-balanced argument showing the tenants of functionalismved to be oppressive to women s view religion from There are many world religions, some of which are bel hand perpetuate gender inequality. Radical and liberal feminis different and points. (a) Identify any two world religions. BI) World religions - Christianity = Indaism - Islam + Hinduism - Indigenous religion (b) Describe any two ways by which religion oppress women. 14] Ways by which religion oppresses women = Portraying God as man and father — one sex symbolism. = Proclaiming that the subordination of women is God's will - Teaching patriarchal ideology such as redemption comes through prayer - Prohibit women from entering sacred places or touching sacred objects. - scribing lower status role in religions (©) Compare and contrast radical and liberal feminists on religion. 3] Similarities = Both view religion as patriarchal - Both believe that religion does not serve the interest of society but that of men. - View religion as an instrument used to widen the gap between men and women, - Both see religion as discriminatory = Both advocate for change in religious systems and operations ete Differences - Liberal feminists advocate for reforms while radical feminists advocate for a radical overthrow of religion - Liberal feminists acknowledge that women's position has considerably improved where as radical feminists believe that women are still marginalised in religions. = Liberal feminism blames women’s oppression on their sexuality while radical feminism blames the misinterpretation of religious beliefs by men ete ‘Award | mark per similarity «3 and | mark for each difference by 3(@ ‘Religion perpetuate gender inequalities.’ Discuss. [10] Support - Through one sex symbolism - Through sex role segregation. = Prohibiting women to go nearer to the cult or sacred places or objects. = Patviarchal ideology (teachings) = Structure of society was ordained by God. = Promising rewards for the oppressed people. = Deceiving women as closer to God than men. = Religion capitalises on female sexuality However - Religion gives both men and women equal chance, = Religion is not the main cause of gender inequality but sexuality = Religions are not always patriarchal = Religion is meritocratic — most religions are guided by spirits which do not select on the basis of gender but gift. = Some religions like Islam have been too good to women 0—4marks one sided argument highlighting the role of religion in perpetuating gender inequalities. 5—8marks — 0wo-sided argument highlighting the role of religion and weaknesses, giving clear examples ative or Any data or information used for sociological purposes can be described as quant qualitative in form, Many research projects today make use of methodological triangulation in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding and explanation of the subject being studied. {a) Name one quantitative and one qualitative research method. 31 Quantitative : Questionnaires - experiments - survey etc Qualitative - observation = interviews - participant observation ete ‘Award | mark for identifying 1 quantitative and 1 qualitative research method(b) © @ Identify any four characteris ies of quantitative research in sociology. t] objectivity quantified data (statistics) representativeness test hypothesis breaks down complex materials into specific parts, scientific in nature ete Award | mark for each characteristic Explain importance of a qualitative method in sociology research. [8] Enhances clavification of facts. Provides first-hand inform: In-depth knowledge. Study participants in their natural environments. Allows sensitive data to be collected through rapport and probing. High in validity. Generates new hypothesis Nn, Award 2 marks for justifying and identifying importance. Evaluate the use of triangulation in sociological researeh. 110} Strengths of triangulation Allow researcher to support quantitative data with qualitative examples. thereby providing a student with reliability and validity. Itcan be used to check the validity of the research. Itcan be used to check the reliability of the research using different sources. Itcan be used for cross-refencing the researcher’s interpretation to other data collected to cheek accuracy. Itcan provide balance between methods, where one may be weaker than another in that particular area of research.Global vital. Limitations Using several methods is time consuming and expensive. The researcher needs to be skilled in several research methods. Positivists and interpretivists approaches are based on very different ideas, so it may be difficult to combine them in one piece of research 0-4 marks — explanation of either strengths or weaknesses without evaluation. 5-8 marks A well balanced evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of triangulation. tion has brought new trends in education. Electronic learning has proved to be What is meant by the term globalisation? (@) (b) ‘What is meant by the term globalisation? 3] Globalisation refers to the fact that we all increasingly live in one world, so that individuals, groups and nations become ever more interdependent. ‘The worldwide movement towards economic, financial trade and ‘communications integration, Implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of. capital, goods and services across national frontiers. 1 mark for mentioning that it is one village 2 marks for also including the aims of globalisation. Explain any two global trends in education. i} Technology use and integration Expansion of mobile technology Asset-based approaches to evaluation Increased creativity. Global mobility. Borderless education 1 mark for identifying the trend and | mark for explanationlyse the importance of electronic learning in the teaching and | 13 rning process. [8] Importance of Electronic learning - flexible = reduction of carbon footprint = serves time and money - high learning retention rate = makes tracking and reporting of learner progress easy = quick ereation and communication of new policies, icleas libraries = enhances online learning with people from different areas = enhances concentration of the learners However = they are discriminatory = poor infrastructure - they drain school coffers as they are expensive to buy and maintain - shift the attention of leamers - lack of expertise - promotes cheating 03 one sided answer giving the importance only 4—6 two-sided argument giving the importance and the weaknesses. Discuss the impact of globalisation on education. [10] Positive impact diffusion of ideas education lost its influence and functions removal of corporal punishment which negatively affected the behaviour of learners Jed to moral decadence increases inequalities between schools and students 0-4 one sided argument showing either positives or negatives. 5-8 two-sided argument highlighting both positive and negative impact of globalisation.14 Black feminists and other feminists have debated on the origins of gender’ inequalities, Some believe that gender inequalities are a product of biology while others believe that they are a product of social construct. (a) (b) © Define the term gender. 13} Gender refers to the psychological, social and cultural differences males and females, Gender also refers to the roles and expectations associated with being male or female 1 mark for showing that it is socially constructed 2 marks for indicating that the differences are between males and females. Explain any four causes of gender inequality in society. (4) Causes of gender inequalities in society. - language - socialisation - patriarchy - biology / reproduction = emergence of private property ownership ~ colonialism and slavery ~ class - ethnicity | mark for identifying the cause of gender inequality and an explanation. Analyse any three views of black feminism in explaining gender inequality. [8] = Black women are affected by race that is they are oppressed because they are black. - Black feminists blames slavery, colonialism and paid employment for the oppression of women. ~ Black women are oppressed because of race class and gender = Black feminists believe that black women’s ideas were supressed, = Black women’s issues received no consideration@ 15 However ia Criticised for over emphasising on one difference which is race at the expense of others. = failed to address the oppression experienced by white women. = over emphasised the role of colonialism and slavery in creating contemporary gender differences. {10} utes fo the subordination of women in society.” Diset ‘Biology contri - Child birth, breastfeeding and pregnancy have the most serious social consequences sinee at these times, women are depended on males For physical survival. = menstruation and menopause ~ during these times women are not allowed to carry public duties and therefore rely on men. - physical strength determine roles and spheres of operation in the home and public place. The greater physical. Strength of men direct them towards highly rewarding and prestigious jobs outside high. = Biologically women’s maternal organs can be damaged if they take up more strenuous tasks hence, they are genetically programmed to take certain roles. - Natural dexterity ~ women are naturally talented in certain specific tasks which are less rewarding for example sewing basketry etc. However - tis result of socialisation - It isalso a product of culture - Ibis caused by patriarchy Various forms of social stratification include the Caste, Estate and Class systems. A number of ways are used to stratify individuals in society. Status in modern societies is a result of achievement. (a) Define social stratification RI) = Social stratification refers to the presence of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such as prestige and wealth. - Social stratification refers to the patterned structures of inequality that are present in all societies. - Refers to inequalities that exist between individuals and groups within human societies. ‘Award | mark for a partial definition mentioning the presence of social groups only. Award 2 marks for a full definition which includes presence of social groups and the ranking aspect(b) © Describe the caste system as a form of social stratification. tI) ste system ~ Is a form of stratification which is associated with the traditional Indian society. The Hindu religion was used to stratify the Indian society into two district distinct groups i.e. the Brahmins and Non-Brahmins. The Brahmins occupied a high status than the Non-Brahmins. In the Caste system status was a scribed i.e. was obtained by birth and positions were inherited. In the caste system, there was no 100m for social mobility. The Indian society practised endogamy therefore, marriages were disallowed between social groups. Award 2 marks describing the Brahmins only. 4marks for describing the Brahmins and Non-Brahmins, ascribed status and the social aspect of marriage. individuals in society. (81 Mlustrate three ways used to strat Social class ~ Individuals can be stratified according to their social class position i.e one’s position in the market economy ot their relationship to the means of production. Status situation / prestige — refers to the unequal distribution of “social honour” Individuals in society can be stratified into status. Groups which have individuals who are awarded a similar amount of social honout e.g. Castes and sub -castes were formed and distinguished in terms of social honour Parties — Individuals in society can be stratified according to parties, Parties are groups concerned with influencing policies and making decisions in the interest of their memberships. y the society. Wealth may Wealth ~ differentials in terms of wealth can be used to strat take companies, land, houses and other buildings. Power ~ Individuals can be ranked in the society according to how superior they are to other groups in terms of power mon possessions. ‘Award 2 marks for identifying a way and explaining it, « 3(d) ‘To what extent is status in modern societies a result of achievement? Discu [10] Status in modern society is a result of achievement One can achieve the status through education achievement. Through hard work one can be promoted and achieve a better status in society. ‘One can achieve his or her status through marriage. Though talent and ability one can achieve his or her status e.g. sports music, dance etc However Status in modem society may also be a result of ascription ic. status can be inherited or acquired by birth. Chieftainship in modern society is acquired through inheritance e.g Zimbabwe. In England to be a Queen or Prince one has to be part of the royal family and therefore these positions are acquired by birth. Children of wealth people are more likely to remain in the upper class due to inheritance of their parent’s property. n (4 marks — one sided discussion i.e. status in modern society is a result of achievement. 0-8 marks Discussed both sides i.e. status in modem society is a result of achievement and asc 10 The elderly in society are facing numerous problems. Old people’s homes were constructed to serve the interests of the aged in Zimbabwe. (a) Identify any two characteristics of old age. 1 They have a weakened independence dependent upon their family for help and support disengaged from socially important roles in society mostly devalued and poorly treated have age-based ascribed status usually suffer from social discrimination(b) © 18 Describe any two problems of old age. Problems of old age (4) = social exclusion - discrimination - neglect = hunger and starvation - poor health accommodation facilities - labelling Analyse the role played by old people's homes in society Role played by old peoples’ home in society 13] Provide shelter or accommodation for the elderly = usually the old people are neglected. They suffer from poor housing and accommodation facilities. The old peoples* homes therefore provide shelter and accommodation, Provide food and clothing ~The old people’s homes provide food and clothing to the neglected old people in communities. Initiate income generating activities for the elderly = The old people’s homes help the old. People with financial support and techn knowledge so that they engage in income generating activities for them to be self-reliant. Provide recreation and leisure facilities - The old peoples” home provides recreation and leisure facilities to the old people so as to reduce stress and other psychological problems. Provide counselling = Old people’s home provides counselling sessions and old peoples’ homes help in redressing emotional and psychological problems caused by neglect. Award | mark for identifying the role and | mark for an explanation 3(@) 19 Assess policies which cater for old age in Zimbabwe. 10) Elderly receive reasonable care and assistance from their families and the state To receive health care and medical assistance from the state and to rec support through social security and welfare, ve financial construction of old peoples’ homes ~ government and other stakeholders have managed to build old peoples’ home to accommodate the old age such as Jairos Jini. provision of food through well-wishers and Non-governmental organisations for example Help Age. ‘The old persons Board source for resource persons to provide counselling to the old age. Advise and provision of elothes through National Ageing Network of Zimbabwe. Representation in parliament and senate through Zimbabwe Older Person’s Organisation. Free social services facilities for the elderly or notion waved by the Zimbabwe Older Person’s Bill and Older Person’s Board for example free transport, free medication ete However According to Help Age Director - Zimbabwe still has a long way from fully catering for the welfare of the elderly because of lack funds commitment and will. The older person’s organisation board manager believe that lack of funds hinders the progress of catering for the elderly or senior citizens in society. Funds distribution is discriminatory — funds for the old age is channelled to other development projects.