Keys Reading and Use of English Part 1 Training Identifying collocations 11 make adifference / sense / an exception /trouble 2 do your best / the shopping / someone a favour / harm 3 have — anexperience /an effect / patience /a row 4 take notice / something for granted / pleasure / tums 5 put pressure on someone / something into practice / an end to something/ your mind ‘tosomething 6 give atalk/ your word / credit to someone / someone a chance T set anexample/a record / an alarm /fire to -something 8 keep a promise /adiary/asecret /in touch 2-1 seta/the record 2 give (me) your word 3. keptin touch 4 hada row 5 taketurns 6 puts his mind to 7 domeatavour 8 did her best 318 2D 3C 4A 5C 6B TC BD Understanding the precise meaning of words Lc vee Exam Practice 1. ‘safely’ collocates with ‘assume’ The other adverbs here don't. Allfour options can be used with ‘up’ as phrasal verbs. However, ‘end up’ is the only one that fits the meaning of the sentence ~ it means ‘eventually finish’ or ‘eventually find yourself. ‘suggests’ is the only one of these verbs which collocates with ‘research, The passive structure [something] is characterised by. is often used to describe the most typical or noticeable qualities of something. The other verbs are not used in this way. ‘distance’ is the only one of these nouns that relates to races and measuring an athlete's win or loss, ‘narrowly’ is the only one of these adverbs that collocates with ‘lose’ or ‘lose out’ It also collocates with ‘win’ 7B Allthese verbs mean ‘think about, but ‘reflect’is the only one that takes the preposition ‘on’ ‘feeling’ collocates with ‘happiness’ andi the only noun here that can be followed by the preposition ‘of. Reading and Use of English Part 2 Training Useful language: relative pronouns 1 where why when which who what which whoseUseful language: adjective + preposition 1 at with 2 3. for 4 of 5 to 6 for 7 of / about 8 for 9 t 10 by Useful language: verb + noun + preposition 1 2 3 4 on 5 6 1 8 Useful language: connecting words 1 Concession Time Condition although / after if though until evenif despite ex. when incase eventhough —_—_—before unless inspite of whether Comparison _—Reason Correlation than so that both... and.. rather than inorderto/that notonly....but whereas because {also . os...as soasto either... or soasnotto whether... ornot neither. nor 22 until 2 Notonly 3 Ratherthan 4 unless 5 Despite /In spite of © whether 1 Although /Though / Even though ®xam Practice 9 until ifyou read the whole text, you find out that scientists recently discovered where blue diamonds Keys come from — before that, no one knew. So the gap needs a word that indicates the period up to this recent time. We can’t say ‘before recently’, but we can say ‘until recently. 10. it impersonal passive structures like ‘itis thought / said / reported / argued’ are common in texts about academic research. 11 between When a range with two points is described, wwe say ‘between X and Y' or‘from X to ¥. Be careful not tomixthemup. 12 as ‘known’ is followed by ‘as! when it has this, meaning of ‘called’ 43. which This relative pronoun refers back to 46 blue diamonds’. It's important to look further than the word(s) immediately before the gap. Sometimes the \words which relative pronouns refer to can be found further away. Similar combinations with ‘of are common in more formal English, e.g. ‘some of which, ‘one of which;, ‘none of which; ‘several of which’ 14 Not Ifyou read the whole of this sentence, you will see that the two parts of the sentence are held together by the structure ‘Not only .. but also: 35. than This follows the comparative structure four times nearer’ 16. according ‘according to’ is @ prepositional phrase which means ‘as stated by. — Reading and Use of English Part 3 Training Useful language: identifying types of words Land2 1. professional A word between 2 definite or indefinite article (a/the) and @ noun is usually an adjective. 2. Unfortunately A single word at the start of a sentence which is followed by a comma will be an adverb. In this case, the rest of the sentence indicates that a negative meaningis referred to. 3. differences ‘many’ before the gap indicates that a plural noun is needed 4 fitness. Aword coming between two nouns will be anadjective ora noun. 5 enables The gapbetween ‘medical care’ and ‘modem footballers’ needs a verb. 6 envious An adjective is needed to follow ‘he's quite’. 7 drawbacks A noun is needed for the gap between "the! and ‘of. ‘One of the’ indicates that a plural noun is needed. nt!Useful language: using prefixes and suffixes Verb Noun create creation creator intend intention origin popularise popularity increase increase please pleasure displease kindness Useful language: understanding suffixes 1 suffix Function -e,-0r —_ tomakeanoun from averb ist to make a noun, often from anothernoun -tion, sion tomakeanoun froma verb snes tomake a noun froman adjective wise /ize tomakeaverb from an adjective -ment _tomake anoun froma verb to make a noun from an adjective ship to make a noun, often from another noun -ity to make a verb from an adjective or noun vive to make an adjective froma verb or noun Adjective creative uncreative intentional intended originat unoriginal popular unpopular increasing increased pleasing / displeasing pleasant / unpleasant pleasurable kind unkind Meaning ‘* person who does something, ‘object that does something * people in certain profession: + people with certain beliefs + some musicians for many different things often for feelings, qualities and states of mind cause to have quality process or result of doing something quality or state of something status cause to havea quality for many different things Adverb creatively intentionally unintentionally originally popularly ‘unpopularly increasingly pleasingly displeasingly pleasantly unpleasantly kindly unkindly Examples thinker, boxer, operator ruler, projector, seg, journalist, s anarchist, theorist e.g. pianist, guitarist e.g. pollution, colle’ suspension, admission sadness, kindness, readiness ‘modernise e.g, supervise, categorise enjoyment e.g. resentment, contentment modernity, sensitivity friendship e.g. membership, partnership ratty e.g. mystify, simplify active e.g. talkative, pensivesummarised / summarized immersion membership determination violinist complexity souwnone ‘employment 8 identity Useful language: adjectives and adverbs 1 Noun Adjective adverb tradition traditional traditionally energy energetic energetically function functional functionally drama dramatic dramatically politician _ political politically essence essential essentially sarcasm sarcastic sarcastically athlete athletic athletically emotion emotional emotionally controversy controversial controversially irony ironic ironically nutrition nutritional —_ nutritionally enthusiasm enthusiastic _—_ enthusiastically anecdote anecdotal anecdotally ‘emotional 1 2 3. nutritional 4 anecdotal 5. Controversially 6 sarcastic Exam Practice 17 economic An adjective is needed before the noun ‘development’. 38 threatened ‘are’ before the gap and ‘by’ afterit indicate that this isa passive structure, so the past participle of verb is needed. The infinitive ‘threaten: 19 endangered Reading the whole of this sentence carefully tells us that the trees have a serious problem. ‘Dangerous’ is an adjective formed from ‘danger’ but it doesn't fit the meaning of the sentence. 20 existence ‘their’ before the gap indicates that a noun isneeded, Keys 2 22 23 24 expansions The structure of the sentence indicates that a noun is needed. Also, ‘two! indicates thatit must bea plural noun, moisture The structure of the sentence indicates that a noun isneeded. increasingly ‘complex’ after the gap is an adjective, so the word heres likely to be an adverb. analysis / analyses Reading from the start of the sentence tells us thata noun is needed here. In this case it could be singular or plural. Reading and Use of English Part 4 Training How to approach Part 4 Your thinking may be something like this: ‘a. ‘Alest-minute’ before the gap is different from ‘at the Last minute. ‘Last-minute’ is an adjective, so a noun should follow it. b ‘Offthe match’ is different from ‘cancel the match’ Weneed averb before ‘off to express the same meaning 2s‘cancel’ ¢ Theideas ‘it was decided’ and ‘cancel’ are missing from the second sentence. d_ The key word MADE must relate to either ‘it was decided’ orto ‘cancel: But ‘made off the match’ doesn't make sense ‘made off" doesn’t mzan ‘cancel’ So MADE must be related to the idea ‘it was decided’ fe The noun ‘decision’ can follow the adjective ‘last-minute’. But it needs to be followed by a verb: was MADE" ‘A last- minute decision was made’ has the same meaning as ‘it was decided at the last minute’ The phrasal verb ‘to call off’ means ‘cancel’ So, the complete second sentence is: ‘Because of the heavy rain, a last-minute decision was made to call off the match. ‘Applying the approach to Part 4 1.1. hasn't SEEN her cousin for 2 hehad LET Maria know 3. have paid (more) ATTENTION to what 2 1 ASeasytofind Making sure sentences have the same meat 1 wan o>o> 2. would not/wouldn’t have TURNED down 3 keeping an EYE on A TestExam Practice The vertical line | shows where the onswer is split into two parts for marking purposes. 25. AShard / difficult | to visit as ‘Not as... as’ is used as a comparative structure. 26 lost TOUCH with | all (of) / fallen out of TOUCH with | all ‘Lose touch with’ is the opposite of ‘stay in contact with’ 27 promotion | CAME asa surprise After ‘sudden’ a noun is needed , and ‘promotion’ is the noun from ‘promote. ‘{t] came as a surprise / shock [to someonel’is a common expression. 28 are BOUND to be | (some) complaints / is BOUND to be some complaining ‘Bound to happen’ means ‘certain to happen’ 29. would NEVER have / would have NEVER | taken ‘if you hadn’t suggested it’in the second part of the sentence is part of a third conditional structure; the other half must be ‘would (never) have / (never) would have’ + past participle. We talk about ‘taking up! a sport or hobby when we start doing it regularly. 30. in FAVOUR of | banning ‘isin favour of” means ‘supports the idea of, After the preposition ‘of; the veris must be in the -ing form. Reading and Use of English Part 5 Training Identifying the ideas and feelings expressed in the text 2. Jenny Granger, lead singer of the rock band The Traces, has spent most of the last three years painting, and a book showcasing her art has just been published. As ‘one critic recently pointed out, rock stars becoming painters has become quite a regular thing. (A) Given that the Rolling Stones’ guitarist Ronnie Wood and the ‘great American singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Joni_ Mitchell have all had high profile exhibitions of their ings, Granger's car is perhaps not s surprising. But she has certain doubts. ‘There are so many people who've been painting all their lives and they can't get their work into a gallery, she says. Then | play around with some colours for a couple of years ‘and because of who | am, there's a big fancy book of my paintings, and (C) lots of articles and reviews in the press about it! It makes me quite uncomfortable? She may not be the most technically skilled of artists, but (B) the portraits, landscapes and abstract images that she paints have improved in quality over time. (D) One writer has claimed that she's a phoney, but that’s clearly not right. in fact, she's very genuine. I have no Test! problems admitting that I'm not a great painter, but ''m serious about what | do; she says. ‘But yeah, my current situation - the focus being on me is rather embarrassing’ 3 Jenny refers to feeling embarrassed in line 8: "It makes me feel quite uncomfortable’, and in the final line my current situation - the focus being on me is rather embarrassing’. Both comments are in connection with the attention her artis getting, So the correct answeris option ¢ Working out the meaning of words from the context 1. ‘Moan’ is a verb which means ‘complain’ We use it in a negative way to mean ‘complain too much or unnecessarily’ About how difficutt their lives are’ after ‘moaning’ gives a clue about what ‘moaning’ might mean. The rest of the sentence indicates that the writer might be using it to express disapproval. 2. ‘Shun’isa verb which means ‘avoid something’ The information that Jenny is very protective of her privacy’ and ‘she rarely gives interviews’ provides a clue to what “shun publicity’ might mean -‘avoid publicity. 3 ‘Dwell on’ is a phrasal verb which means ‘keep thinking or talking about something? The first sentence tells us that Jenny has an interesting past, but the second sentence tells us she prefers to talk about the futur, This suggests that ‘dwell on’ must mean something like ‘talk about or focus on. 4 ‘Point-blank’ here is an adverb which means ‘directly and clearly’ Jenny usually says ‘exactly what she thinks! (in the sentence after ‘point-blank’) gives a clue to what it might mean. Point blank’ can also be used as an adjective, 5 ‘Prowess’ is anoun which means ‘great ability or skill We are told that ‘Jenny had no musical training}, which suggests that she may not have had great musical ability. Identifying opinion expressed in the text 1. dojustice to =treat something in the right way or property be in awe of= feel great respect for someone/ something conjure up = create something unexpected as if by magic envisage = imagine what will happen in the future with hindsight = the understanding of an event or situation only after it has happened In her early twenties, Jenny went to art school, but dropped out before completing her degree. I was spending all my time playing music, and | wasn’t doing justice to the art course, she says, ‘But | hung out with a group of young artists. | remember being very Keysimpressed with them. Infact, | was realy in awe of how clever and coal some of them were. Jenny also recalls that they were dedicated to self-improvement, 2 (A) They seemed to have been born with perfect. technique -they could conjure up a briliant painting or sculpture out of nothing almost overnight. (D) But they were very disciplined too - they worked at getting. better’ So did Jenny envisage successful artistic careets for any of her friends? ‘didn't think about it at the time! she says, ‘But with hindsight, 20 years later, | can see that (C) theiridess actually weren’tvery radical ornew. They did pretty much what they were told to ddo, That hasn't stopped 2 few of them doing very well for themselves, though. In fact, (B) acouple of them are ‘now world-famous artists and their paintings sell for, millions of pounds’ 3A Jenny says, “They seemed to have been born with perfect technique: So she thought they had natural talent, There is nothing in the text which indicates that her view now is any different. B Jenny says, That hasn't stopped a few of them doing. very well for themselves, though, infact, a couple of them... their paintings sell for millions of pounds: So she says they have made lots of money. But there is nothing in the text to say her view in the past was, oF her view now is that they focused too much on money. € Jenny says, ‘with hindsight, 20 years later, Lean see. that their ideas actually weren't very radical or new. They did pretty much what they were told to do, So her view now is that they were rather conventional in their thinking, Earlier in the text, Jenny says she was ‘in avre ofhow clever and cool some of them were’. This implies that in the past she thought they were not conventional ~so her view has changed. D Jenny says, ‘they were very disciplined too — they worked at getting better’ So, Jenny's view now is that the artists spent plenty of time trying to develop their skills, Nothing in the text tells us that her view in the Past was any different. ae Exam Practice 31. Sentences 3-5 in the first paragraph tell us that Wilson made exaggerated claims for the game before its release and people were angry ‘when features promised during development were not present When the game came out’ B: The text says Wilson's ‘comments on Way Beyond were reported, but it doesn’t say they were misrepresented. C: The text says that Wilson made unrealistic claims in his promotion of Way Beyond, not that he had an unrealistic belief Kes 32 33 34 35 in his ability to promote it. D: People were angry about the game, but the text doesn't say Wilson didn't understand what gamers wanted. D ‘Most reviewers .. praised its lonely mood, its weirdly beautiful aesthetic qualities’ A: The text says that reviewers ‘unintentionally gave the critics ‘ammunition’, but this doesn't mean they exaggerated the game's weaknesses. B: The text says that ‘many disappointed players moved on to other more conventional games; but it doesn't say the press ‘encouraged comparison. C: The text says reviewers noted ‘the astounding technical feat of generating anentire universe of planets, each with its own ‘ecosystem’ this means they admired the designers’ ability, rather than questioning it. € Wilson's resentment is expressed by ‘the way they did itwes so unfairand ever the top. We really feltthat all, ‘of our hard work hadn't been recognised and some of ‘the criticism was unreasonable. A: Wilson was affected, but the text doesn't say he was surprised at how much he was affected. B: The text doesn't mention whether he was protected or not. D: Wilson thinks the reaction was unfair, but admits that the mistakes he and his colleagues made in the launch of the game were what sparked the reaction. So he knows what motivated the behaviour of the people who attacked them. D The paragraph starts by saying “wilson and his team didn't give up. Instead, they decided to keep ‘working on Way Beyond and to concentrate on what the people who were actually playing it wanted. So the paragraph explains how he handled the situation. A: The paragraph mentions the pressure involved in trying to make a game that people want to play, but the main purpose of the paragraph is not to describe that. B: The paragraph mentions people who workin the games industry, but the main purpose is not to explain what they're like. C: Wilson refers to difficulties hhe faced as 2 child, but the main purpose of the paragraph is not totell us about his background, ‘A ‘one’ in this phrase refers to an update. The writer goes on to describe the three updates mentioned, of which ‘the key one’ means that ‘you can... invite other players to explore with you, in groups of four. B: Players could always move around easily: ‘You could always fly around the universe, explore planets. {etc.], so there is no significant update in this area. C: The text says you can now ‘construct bases’ and ‘colonise a planet with ever-expanding constructions but it doesn't says this is the crucial update. D: The text makes it clearthat the game now has more resources, but it doesn’t say this isthe crucial update Test Pa