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Die Studie bewertet die ökologisch-umweltliche Verwundbarkeit des Ma Keng Eisenbergwerks in der Provinz Fujian, China, über einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren unter Verwendung von GIS und Remote Sensing-Technologien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verwundbarkeit im Laufe der Zeit zugenommen hat, wobei niedrigere Höhenlagen stärker betroffen sind. Um die Umweltverschlechterung umzukehren, sind Verbesserungen in der Umsetzung von Umweltmaßnahmen und ökosystemischen Ansätzen erforderlich.
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Die Studie bewertet die ökologisch-umweltliche Verwundbarkeit des Ma Keng Eisenbergwerks in der Provinz Fujian, China, über einen Zeitraum von 15 Jahren unter Verwendung von GIS und Remote Sensing-Technologien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verwundbarkeit im Laufe der Zeit zugenommen hat, wobei niedrigere Höhenlagen stärker betroffen sind. Um die Umweltverschlechterung umzukehren, sind Verbesserungen in der Umsetzung von Umweltmaßnahmen und ökosystemischen Ansätzen erforderlich.
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Environmental Research Journal 2(4): 196-204, 2008
ISSN; 1994-5396
© Medwell Journals, 2008
Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Using RS and GIS:
Case of Ma Keng Iron Mining Area in Fu Jian Province, China
Canute Hyandye, Wang Tao and Chen Zhi Hua
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan),
388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
‘Abstract: Mining etivitios are always associated with disturbances and negative eco-environmental changes
to the natural ecoaystems due to vegetation clearing, soil and water quality degradation and air pollution.
‘Makeng mining is the bigaest io mine in aster China. The area has undergone severe eeaenv'itormental
changes due increasing anthropogenic activities aiming at exploring the iron ore and other minerals. Mining
activities are accompanied by other hnman activities which include roads ane industries construetion, clearing
of vegetation, construction of workers houses, sedimentation ponds and tiling dams, Soil-wvater erosion is
acute because of the vegetation cover removal and is worsened by the mountainous nature of the area. The
aim of this research was to evaluate the eco-environmental vulnerability of Ma Keng mining area forthe past
15 years sing a numerical environmental evaluation model. Applicaton of GIS and RS technology, assisted
by statistical software (SPSS) enabled the extaction and preparation of eco-vulnerability factors and
development of the environmental numerie model, This wat eventually used to evaluate eeaenvirormental
vulnerability of Ma Keng mining area. Nine eco-envisonmental vulnerability variables were included in the
smodel namely slope, elevation, soil types, land use, vegetation types, industrial dust pollution, industrial sulfur
ica gas (SO, emission and soil erosion, An Beo-snvironmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) of the study rca
for the years 1992, 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2007 were calculated using the environmental rumerie model and the
results were classified using the cluster prineiple. The research resus showed that the eeo-envitormental
vulnerability integrated index (EVSI) was inereasing with time ftom 1992-2007. The resits farther revealed that
the eco-vulnerability degree is vertically distributed, whereby the low elevation regions are worse than those
in higher clovations, To roverse tho intensifiation of eeo-vulnerability, improvement in implementation of
voluntary and legal environmental protection measures and ecosystem approaches are required
Key words: Eeo-environment, vulnerability evaluation. GIS, RS. principle component analysis,
INTRODUCTION
‘The eco-environment problem is attracting a lot of
attention in the new century (Zhoushi and Hongyi, 2007),
Rapid ecenomic growth in some developing countries
has resulted in widespread and severe environmental
degradation, inereasing pollution of air, water and land
(iu and Harris, 1996), Destruction of forest vegetation
has brought about deterioration of the ecological
envirorment such as increasing soil and water losses aad
decreasing biodiversity (Qiao et al., 2004),
‘To quantify the degree of eco-environmental changes
that has taken place and suggest some restoration
moasures, e00-environmental evaluation and the degree
of vulnerability must be assessed. Several methods for
ecological environment evaluation are available, These
include a combination of RS, GIS ancl Spatial Principle
Components Analysis (SPCA) (Li et al, 2008)
comprehensive evaluation method (Goda and Matsuoka,
1986), landscape evaluation method (Antonio et al, 2003)
and Fuzzy evaluation method (Liem ef al, 2002),
According to Li et af (2005), most ofthe previously used
eco-environmental assessment methods can be used
only for quantitative analysis. In addition, there are some
difficulties in the process of variables to use in the
models. However, advancement in remote sensing,
Geographic Information System (GIS) and mmerical
modeling techniques gives a way to develop powerful
tools for eco-environment assessment procedures
(Zhang et al, 2003, Li etal, 2005),
Corresponding Author: Wang Tao, School of Environmental
Siudies, Chins University of Geoscienees (Wuhan),
388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR. China
196 Brvivon Res. J, 2(4): 196-204 2008
The main objectve of the stady presented in this
study waste eviduste the eco-envisormental vulneratility
of Ma Keng mining area using an ervronmentd
evaluation mummerisal model. Specific objectives were
Ta develop EVI mods usingGIS andSPCA, To use EVI
model to analyze the eco-vuinesdbility statas of Ma Keng
area fiom 1992-2007, Te classy the eco-ervzonmentd
vulnerability ty cluster principle and To produce mags
showing ¢00-envitorm ertal vulnerability distitution and
the index which shows the ching ofits trends for the
pas 15 years
GIS and RS techrology played a great cole ia
extraction and prepirdion cf the eco-ervronmentd
vulnerebility evaluation tributes, Both nebwal and
faunan induced athibutes were considered, The Land use
and vegetation cover maps were decived om satellite
imegedes(TMI0 aad ETMAY image cata with aresatution
ranging from 25-30 m) though classification and
interpretation of the land cover features. Terain
characteristics namely slope and elevation were derived
from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Industria
polutiondata (sulfur dioxide gis anddust) were ostaned
From the industrial emission montiorng date
Demographic data were extracted from social-ecanmis
reports in the study atea wlule soil types and sail erosion
data were proparec from the availeble primary data using
GIS computer eualysis operations,
SPSS capabikty to prodace the weight and the
conelaticn coefficients of the eco-enronmentd
‘vulnerability atsitutes helped to develop the rumeris
model for EVI calcwation and the production of SVI
maps
Fig 1: Location af the etudy area
197
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Stuly ama: Making mining area is loceted between
longitude 117° 2" 30". 117° 4 O4"Zast and 25° 010". 25°
3°30" North The reais found in Xin uo district in Long
yan city, Fujian province, This mining areais situated in
the SouthEast of Long yan basin (Fig 1), tis atout 15
km away ftom Leng yen city. The lerdfum is
nowitsinous whersby the highest point is Tian Shang a0
on the Northeas: (1069 me). The lowest elevetionisfoand
in the Makeng Village in the Scuthwest with elevetion of
420m. The elevation difference between the highest and
lowest paints ia the area is 600 m. The main river in
Miskeng mining is %4 Ma River, “loving from the Sout to
the Neath where it enters the L cag yan besin.
The area lies in subtropical, monsoon dimate
characterized bywam and nmi conditions, There are no
erieme tamgerabares ia bothsanmer end winter. Avetage
snnual tem perature is 19.9°C. The hettest month is [uly
GEC) while the coldest mort is January (-5.6°C). The
sveregp anual rainfall is 1692 rum. Itusually rains in mid
May, Ture, July and August. The rains in July and
Augus we asiociated wita typhoons. The total sun
illumination és about 1979.1 per yeas
Dan ypes
Primary data: Primary data in this research ireluted
DEM, satallze amages (IM ani ETMD, sail types map,
populction satistics, indstsial dust and sulfur doxide
gas pollution quantitative data, The primary vemow
sensing images data were obtained from the “38” (GPS,
GIS and RS) keboratay in the scheol of environmen
a
i Environ. Res. 2 (4): 196-204, 2008
‘terion map
Reesor a
Fig. 2: Flow diagram to show steps of numerical model of eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation by means of
principal component analysis coupled with GIS
‘able Tyne of weet amin nas da
Seite ID and Untnunt—Acqusiion de Teohaion
to.10-30. 00m
oe 1208 28.00m
roonez2 250m
‘andes M110 dnovloas acm
Cae TM 10 2oin9.13 3500
of China University of Geosciences, Table | summarizes
the RS data information
Soil types and DEM data were alseady available in
the above mentioned laboratory. Industrial sulfur dioxide
gas and dust emission for the five cement and iron
Industries were extracted from the industries annual
emission monitoring records
Secondary data: Nine maps for eco-environmental
vulnerability evaluation were prepared by processing the
primary data. Soil types were digitized from the existing
soil types map. Soil erosion maps in each year were
prepared by performing GIS weighted overlay of slope,
land use, vegetation types and soil types maps, The
population density map was prepared by expressing the
population figures into the polygons, where the whole
area was divided into 4 watersheds. The area under
influence of dust and sulfur dioxide gas pollution from
each industry was delineated by creating voronoi
polygons and a bufler of 1000 m from each industrial
location. Vegetation cover and landuse maps were derived
from the TMI0 and ETM}7 data by performing image
classification, All maps were georeferenced using UTM
projection whereby WGS 84 spheroid and WGS 84 datum
were specified.
Assessment of eco-environmental vulnerability: In
order to assess the vulnerability structure of the eco
environment, there is a need to determine the factors
198
which pose some negative impacts on the ecosystem
tnd henoe make the eoosystem prone or sensitive or
vulnerable to degradation. The factors can be determined
on the basis of an analysis of existing knowledge hase
‘The use of the judgments made by different experts from
different fields is of great importance, Vulnerability
inducing factors are used as criterion separately. A.
criterion is a basis fer a decision that can be measured and
evaluated (Bastman ef al, 1995), Layers representing the
criteria are referred to a8 criterion maps, The criterion
maps for this eco-environmental vulnerability evaluation
were: Slope, Elevations, Soil types, Population density,
Land use, Soil erosion intensity. Vegetation index, Dust
and Sulfur dioxide gas,
Tn this research, the steps in Ecosvulnerability
evaluation were grouped in two broad categories namely’
Data preparation for EVI caleulation model and
Calculation of EVI and gmnding the vulnerability. The EVI
caleulation model data preparation involved:
Standardizing maps, Reclassifying and RECODING each
raster map. Raster to vector data conversion, Overlaying
the vector maps and Performing factor analysis using
PCA based on the overlaid map in SPSS. Calculation of
the integrated EVI and grading vulnerability involved:
Caleulating the EVT using the eigenvalues and prineiple
components from SPSS arid then use the cluster prineiple
to grade the eco-vulnerability, Figure 2 summarizes the
steps involved in development of numeric model for
evaluation of eco-environmental vulnerability using PCA.
During veetor-raster map conversion, the grid size
was limited to 25*25 m. It is also, on this spatial unit that
all map algebra on this evaluation was based In the
process of standardizing the maps, each factor was
classified into levels ranging from 1-10 based on its
negative contribution to eco-environmental. stability Buvivon. Res. 2 (9): 196-204, 2008
bie: Pegs compoestmelnsenly fea STS
‘Retaed rile componec
238
980
Sous
380
Se
Bes
sar
Ras
S00
Miso Wins Lae 088
Bam
1435
lew
1938
1381
18s
1014
1056
ge
nc
tus
sas
1az_ mga
Canute m4)
igen Bi
Canaiatan (4)
Rgevam
Cebuano (4)
igen Bi
Canaiatan (4)
Rgevam
Caan ms
19
204
Factor analysis using PCA in SPSS retained 5 out of
the original 9 factors whose cumulative percentage were
28.50, 22:04, 25.05, 28.21 and 274196 for 1992,1998, 2001,
2004 and 2007, respectively. Deciding the rmmber of
components to extract isa grea: challenge. Li etal. (2005)
sloatonttrated that the componeats tebe sutracted should
hhave the camulative coain bution iying berween 25.95%,
On the other hand, Landau ané Everitt (2004), suggests
retaining jut cnoush components to aplain come
specified iarge percertages of the total variation of the
original variables, Values berween 79 and 90% are usally
raggectod,
MO testuaiues for 1992, 1998, 2001, 2064 ani 2007
were 0.661, 0,780, 0.699, 0.728 and 0.753, respectively,
Thees valiex justified the ability to conduct factor
analysis since the distribution of the values ofthe factors
was adequate, For fictor analyds to be acceptable, the
EMO value mast bo aot lees shan 0.5. Bartley tee
sigriticance value was 0.00 for all factor amalysis
performed A significant valve (p<0.05) indicates that the
fata do no! produce on identity matrix and thos
approximately muliivasiate normal and acceptable for
factor analysis (George and Mallery, 2096)
Caleulation of the iniegrated EVI and grading
vulnerability: Tae eigenvalues (P) and principle
campenante (¥) played 2 great role in formulation af
the integrates model for EVI calculation for each
particular year Consider Table 2 showing the
sigenvalues and the coatribution ratio for the 5 retained
compeneats (PC),
Based on the cigenvalues ad the cosfficients of
the component autsice: in Table 2, the EVI for the
respeciive years were calculated based on the following
Fanci:
EVI B, PCI4B, PC2+...B, POS a
where, Bstandy for the eigenvalues (percentage vadaace
for each component) and PC is the principle component
a
199
Fig. 3: EVI data distribution histogram in 2007
Bova 7
