NASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS The War of Independence, 1857 The East Indian Companies > East India Company was the name used for several historical European companies chartered with Asia, more specifially India, ©. British East India Company, 1600 A.D Dutch East India Company, 1602.8.0 Danish East India Company, 1616 A.D ©. Portuguese East India Company, 1628 A.D French East India Company, 1664 A. ‘©. Swedish East india Company, 1731 &.D British East India Company was formed in 1600 A.0 by 216 merchants British East India Company came to India for the purpose of trade in 1608. ‘Their ships reached atthe port of Surat, Gujrat, Inia. Sir Thomas Roe met Mughal King Jahangir as an emissary of King James of Britain. ‘Thomas Roe acquired permission to establish factories from Mughal King Jahangir in 1615, vvvvy Background > Expansion policies of British East Indian Company. In later days B.E.1. started to interfere in the political affars ofthe Indians. Fall of Hindu Muslim states to the British East India Company, ‘Turning point was battle of Plassey, 23° June, 1857, against Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah of Bengal. Last state to fall to the B.E..C was the state of Qudh of Nawab Wai All Shah, 1856. British East India Company weakened the Mopughal rule to nominal The War > The first step towards the war was taken by Mangal Panday at Barrackpore parade ground. In March, 1857 Mangal Panday of Bengal Native infantry (BN!) opened fie on an English Officer Jemadar, Ishwari Prasad was order to arrest Mangal Panday but he and his soldiers refused, ‘nly ane of his soldiers Sheikh Paltu followed the English orders ‘Mangal Panday attempted a suicide but was arrested and hanged along with Ishwarl Prasad, Bengal Native Infantry Regiment was disbanded and soldiers were removed from service. ‘Although Sheikh Paltu was promoted as Hawaldar but rebels murdered him. (0n24* Apri, 1857, around 90 soldiers ofthe 3"*Bengal Light Cavalry were ordered too parade and fire using the Enfield Ril. All, except 5 solders, refused to accept the orders. Most of the 85 soldiers were court martialed with 5 to 10 years imprisonment and thelr uniformed were striped. (0n 10" May, 1857, Indian troopsattempted to free the 85 imprisoned soldiers and kiled some English officers and soldiers. Hence, the War of Independence broke out Social Causes of the War Racial discrimination Disrespect for Indians, particularly Muslims and thelr culture, Education system was changed in terms of language and syllabus. Unemployment increased to such an extent that people joined Army of B.E1.C Development ofa sense of hatred towards Englishmen inthe hearts of Indians. Political Causes of the War ® Doctrine of Lapse by lord Dalhousie. > Forceful or treacherous Annexation of Indian States, > Stoppage of pensions to the ex-rulers of some states. > Declaration that the pension would be stopped and the imperial title of Mughal would discontinue ater the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar-Il and thatthe palace has to be vacated. ‘Administrative Causes of the War Fall ofthe Mughal rule to nominal. {80/20 policy of the company in the administration of india, ‘Changes of language, rules and laws inthe judicial system. English took over the control ofthe Indian Defence System, www facebookcom/naseebnotes — @stsassoms vyvvyyyyva vyyyyy vvvvy = vvyNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Economic Causes of the War Heavy taxes on export, deterioration of Indian industries. Inport of British goods to India. Rise in infiation. Extreme Poverty. Religious Causes of the War > Propagation of Christianity. Establishment of Christian Missionary Schools. > Conversion of Hindu, Muslim, Sikhs to Christianity by force or temptation. Conversion of orphan children & prisoners to Christianity. (fers like "become a Christian and get free from prison.” vy Military Causes of the War: > Low salaries Rs. 7 for Indian infantry vs R527 for English Cavalry > Ban on Tilak & Safa (Safa = a tracitional Indian headdress) > No chance of promotion to higher ranks for Indian soldiers, > Preaching of Christianity tothe Indian soldiers. Orders to go to the overseas war-fronts, Overseas voyage was éonsidered a sinin Hinduism, > Greased cartridges of the Enfield Rifle (invented 1852) introduced in 1856 in indi. fe > Change in plane 31" May, 1857 to 10% May, 1857. > Treachery of Sikhs and Gorkhas. > Jind and Patiala states of Punjab extended financial and military support to the English > Support of Notables tothe English > Absence of dynamic leadership. > Lack of communication and companies control over them. > Weak economic conditions. > Lack of modern technology. Aftermaths of War > Abolishment of Mughal Empire and establishment of direct British Raaj/Rul. > Bahadur Shah Zafarl expelled to Burma (Yangon). > Mughal heirs were beheaded. > Responsibility of war felon the Muslims. > Hindu Muslim Unity ceased to exist > Mass execution of Muslims (Hanged for months and shot with cannons) > Rule of East India Company was disbanded, British Crown took the charge of Indian Affairs > Governor General was replaced by Viceroy of India, as personal representative ofthe Crown > Lord Canning became the last Governor General andthe frst Viceroy of india, > The policies of British rule and the strategies of Indian Freedom Strugale changed noticeably. R.C Majumdar writes “That the memory of the war and net the war itself, did more damage to the cause of the British Rule India.” Expected Question: ‘he sue ofthe greased cartidges was not the only cause ofthe Wa of independence, 1857. Eaborate ‘he East ina Company was efelent enough to suppeess the War of Independence, 1857. Comment Highight the major eases of the War of Independence, 1857, xan why the joint Hindu Musi venture ofthe War of dependence couldnt succeed? Was the uprising of 1857 an ermetional and matcalelatedatlempt tata independence? www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1817 to 1898 Ear Life and family > Born on 17" October, 1817, Dehli Died on 27° March, 1898, Aligarh (Age 81) His father Syed Muttagi (influential in Mughal Court of Akbar Shabu), His mother: Auiz-un-Nisa Begum (Religious lady) His maternal Grandfather: Khawaja Fariduddin (P.M to Akbar Shabsl for 8 years) Official Career > Sir Syed Joined €..C at the age of 21 or 22 as Reader in court (Serishteda). > Got appoint as Munsif(Sub-ludge) at Manipuri in 1839 through British Commission. > Got promoted as Civil or Chief Judge (Sadre Amin) in1855. > In 1857 he was posted in Bijnor. > He argued with Nawab Mehmood Khan against the idea of the war of 1857. > Stood with British, saved lives of officers & their families, sent them to Meerut. Social Services / Literary Efforts to Save the Muslims > He wrote a pamphlet ~ Causes of the Indian Revolt in 1858, © Absence of indian representation inthe administration, Official interference in celigion ‘Acts causing uneasiness among the soit Social separation between the ruler and the ruled > Series of Pamphlets Loyal Mohammadans of indi (1860) ‘Defended Muslims against the charge of sedition (rebellious conductor speech) Defended Muslims against the charge of disloyalty to the British Government. > Journal or Risala Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlag (1871) forts for protection and promotion of Urdu language. A rational approach to Islam Readjustment ofsiamic traditions and customs with changing times ‘an active interest in the literature and history of Islam. © Abetter understanding of Christians and their mode of living, © Abetter approach to life, islamic nits roots but adjustable with modern requirements. itle > In 1888, British Government conterzed him the title of Knight Commander of the Star of india (KCSI) Lethe ttle of “Si” Educational Services > Established Persian-English School “Gulshan School” Muradabad, 1859, Established Vietoria School, Ghasipur, 1863-64 ‘Translation Society, Ghazipur, 1863, transited Arabic, English, Persian literature Remained as Scientific Society and shifted to Aligarh, Son received Govt. Scholarship to study in England, In his 17 months’ stay, Sir Syed studied the system of British Universities. Oxford and Cambridge impressed him. Wished to have similar education system for Indian Muslims. Society for the Educational Progress of Muslims, 4M Sep,1870. Why less Muslims in Govt Schools and calleges? > This society laid foundation of Mohammadan College Committee in 1872 for collection of funds. > 1875, Mohammadan Anglo Oriental Schoo, Aligarh. > 1877, upgraded to MAO, College. > Lord Lytton inaugurated and promised to pay Rs 500 monthiy from his pocket. > Rs. 8000 were collected forthe construction of buildings vyyvy vy www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘After death of Sir Syed, Agha Khan Ill worked to upgrade MAO college toa university MAO college upgraded to Aligarh University in1920 (22 years after Sir Syed's death). ‘The Aligarh College (© Impart western education to the Indian Muslims. © Reject illusory traditions of the past which hindered progress. © Reconcile oriental learning with western literature and science. © Inspire people of east about the practical energy that belonged to the west. (© Make Muslims worthy and useful subjects of British Crown. (©. Bridge the gap between British & Muslims. > Sir Syed was aware ofthe fact that one college cannot educated 60 milion Indian Mustims. > He planned for a national education institute to centralize the resources for advancement of western education in Muslims. > Established Mohammadan Educational Conference, 1886 which held meetings at various places to discuss problems that affected Muslims, > Mohammad Educational Conference, 1886 Efforts for higher standard western education among the Muslims. Inquire state of religious education in established English schools. © Examine the state of education & instructions in traditional primary schools. > The 1906 session of Mohammad Educational Conference resulted in creation of AIML. Religious Services Lectures on slam inthe first period in MAO, College, five-time prayers and fasting in the month of Ramadan. Khutbat-e-Ahmadiva, 1870 (Addresses/essaysion the lfe of Muhammad “PBUH") ttwasa reply to the book of Wilian Muir "The Life of Mohammad.” Muir wasa close friend of sir Syed. In Khutbat-e-Ahmadiva, Sr Syed mostly quoted European authors & relied on their documents He di not vilfy Christianity. Wrote a book Tabeen ul Kalam, 1863 (Tafseer or Commentary of Bible). Tried to highlight similarities between islam & Christianity vvVVVVYY Politics > One Nation Theory. (India is @ beautiful bride & Hindu-Muslims are her two eyes) > Two Nation Theory > After retirement, 1876, he joined politics and remained a member of Governor's Council from 1878 to 1883, He was the first Indian to introduce a private bill in the Council {Qazi Act, 1880 andl compulsory vaccination against smalipox were passed on at his initiatives, Refrained Muslims from joining Congress. Formed Indian Patriotic Association 1888 to oppose congress and tell the government that Congress was not the representative of whole India, Expected Questions: 1. What do you know about Si Syed Ahmed Khan and his soca, pital and educational services? 21 Examine the Aligarh Movement with emphasis on ts educational aspects 3, Describe the senices of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan inthe educational fl 4 How aid Sir Syed Ahmed Khan save the Muslims ofthe subcontinent from complete extermination after the War ef Independence, 1857? 5. SirSyed Ahmed khan was nt only an educations but also a pita, social and religious reformer of ‘the Muslim community inthe British India. Comment. 6. Wtea detailed note on Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his services. 7. Aigath movement produced dynamic leadership that ultimately led towards creation of Pakistan, Comment. www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS irdu Controversy, 1867 Basic Facts > Modern Urdu developed during the Mughal rule in India, probably in Shahjahanabad, 1648. > tis sald Urdu was a combination ofthe dialects and words of different languages. > Muslims did not bring Urdu to nia rather It was born and nourished on Indian soil > Hindu writers had a great rule in the development of Urdu language. > Urdu language and its literature owe alot to Hindu writers lke, Ratan Nath Sarshaar, Munshi Prem Chand, Teerath Ram, Maharaja Sir Kishan Prasad, Pandit Daya Shankar Nasim, Firaq GGorakhpuri and Tilouk Chand Mahroom. Ficst formal iterary history of Urdu was written by @ Hindu, Ram Babu Saksena, Background > Urdu was made the official language in 1837. > Hindu Muslim Division ater War of Independence 1857, Since Urdu was associated with Muslims and Muslim rule, Hindus developed a hatred towards Urdu and wanted to replace it with Hindi Causes of the Hindi-Urdu controversy > Declaration of Urdu as official language. > Popularity of Urdu. (17 out of 23 Newspapers of UP werein Urdu and only 4in Hindi.) > Babu Shiv Prasad “Urdu is now assuming the status of our National Language.” The Controversy > Babu Shiv Prasad accused the early Muslims that they forced local people to learn Persian script > Madan Mohan Malavya, ina colection of documents and statements, madea compelling case for Hin tn 1871, Ueutenant Governor of Bengel, George Campbell banned Urdu in province a al level ‘This encouraged Hindus to counter Urduin NWFP, Punab, Behar, UP, Sindh, and Oudh, ‘Anthony MacDonnell a pro-Hindu, became Lieutenant Governor of UP (United Province) in 2695 and declared Hin asthe offal Language in 1900 ¥ ‘Muslim Initiatives > Sir Syed used scientific society, Risala Tehzeeb-uL-Akhlag, Aligarh Gazette and his postion in Governor's Council to defend Urdu, Comrades of Sir Syed, Nawab Mchsin-ul-Mulk (Syed Mehdi Al, Maulvi Abdul Haq and others came forward to defend Urdu, Urdu Defence Associaton was established by Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk ‘Anjuan-e-Taraki-e-Urdu, 1903 was established. ‘Al India Muslim League passed resolutions in defence of Urdu. vx The Outcomes of the Controversy > Hind! and Urdu both were dectared the official languages. > Hindu-Muslim unity faded. Sir Syed gave up the idea of Hindu-Muslim unity and his concept of one nation > Two Nation theary emerged, > Urdu became the language of Muslims and Hind! of Hindus. Facts & statements that can be quoted in answers: + Thewedng rdf Pad aaNet, nf Mtl Neh, as rte in "The tind becose of the prec et cxnthng tt may rd them ofthe sim Rue rd Tae) {a Conroren af 1 conta waste ric ator ne voopent of Morin sport (Pa Bre) ric Adobo hos input confit esprit ndon dunt which he omovona aren One + “ier esto pose pst Urs in uted Previn (UP coed dep ogy omang the Mss a he nd rds convoveay ete aa of Asan beween ewe nats whieh eed dy by ey. www facebookcom/naseebnotes —— @stsassowsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Darul Uloom (House of Knowledge] Deoband, 1866 Background: > Consequences ofthe War of Independence 1857 > Subjugation of india by English and their policies. Rise of Christian Missionaries ~ A threat ta Islam. Rise of Western education with patronage of Government & downfall of Muslim education, > Deteriorating conditions of the Muslims. Muslims at the mercy of the English & Hindus. > Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the success of Aligarh Movement and English education, Establishment of Dru Uloom Dechan Deoband sa town of district Saharanpur in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India -Madrassah Arabi "Darul Uloor’ i said ta have been the brainchild of Haji Muhammad Abia. Darul Uloom was established under a tree in Chatta Masjid of Deoband on 30° May, 1866. ‘The actual establishment of Darul Uloom is credited to Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanot Darul Uloom Deoband is also called Qasim-ul-Uloom. Maulana Mahmud was the first teacher of Darul Uloom. Shailh-ul-Hind, Mahmud Hassan Deobandi was the first student of Darul Ulaor. Maulana Muhammad Yaqub was te frst headmaster of initial Madrassah, ‘They followed the Hanfi school of though and philosophy of Shah Wali Ulla. Darul Uloom imparted education of Quran, Hadith, Islamic Jurisprudence, Islamic History & Arabic. ‘Aims and objectives of Darul Uloom Deoband Provision of comprehensive information to the Muslims about thelr religion and Sunnah Necessary arrangements for the teaching of Quran, Tafseer, Hadith and related subjects. Invoking the true spirit of Islam and teaching the Muslims to adhere to Islamic code of ethics. Defence islam, Propagation and preaching of Islam. ‘Avoiding the influence of the British Government. Preserving the freedom of though and knowledge. Establishment of similar institutions for the propagation of Islam. vv Social Services > Emphasis on the women rights of inheritance and marriage of widows. > Created job opportunities for Ulema. > Provoke the Muslim Nationalism to connect the socially > Teaching of different professional skills; shoemaking, book binding, etc. Religious Services > Revival of Islam in subcontinent & beyond, Eradication of such practices that were repugnant tolsiam, Produced welFknown scholars, Provided basis fr establishment of religious centers everywhere. Revival ofthe spirit of Jihad which led to Reshmi Romal Movement and Khilafat Movement. ‘Counter ant-Mustim movements such as (Arya Samaj vvvy Political Services > Encouraged the Muslims to be active in polit. > Anti-ritish and Pro-Ottoman (Turkey). > Reshmi Romal Movement. > Supported ll india Muslim League and Quald-e-Azam in the Pakistan Movement. > Formation of a political party famiat Ulema-e-Hind, 1939, > Krilafat Movement, 1919. > Infused religious sprit in the Pakistan Movernent. Lterary services > Publication of around 10 to 12 thousand Islamic books. > Translation of Holy Quran into Urdu by Maulana Mahmud Hassan www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Comparison between Aligarh Movement & Deoband Movement ‘Aligarh Movement Deoband Movement ‘Considered Shah Wall Ullah their mentor ‘Considered Shah Wali Ullah their mentor ‘A Muslim educational movement. ’A Muslim educational movement. ‘Areform-oriented movernent. ‘A revival-oriented movement. English/ Western and Islamic Education Religious Education ‘Welcomed the grants/ donations from Govt. ‘Against Govt, Funds and donations, Propagated layalty to British ‘Ant-British, Favoured Ottoman (Turkey) Rational and modern in approach. Initially extremely conservative, | Against the participation in Congress. Favoured participation in Congress. ‘Amicable approach to Christianity. Debated with Christian missionaries Provided active political leadersship [Leadership was divided poiticaly United the Muslims politically Failed to united the Muslims politically, wan facebook com/naceebnotesNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Anjuman-i-Himayat--slam (The Association for Support of Islam), 1884 Background > Sikh rule in Punjab and their policies. > Fall of Punjab to the English in 1849 and their new policies. > Motivation from Aligarh Movement and Deoband Movement. Establishment of Anjuman ‘Anjuman--Himayat-slam was established 24" September, 1884, itis said that Mualv Chragh Din called a meeting of 250 Muslims. ‘Qazi Hameed Uddin laid the foundation of the Anjuman, Ie was established in a mosque called Bakan Khan Maslid, Mochi Gate, Lahore. ‘Anjuman-\-Himayat Islam was based in Lahore. bjectives Revival of slam and Islami Education in Punjab, Establishment of institutions where Islamic and modern education of science shall be given. Counter the propaganda of Christian missionaries. CCounter the Hindu revivalist movements, particularly hud! Movement, Look after orphan Muslim children and provide them education, Strive for the social and cultural progress of the Muslims (Organize the Muslims politically for safeguarding the Islam. Educational Services > Establishment of educational institutions on the footings of Aligarh. > Establishment of educational institutions for gies 1115 schools for females in a period of 10 years (1885-1895) |slamia Boys High School, Sherawanla Gate, Lahore, 1889, Islamia College for Boys, hore, 1892. lslamia College for Women, Lahore, 1939. 'slamia College for Women, Lahore Cantt, 1959. vyvyyyyve vyyyy > Himayat-Hislam Law College, Multan Road, Lahore. Social Services ‘Taught various professional kills to Muslim men and women, Establishment Orphanages. Establishment Old Age Houses Establishment of socal service organizations Religious Services > Revival of slam and Islamic ldeology among the Muslims. > Protection of Muslims from the English and Hindus, > Provision of islamic Education. > Publication of islamic Literature. Political Services (Organized the people under the banner of All India Muslim League (AIML}. Passed resolutions in favour of Pakistan in its annual meetings. Student of Islamia Colleges were devoted companions of Quaid-e-Azam. Students of Islamia College took ative part in making of history AIMIL session Lahore, 1940. Foundation of Punjab Muslim Student Federation, 1937, Promoted Two-Nation Theory. Even Allama Iabal gained popularity in an annual session ofthis Anjuman, vyyyyyy www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Indian National Congress (INC), 1885 Background > Age limit for Civil Service Exam was reduced from 21 to 19 years by Lord Lytton in 1876. > Lord Lytton’s Vernacular Press Act, 1878, > Ibert Bil 1883-1884 (Courtenay Peregrine llbert ~ Law Member of Viceroy's Council > Agitation by English in india and Britain against the Ibert Bl > bert Bilis modified and re-introduced as Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act, 2884, > Protests in india against the modified Ibert Bll of 184 > Racial discrimination by English leads to Indian Nationalism. > Flow of English Literature due to modern education. > Indians came to know about Europeans and Americans and their struggle for freedom. > Lack ofa central political organization, > Agitations and growing tensions posed another threat lke the war of 1857, > Cunning Lord Dufferin (Frederick Hamilton) replaces Lord Ripon (George Frederik Samuel Robinson) as the new Vieeray of India, Establishment of Indian National Congress > ¥session of INC was to be held at Poona, 25-30 December, 1885 but was shifted to Bombay. > INC was then established on 28" December, 1885 at Bombay, > Allen Octavian Hume (a retired officer ofthe Bengal Civil Service) was the Founder of INC. > INC was founded at Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Sombay (Now Mumbai) > Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee became the fist president of INC > Badruddin Tyabjjiwasits first Muslim president in 1887 and third inthe row of the presidents. > sivatram Bhagwandas Kripalan (8 Kripalani) was the president of INC at time of partition. > Sonia Gandhi i the current president of INC Objectives of INC > Toseck the cooperation ofall the indians in its efforts > Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices and try to form national unity. Discuss and solve the social problems ofthe country. > Torequest the government for giving more share to the locals in the administrative affairs. Untold Facts About the Establishment of Indian National Congress INC was not established for attaining independence for India, Hume did not resign to serve the Indians rather he wanted to serve the British Empire in a diferent way. Hume knew thatthe situation if not controlled wisely, would result in an incident like 1857, Hume actually wanted to establish a social platform where Indians may think and discuss over their problems so that their plots may not remain secret Iwas Lord Dufferin who suggested to Hume to transform INC to a political party. Britishers actually formed the INC asa safety valve for their rule. INC intially supported British Raaj and was a Pro-British Party. ‘Wedderburn was made the Chairman of British Commitee of INC in London, formed in 1889. ‘Some Statements of the Congressmen and Historians about INC. > There is no one more well-wisher of he British Government than land my fiends sting here ‘round me. (Women Chandra Bonnerjee, 1885 inaugural session of INC) vyyy > Weshould ike men, declare thot we are loyal to the backbone and we appreciate the benefits which the English Government has bestowed upon us. We value the English education which ‘has transformed our darkness into sunshine. (Dadabhai Naoroji, 1886 president address) > Congressmen loved to parade their loyalty inthe earlier days. (Sitaramayya, author of the ‘book History of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1935) > Its an undisputable historical fact that Congress was established more with the object of saving the British Empire from danger than that of wining poltical liberty of inl. (Lala Lajpat ai) www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Muslim Approach towards Indian National Congress vy vy Hume invited Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Syed Ameer Ali and Nawab Abdul Latif to join congress but they all refused. When INC invited them, the Muslims would not attend its sessions. ‘The Muslims who attended the INC sessions of early days were mostly from Madras and were not the elected members ofthe Muslim community. Largest number of Muslims who attended an INC session was 313 and 308 were from NWP. "Muslim press unanimously opposed the joining of Congress. In later days, Congress proved it with its policies that it was not the platform of the Musims. www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Sindh Madtessatul islam (SMI), 1885 Background > Annexation of Sindh withthe Bombay Presidency of British India in 1843. > Government's negligence and downfall of education in Sindh > Lack of reputable educational institute in Sindh, > No Muslim was able to pass the board exam of 1870, conducted by the University of Bombay. > Success of SirSyed Ahmed and Aligarh Movement. > Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's advice regarding the establishment of modern education institutes Establishment of SMI ‘SMI was founded on 1" September, 1885 at Karachi v > Hassan Al ffandi, a Sindhi who was settled in Karachi, was the founder of SMI > The establishment of SMl was aslo supported by Sir Syed and Syed Ameer Al > In later days, SMI was termed “Child of Sindh, mother of Pakistan” by Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shab. Objectives > To provide the people of Sindh an unbiased madern educational institute. > Tochange the Muslim opinion about modern education. > To provide islamic and madern education to the Muslims of Sindh. > Toenhance the effects of Aligarh Movement. v Social reformation of Sindh, particularly ofthe 75% Muslim population, Personalities produced by SMI > Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad AliJinnah Sir Abdullah Haroon, Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Muhammad Ayub Khubro ‘Allah Bakhsh Karim Baknsh Brohi (AK Brohi. fald-e-Atam & SM ‘Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad All Jinnah got enrolled in SMI in 1887. {Quaid-e-azam passed his matriculation from SMI in 1892. vey vp vv vv He personally came to inaugurate Sindh Madressa College on 21 June, 1943. He left one third of his personal property in the name of Sindh Madressatul Islam in his last wil, www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Nadwatul Ulama (Council or Assembly of Scholars), 1898 Background Fatwa of Darul Harb (Home of War) by Shab Abdul Azi,1870, Rise of extremism, attacks on British. (Chief ustice Calcutta High Court, John Paxton Norman assassinated in 1871 by Abdullah Viceroy Richard Bourke (Lord Mayo) assassinated in 1872 by Sher Ali Afr {Gap between materialism and spiritualism (Aligarh & Deoband), Rise in sectarianism, vvvvvy Establishment of Nadwatul Ulama > Amecting was held at Madrassah Fala-e-Aam, Kanpur on 22-24 Apri, 1894, > Maulana Muhammad Ali Mungeri proposed that a permanent council of the intellectuals be created and a Darul Uloom be established that shallimpart moderate education, > Hence the Nadwatul Ulama came into being > Darul Uloom of Nadwatul Ulama was intially inaugurated on 26% September, 1898 in Khatoon Manzi, Lucknow. > The foundation stone for establishment of a new building for Darul Uloom was led down by the Lieutenant Governor of U.P Sir James Meston on 28" November, 1908 in Lucknow. > In 1905, Maulana Shibli Nomani became the chief proctor ofthe institution and took it the heights. Objectives > Bridge the increasing gap between the Muslim Ulamas and intellectuals. > To ponder over the drawbacks, evils and flaws which had appeared among the Muslims, especially in their education system. > New educational syllabus as per the need of time [Contemporary problems & Solutions) > To produce highly qualified slamic scholars, who shall be completely acquainted with the contemporary problems, challenges and requirements and be aware of modern thought. > Safety of Islamic society and the fundamental of islam. Religious Services > Establishment of Darul Uloom Nadwatil Ulama, Lucknow. > Provision of religious education. > Introduction of religious education and Islamic studies in government schools. > Campaigning that the Muslim government employees be allowed to offer Friday prayers. > Safeguarding the Muslims against the Hindu & Christian schemes. Literary Services Preparation of a Comprehensive English translation of the Holy Quran, Scholarly review ofthe existing translations of the Holy Quran, > Publication of magazine "Al-Nadwa". ‘Al-Nadwa became one the prestigious magazines which was full of knowledge. Publication ofan Arabic language magazine Al-Zia, 1932, Educational Services Revised the syllabi of various institutions Prepared a new syllabus and added English as 2 compulzory subject. Popularized Arabic and gave it its rightful place in the curriculum & educational system, ‘Acquainted modern educated class to the religious and intellectual achievements of Islam. Helped Ulamas to know the new trends of thought and current problems Teaching of Sanskrit was introduced in Nadwa, Political Services > Initially, Nadwatul Ulema kept itself away from the politics. > However, in later days, leaders like Maulana Shibli Nomani, Ashraf Ali Thanw, Syed Suleman Nadvi and Abdul Kalam Azad who tuned out to be great politicians were the products of Nadwatul Ulema, www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Partition of Bengal, 1905 Background ® Lord Dalhousie had complained about the administrative burden of Lt. Governor Benga, in 1854 > A tamine had hit Orissa in 1866 (around one milion people had died. Investigation Committee had recommended! the demarcation of Bengal province > ala Peasant Uprlsings, 1872, Lt, Governor, George Campbell had sad inareport, “One man cannot administer Bengal” ‘Assam was separated from Bengal i 1874 and was established as Chief Commissioner’ Province. ‘drew Fraser, Chief Commissioner of ental Provinees had proposed that Sambalpurdstrit may be ‘merged with Bengal to solve the issue of Oriya speaking people. Similarly, Madras was alo facing law and order problems on ethnic bass Iallof ther were merged with the Province of United Bengal, it would have created further problems. ‘Govt. planned to merge Decco, Mymensingh, Chittagong with Assam to create a new province, ‘In 1903, Bengalis started to protest against their merger with undeveloped Assam, Viceroy Lord Curzon undertook a tour ofthe Eastern part of Bengal province. Viceroy romised thatthe proposed province shall be enlarged shall haveallshefalities and Decca shall be made its capital, having its own Ut Governor. The Partition, 1905 ‘Lord Curzon sent the proposal ofthe partion of Bengal to London in February, 1805, ‘The plan of partition was approved in June, 1905, ‘The plan of partion was announced on 19% July, 1905 by Lord Curzon ‘The province of United Bengal was divided into two separate provinces on 16% October, 1905. ‘The Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam 1 ftincluded 15 eastern dstrlts of Bengal and Assam, 2 Total area: 106,540 square miles. 3 Population 31 millon (18 millon Muslims and 12 milion Hindus). 4 Capital: Decca (Dhaka). ‘The Province of Western Bengal ‘included West Bengal, Orissa, Bhar & sharkhang. Total area: 141,580 square miles Population: 54 milion (42 mlllon Hindus and 9 milion Muslims). Capital: Cakutta Kolkata), ‘CAUSES OF THE PARTITION OF BENGAL ‘Administrative inconvenience > United Bengal was huge province, covering an ares of 289,000 square mies > Its population was 785 to 80 milion > tthad only one Liewtenant Governor to manage ts affairs. > Lieutenant Governor could hardly vist the easter part once S years. > Only the western part, especially Calcutta, was the point of attraction > > > > > > ‘Due tothe vastnes ofthe province, the eastern part remained undeveloped. Crime rate kept on rising due to the immensity ofthe province. Economic Inequality > ort of Calcutta was te focus point af the trade > ort of chittagong remained undeveloped and deprived of trade activites. > Although raw material was produced in East Bengal, al the factories were located in Calcutta (West) > Trade monopoly ofthe Hindus pushed the Muslims of East Bengal into extreme poverty Limited Resources of Communication ‘Management of ffairsin the eastern part was dificult dueto the limited resources ofcommunication. [Major source of communication was Railway in which Eat Bengal acke far behind than the West (Out ofthe 14117 miles roads East Bengal had only 2379 miles 264 miles journey from Caleuta to Decca by train would take 24 hours. Postal communication in East Bengal was also deplorable as compared tothe other parts of Beng Aletter posted from Decca would reach Chittagong ater three days Disparity in education Owing tothe vast area and large population, government was unable to overcome the educational ddsparty www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ast Benga lagged behind in education. ‘The educational budget of Caleutta was more than the total budget ofthe East of Bengal st Bengal had no university ast Bengal had only three colleges whereas West Benga had 26 colleges ast Bengal had no Science colege whereas West Bengal had three such caleges. Social Exploitation inthe East Bengal > Feudalim of absentee landlords > Muslims of €ast Bengal were under the dominance of the Hindu majority of West engal (Calcutta) >> Muslim peasantry cass was crushed and exploited by Hindu landlord of the West Bengal Hindu Reaction tothe Partition of Bengal > Opposition from Hindu lawyers. > Hindu press vified the Musims and encouraged the Hindus to take arms for revenge. > The Bengalee newspaper of editor Surendranath Banneriea & Amrita Bazar Patna of editr Scr ‘Kumar Ghosh played the leading role n opposing the partion and wifying the Muss, Opposition from absentee Hindu Landlord. (Opposition though art and literature. (@ankim Chanda Chatterjee) School clases were divided into twa sections, one for the Hindus and the ather fr the Muslims 16" October, 1905 was observed as Black Day and the business was completely shut down, Swadeshi Movement of Hindus ‘swadeshi movement was formally started from Town Hal Caleuta on 7" August, 1905. {la Lajpat Ra, Bal Gangadhar Tlak, ipin Chandra Pal were the key figures of the movement ‘The movement called for using the localy made goods ‘The movement encouraged the people towards complete boycott ofthe British made goods, Hindu students refused to take thelr exams on Importes papers Letter written to Manchester Chamber ef Commerce, "Ta sel you goods, get the partion revoked Benefits of Partition for the Muslims ofthe East Bengal Better facitiesin the primary schools. ‘Within 6 years, colleges were established in al the five division ofthe East Bengal ‘More Muslim Students joined primary school (817,699 in 1905 to 451,157 in 1512), ‘More Muslim students joined High School (8869 in 1805 to 20,728), ‘More Muslims joined the field of teaching (9654 in 1905 to 14,656 in 1912). From 1806 to 1811, 200 miles new railway line was lid down and 100 miles branches were under construction Chittagong port was modernized. Business flourished & exports increased. Only the tea export regstered an increase of197,78,425 pounds Jute exports increased from 68,919 tons in 1905-05 to 7,02,72,050 tons in 1911-12. ‘Idea of Simla Deputation emerged and All indian Muslim League was established ‘Annulment of the Partition of Bengal The partition of fengal barely lasted for 6 years. > On 2*December, 1913, king George V ofthe Brtan annulled the partition of Bengal at Deh Darbar Causes for the Annulment of the Partition, ise in the ant partion agitation. ‘Congress backed the agltators with political support. Finds press & authors provoked the sentiments of Bengali and Hindu Nationalism. ‘wadeshi Movement severely affected the British exports to Indl Hindu threat to boycott the tour af King George V to India and his address to the Indians at Dehli Darbar ‘Aftermath of the Annulment of Partition of Bengal ven the nominal Hindu-Muslim unity ceased to exist. Two-Nation theory proved to be legitimate, ‘True face ofthe Indian National Congress was unveiled ‘Muslim pottical awakening. £stabishment of Dhaka Musi University and inclusion of Islamiatin the syllabus ofthe Univesity tis also claimed that Nawab Salimullah Khan etre from polticin 1911 but na strong prot exists. vvvyy www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Statements of the Hindus regarding the partition of Bengal and its annulment > Inthe new province the Muslims wil ben majority andthe Benga Hindus a minority. We shal be stanger in ‘raw lnc. (Mahindra Chandra, Hin leader) The nouncement of partion flike a bombshel. Weft tat we hod been insted, humllated ondrckes, (Surendronath Banerje, member and president of INC) > Unless ond unt a the rascls(Mustns) ond the government offers who supported the, were burt alive, ‘the freof hinds vengeonce would not be pu out. (Statement of Hindu Newspoper) We indeed recognize the fet that this patton has come fo stay and we are not andous to upset i (surendvaneth Banerjee, member and president of INC) ‘am ready to die bape tadey (Abe Charan Mausarndor si aftr the annulment ofthe partition} ‘Statements ofthe English regarding the partition of Bengal and its annulment > We assured the sls off and on that the partition was a Settled fact. We had ako assured the Musins to Safeguard thar inerests ard valve the felty. None among the experts ofthe ndan polis ond whale ofthe Chl Serie could ever hint abou the revocation bu the annulment proved that was @ human posse. (Wicery Lord Mino} Statements of the Muslims regarding the partition of Bengal and its Annulment The pation of Benga had roused vs from nection ond eitected our attention 0 activites and strugole (Wawab Soimulan khan of ako) > The parton ha infused o new fe nthe Bengali Mustims ond now they fee that thir iahts ore red cccepted and ther impotence has increased manifold as compared t carler tines. (Naweb AB Chaudhri Newab of ast Beng) > Annulment ofthe portion forus means the deprivation of thse slendld opportunities at selimprovement ‘ohich we hod secured by the potion, (Nawab Solimallh Khon of Dhoka, AL presidental address, 1912) Acitate and you wil get what you want, remain calm and you will have your heads chopped. hiss the moral ‘we ore given. (Abu Soleh observed nhs column written in Mussalmon newspaper of Colutto) www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Simla Deputation, 1906 Background Indian Council Act, 1892 failed to satsty the Indians, particulary the Musims. > Hindu aitations against Urdu language and the Patton of Bengal > Congres backed the Hindu agtations with regard tothe Parttion of Bengal > samptyide Fuller’s Resignation > british Elections of 1906, Liberal Party led by PM Henry Campbell Bannerman, came to power: > 0920" july 1906, Secretary of State for India John Maley announced in the House of Commons that their government intends to introduce constitutional reforms inthe Indian subcontinent. [Announcement of constitutional reforms made the Muslims excited and fearful at the same time, v Formation of the Deputation a Muhmmad lemael wrote a letter to Mahsin-ul Mlk (Syed Med Al) ‘Nawab Mohsin-uhMulk wrote a letter to W.A.. Archbold, Principal of Aligarh on 04-08-1206. [Archbold informed Dunlop Smith, Private Secretary af Viceroy, about the apprehensions of Mustims. (On 10" August, 1906, Nawab Mohsin-u-Muk was Informed thatthe Viceroy has agreed to meet a ‘deputation ofthe Muslin. Imad-u-Mulk (Syed Hussain Blgrami is tasked to raft the address and the demands Deputation Meets the Viceroy at Simla ‘Shimla (Formally known as Sima) isthe capital of Himanchal Pradesh (A'North indian State) It was declared asthe summer capital ofthe British india in 1864, ‘building, known as Vceregal, was constructed in Simla forthe Viceroy in 1888. ‘deputation of 35 indian Muslims met the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla on 1* October, 1906. ‘Simla Deputation was headed by Sutan Mahomed Shah (Agha Khan Simla Deputation was to have 41 members but the following § members could net go along withthe Deputation de to personal reasons: {1 Nawab Samillah Khan of Decca ‘Nawab Haji Muhammad Fateh All Khan of lahore Syed Zainul Eéros of Surat ‘han Bahadur Kasim Mir Ghayasuddin Peerzadah of Broach ‘khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad of Hazara Sheikh Shahid Hussain of Lucknow Its noted inthe books thatthe memorial which was presented tothe Viceroy carried 146,11,183 signatures ofthe Muslims from Peshawar to Madras. ‘Major Demands of the Deputation Separate electorate forthe Muslims Representation ofthe Muslim onthe Imperial Legislative Council in excess of thelr population. ‘Muslims shouldbe elven representation onthe €xecuve Councl ofthe Governor General Electoral system shouldbe preferred over nomination system. ‘due share for Muslims in gazetted and non-gazetted cadres according toa specie proportion, ‘Musims shouldbe appointed as judges ofthe High Courts and Chief Courts. Seats should be revered forthe Muslims onthe senates and syndiates ofthe universities. Financial hep shouldbe given forthe establishment ofa Muslim univers. Viceroy’s Reply. > The Viceroy Lord Minto didnot promise anything substantial othe delegation forthe Fear of offending other communities. > Viceroy assured the Musims that their poltical rights and interests as 2 community shall be safeguarded by an administrative reorganization, Was Sime Deputation a British Conspiracy? ‘Archbold had suggested in his leter to Nawab Mohsin-ul Mulk 2 sytem af nomination which was ‘ejected by Nawab Mohsin-ubMulk without a second thought > Archbold’ drat stating that Muslims shal keep away from the poltca ativities in future was aso ‘ejected by Nawab Mohsin ulMulk and 2 new daft was prepared by Imad-ul-Mulk > Harcourt Butler (the then DC of Lucknow and later Lt, Governor of UP eritized the demand of separate electorates > Acchbold’s claim of secret documents with regard to Simla Deputation was baseless. > echbold was forced out of Aligarh by Nawab VigarubMulk. I Archbold possessed any secret documents, he would publish them without a second thought. www facebookcom/naseebnotes — @stsasoms vNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > The command performance theory of Maulana Muhammad All Johar, which was tisted by Hindus, so proved fase because the Maulana had also stated that the separate electorates were the consequences, and not the cause, of the separations between Muslims and their more numerous ‘Hindu brethren, > Lord Minto wrote to John Meriey on August, 1906 that have not yet decided to meet the Muslim Deputation > Nawab MohsinulMulk had bocrowed Rs. 4000/- at an interest rate of 7% from an English company tomeet the expenses of Simla Deputation, > Nawab Mohsinul-Mulk died before returning the borrowed money and the company threatened All India Muslim League to confiscate the property ofthe Nawab ifthe money was not returned. > Inlater days the Hindus agreed thatthe Simla Deputation was nt a conspiracy Statements of the Hindu Historians ‘Sma Deputaton was not the result of any conspiracy but was arranged by the Musims themsehes, The Extremist Chollenge, authored by Amales Trpoth > recould be sald without the fear of contradiction thatthe Government had no hand inthe femation of Simla ‘eputation and hat ts formation was the rowning achievement ofthe Musims thames. MS Jon) > proponents fhe Simla Deputtion were no ether than Main ulMulkand his ends. (De. Shia Sen) > rows Mohsin-u-Mulk was responsible forthe formation ofthe Simla Deputation. (8A Nanda) ‘Outcomes of the Simla Deputation Infused the spirit of politcal struggle in the Muslims and united them to safeguard thelr rights Formation of All india Muslim Leagve, 1306 Provided strong opposition tothe Incian National Congres inthe form of Al Inia Musi League. ‘Demonstrated thatthe Muslims ae a separate nation and they cannot be merged into Hin majority. For the first time, Hindu-Muslim confit was lifted tothe constitutional eve. ‘Made it lear tothe Hindus thatthe Muslims have no confidence in them and the Congress. Separate electorates forthe Mustims in the Minto-Mrley Reforms of 1909, ‘Strengthened the Two-Nation Theor. www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS All India Muslim League, 1906 Background Formation of indian National Congress (INC) 2s the central poltial body ofthe Indian subcontinent > Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's stance about the participation of the Muslims the INC. » Death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, vacuum of Muslim leadership > AntkUrda initative of Anthony Macdonnel on 18% April, 1900. Memories of Hind Urdu Controversy, > ise of Hindu Nationalism, bigoted movements, protests against the partition of Bengal, 1805, > INC proved tobe a political cover forthe biased movements & efforts against the partion of Bengal > ticles ofthe newspapers such as Pala, Aligarh institute Gazette, the Pioneer, et which strongly ‘advocated the need ofa separate political party forthe Muslims Swceess of Simla Deputation. Sense of political awakening among the Muslims ofthe subcontinent {ackof a central palital organization for the Muslims at Al india level. Hope ofthe forthcoming constitutional polital reforms (Minto-Morley Reform 1808). Fist step towards te establishment of» separate politcal party forthe Muslims > Ameeting is held atthe house of Nawab Hamid Khan in Lucknow on 20-22 October, 1901 3 Nawab Vigar-ubMulk (Maulsi Mushtaq Hussain) emphasized that Muslims should have their own politcal party > A Muslim politcal party “Potical Organization” is established at that occasion; however, i could nat achieve anything > atthe occasion of Simla Deputation, idea of a Muslim pole party was discussed once again, Second step towards the establishment of a separate political party forthe Muslims > Nawab Salimullah Khan publishes his scheme of poitial party on 21% November, 2906, > He proposed to establish party called Moslem Allindia Confederacy. > The Bengalee newspaper wrote “Moslem AlLindia Confederacy reminds us of Mahratha Confederacy and hala Confederacy." Establishment of Allindia Muslim League ‘The annual session of Muhammadan Educational Conference was held on 30® December, 1906. ‘The session was held at Ahsan Mant, Shah Bagh, Dhaka, capital of Cast Bengal President of the session, Nawab Vigar-ub-Mulk, sessed the need fora poltical partyin his address. ‘Nawab Salimullah khan moved a resolution forthe establishment ofa Musi politcal party ‘The resolution was seconded by Hakim Alamal, Maulana Zafar All Khan and Maulana Muhammad Al Hence, All Inia Musi League came into being on 30° December, 1906 at Dhaka, Fast Bengal Statie GK about AIML > Central office of AIML waé established at Aligarh, later it was shifted to Lucknow. Total membership was intaly limited to 400 members. > SirSultan Muhammad (Agha Kham] was appointed the frst president of AIML. > Nawab Mohsn-ulMulk & Nawab Vigarl Mulk were appointed as the join secretaries of AML > Maulana Mubammad Al drafted the constitution of AML, > The constitution of AIML was called “The Green Book". > First annual session of AML was hed at Karachi on 29 & 30" December, 1907 > Sir Adamjee Pirbal presided the ist annual sesion of AIML at Karachi > IML, London was established by Syed Ameer Alon 6" May, 1908 at Caxton Kall, London > Alama taba joined AINILin London in the year 1908. > Quald-e-Azam joined AIML in 1933 on the request of Maulana Muhammad Al Johar, > Nawobzada Lagat All Khan jain AIML in 2923. > AML spit into two sections, limah League and Sha League, in 1927 > Fatima Jinnah joined AIML in 3937, > AM, Balochistan was establshed by dal Muhammad Essa, In 1938. > Alama lb’ famous Alanabad address was presented in the 21" session of AIML, 1930 at Allahabad. Lahore Resolution was presented inthe 27” session of AIML, 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore > AML was disbanded and renamed a Pakistan Muslim League after the creation of Pakistan Objectives. > To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of lyaty tothe British Government and to remove any misconceptions that may arise as tothe intensions of Government with regard to any af the www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > To protect and advance the politcal rights and interest of Muslims of india and to respectfully represent ther needs and aspirations tothe Government. > To prevent the rise among Musims of India any feelings of hostility towards other communities without prejudice tothe other aforementioned abjetives ofthe League. www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Kanpur (Cawnpore) Mosque Tragedy, 1913 Background United Province (UP) Government allocated Rs. 250,000 forthe widening ofthe roads and welfare works in the years 1908, ‘This scheme aso included the widening of AB Road, Kanpur ‘AHndu cemple and a masque were situated on this road inthe fish market (Mach Bazar) If the road was made straight, the temple had tobe demolished, | the road was diverted, some part ofthe mosque had to be demolished, \When Hindus came to know about the scheme, they started to protest and forced the government to turn the direction ofthe roa. When Muslims came to know about it they became suspcious thatthe government willdemolsh the ‘astern part ofthe mosque, which was used for baths and ablation (Wa2u) Event othe Tragedy of Kanpur Mosque ‘Muss, during the meeting of Improvement Trust Committee, on 1* Api, 1912 requested that no partof the mosque may be demolished. > Barister Shahid Hussain submitted a petition along with a Fatwa against the demolition ofthe any part ofthe Marque tothe Lt, Gavernor James Meston in Api, 1913 Some Muslim scholars argued thatthe bath and ablutin area s the par of the Mosque andwas used {for lumma and Ex prayers. (On 12" Api, 1913, Barrister Shahid Hussain presented a memorial to the Lt Governor James Meston, ‘The memoril requested that the eastern pat of the mosque must be protected from demotion. . Governor, James Meston wrote atte to the memoraists on 6% May, 1913. James Meston argued inthe letter thatthe bath and ablutin pace isnot a sacred part ofthe mosque Aandi must be removed to widen the roa. James Meston further argued that the Muslims should select another place where the Municipal Board ‘Would bull them a bath and ablation area ‘On 20" uly, 1913, James Meston personaly visited the Kanppur and inspected the Mosque. (On 21 July, 1913, police force was deployed around the mosque and the government demolished the caster part af the Mosque, ‘Muslims and the Mustin pres stronaly condemned the action of the government throughout india. James Mleston asked Mr. Tyler, the Magistrate of Kanpur to ensure peace in Kanpur at any cost. (On 3° August, 1913, Musims gathered at Eid-Goh fora meeting. [As the meeting finished, the Muslims marched te the ste of the Mosque and started te place the lore bricks asa symbol of remaking the demolished pat of the mosque. Police force which was sent to disperse the protestors, opened ire onthe orders of Mr. Tyler. Fring continued for 15 minutes and around 600 bullets were fired, 133 Muslimsmartyredand many sustainedinjuries. Those who reached home were arrested by police. Reaction of the Muslims; Muslim Press and AIML "Masi press strongly condemned the incident. (On 19% August, 1913, a delegation met and tld Lt. Governor thatthe Muslims were filed with anger. {All india Muslin League (AIML) passed two resolutions on 31" August and 19 September, 1913 AIML stressedon the appointment ofa committee, based on officals and clans, to conduct inquiry ‘Syed Wan Hassan and Kiualana Muhammad All went ro England to present te case of the Mushms. Attitude of the Hindu Press Hindu press did not se with the Muslims. > The Tribune, Lahore stated that “lames Meston was a knd:hearted and a humane ue The Tibune further stated that “the Muslims who lost thei lives were ignorant fanatics and they took the law into thet hands” ‘Aftermath of the Kanpur Mosque Tragedy James Meston further hurt Musims as he distributed certificates among those whe had opened fire Viceroy Lord Harcingecrticined James Meston and Mr. Tyler for their actions, Viceroy Lord Hardingevsited Kanpur on 12-13 October, 1913. He made a compromise with Muslims andallowed them to bulldan arcade onthe road Viceroy abo ordered the release ofthe arrested Muslims and withdrawal of all cases. Some Englishmen, however, criticized the actions of Viceroy and termed them submissive, ‘Muslims League changed is abjectives, a kind of distrust developed towards the Government ‘Muslims were somewhat inclined towards jining hands with congress against the Government www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Constitutional Developments in the British India Regulating Act, 1773 ‘eas the fest step ofthe British Goveenmentin the territrial affairs he British East India Company. ‘The act was aimed to regulate the affairs of the Bitch East India Company in the Indian testoy. emarked the process of takeover which ultimately complete in 1858, established the poston f the Governor-General of Fort Wiliam or Bongal Presidency and Waren Hasting became the fist Governor General of Benga Governors of Bombay Presidency and Madras Presidency were brought under the eantrol of the Governor General of Bengal. [ACouneilof the Governor General was established which consist of 4 English members ‘Governor Genera of Bengal was elven the authority to cast a vote but no veto powers, Laws at central level were made bythe Governor General of Bengal and his coun. aw at provincial leve! were made by the Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies and their provincial councls. [Supreme Court of 4 English Judges was established a Fort Willa, Caleuta, Bengal: ‘The Supreme was only forthe Bish people and not Indians. Charter Act, 1833 ‘rtsh East Inca Company was stopped from trading in Inia and was tasked with administration only. ‘Governor General of Bengal was raised tothe level of Governor General of India and Willam Bentick ‘became the fist Governor General of Inca Power of legstation was given to the Governor General of India, ‘The Governor General of india andhis council performed the functions of legisator and executive. Provincial Councils of the Governors of Bombay and Madras were stopped from law making. Laws made my Governor General of cia had tobe approved bythe Bish Parliament to become acts ‘law commission was established to coy the Indian Laws. ord Macaulay became its chairman, Charter Act, 1853 ‘Anew postion of Governor of Bengal was created, 6 Legislative councilors were appointed to help the Governor General of India in legislation. (Charter Act 1853 was not given any time period rather issue for indefinite period meant that the British Government culd abolish the rule of the British East India Company at any time Government of india Act, 1858 ‘abolished the British East india Company. ‘Anew postion ofthe Secretary of State for India established. ‘The postion of Secretar af tate indla was to beheld by a ablnet minster ofthe British Government. Lo«d stanley became the fist Secretar of State for India, ‘The Secretary of State for India had an advisory body (council consisting of 15 members. ‘The postion of Governor General of India was replaced with Viceroy of nda who was tobe the agent ofthe Secretary of tat fr India. Lord Canning became the fist Viceroy of Ina ‘The Executive Council of Governor General of india, based on 4 members, came under the eonteol of the Viceroy of india. > Indian subcontinent officially became a colony ofthe British Government. Queen's Proclamation (Proclamation of Queen Victoria) > A Darbar meeting was arranged at Allahabad on 1* Noverber, 1858. > Headsofthe princely states, Zamindars anda large numberof general public was invited to attend the Darbar. [At the Darbar, Viceroy Lord Canning told and explained to the people of India that the British ‘Government has taken the direct control ofthe India and the Fast india Company has been abolishes. This announcement a the Darbar i termed asthe Queen’ Proclamation. ocd Canning explained that Queen Victoria has revoked the policy of Doctrine of Lapse Henceforth, no native shal be annexed with the British Empire. Indians would be given jobs inthe British Indian Government on the bass oftheir qualification. ‘The natve soldiers ofthe Brits East India Company would be members ofthe British Army. 2ustie shall be glven to everyone. (Complete freedom would be given with regard tothe religion and religous affairs www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Indian Council Act, 1861 ‘The Executive Counc of Viceroy was enlarged to 5 members. However, no Indian was included init. ‘Membersof the Executive Counel were given the portfolios Home, Military, Law, Revenue and Finance In 1874 anew member was addedto the Executive Councl and was ven the portfolio of Puble Works Viceroy was empowered to ise ordinances with regard to urgent matters. ‘The ordinances Isued by the Viceroy were to expire after six months. ‘The 6 legislators introduced by the Charter Act of 1853 were replaced with 6 ational members. ‘The additional members were tabe nominated by the Viceroy hime. ‘Additonal members were divided a5 ofcial members and non-offial members Offical members were nominated from the Bish milkary orci services. Non-offiial members were Gritzher but not British officals, ‘Majority would be of oficial members. ‘adiional members were nominated for only two year. Umi of additional memiers was tobe between 6 12. Indians could also be nominated asthe non-official members ofthe Viceoy's Executive Council. ‘5 Raja Narendra Singh of Patiala Raja Sir Deo Narayan Singh of Benares © SirDinkar Rao Discussion was not allowed with regard to financial matters, ‘Additional members could not sk any questions tothe executives. Provincial Legislatures were established for Bombay, Madras, Bengal, NWFP and Punjab. Provincial Legislatures also included official and non-official members. Bis related to military, religion, foreign affairs and public revenue needed the approval ofthe Viceroy. Secretary of State for India was empoweree to revoke any bil/lw passed by the Viceroy. Indian Council Act, 1892 > Members of Viceroy’ Executive Counc were stilt 6 and they wete nominated by the Viceroy. > No indian was included in the executive councl > Additional members of Central Legislature were Increased. Minimum 10 and maxieum 16 > Additional members ware divided in 6 oficial and 10 non-official members, > Five non-official members were nominated by the Viceroy. > Four non-official members were nominated from the Provincial Legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, ‘Madras and NWEP. > One nor-ofical member wa nominated from the Calcutta Chamber of Commerc. > Allthe non-official members were nominated and no election was held for them. te was decided thatthe combined number of the executive and official members should be greater than the non-official members. > Financial discussions were allowed inthe Cental Legislature with regard tothe annual budget. > Voting for financial ils was nat allowed. Only discussions were allowes. > Additional members were allowed toask questions from the executive members about their portfolios > Inorder to ask questions from the executive members, a prior notice of six days was compulsory. > Asking supplementary questions from the executive members was ot allowed. Additional members were increased inthe provincial legislatures, > Additonal members of the provincial legislatures were elected from the universities, strict boards, ‘mueipltes,zamindars and chambers of commerce > (kindof representative form of government was introduced in the provincial legsitures Indian Council Act, 1909 (Minto-Morley Reforms) ‘Members ofthe Executive Council were stil si ‘kn indian, Satyendra Prasanna Sinha was included inthe Viceroy’ Executive Council as Law Member. ‘After. Sinha, Syed Al Imam became the first Musi law member in Vieroy's Executive Counc Separate electorates were given to the Muslims. Kind of communal representation was introduce {uaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Al Jinnah was elected as a member of the Central (imperial) Legislative CCouncilon the bass of separate electorates from Bombay on 4 lanuar, 1910. ‘Additional members ofthe central legislature were raised. Minimum 16 and maximum 60, Of the additional members, 28 offical members were nominated by the Viceroy. 5 nomolficial members were also nominated by the Viceroy. Other non-official members were tobe elected through indirect elections and separate electorates. 5 non-official members were to be Muslims, elected through separate electorates. 6 nomofficial members were to be Zaminéars, elected through separate electorates, 2 nar-offcial members were to be businessmen, elected through separate electorates ‘Additional members were allowed to vate on the financial ils and ask supplementary questions www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > Indians were also allowed to move esoltions > Elections were indict. Only landlords, property holders, businessmen, highly qualified people were allowed to vote. > Provincial Legislatures were established at 7 places, Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces, Punjab, Burma and Assam Provincial Legislatures of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces each had 50 addtional member. Provincial Legislatures of Punjab, Burma and Assam each had 30 additional members. Provincial Legisiatures had more non-official additional members than the oficial adaltional members. Indian Council Act, 1919 (Montague Chelmsford Reforms) 3 teas he first ofthe British acts for Inia which contained a preamble > Preamble “Progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral partof the British Empire. Responsibty of the Secretary of State of India was reduced and he was clieved from the responsibilty of agency work {Work of Embassy forthe Indian tersitry. Position of High Commissioner for India and office of High Commission of India were established, ‘The Secretary of State for India was to be paid by British Government, High Commissioner for inaia was to be pald from the Indian Treasury ‘Member of the Viceroy’ Executive Cound were stl si ‘Now thee indians were tbe the members ofthe Viceroys Executive Cou! ‘Central Leglslature was dived into two parts and made bieareral {lower house was named a5 legislative assembly and the upper house was named as council of state Total strength ofthe legislative assembly was to be 18. ‘The term ofthe members of the legislative assembly was to be3 years. ‘The legislative assembly consisted of 104 elected and 41 nominated members. Nominated members ofthe legislative assembly consisted of 26 oficial and 15 non-ffca members. ‘The 104 elected seats ofthe leplative assembly were divided inthe following manner: General | Reserved for | Reserved for | Reservedfor | Reserved for | Reserved for Muslims | Europeans _| Landlords | Indian Commerce | sikhs 32 30 3 zi 4 2 Total strength ofthe coun of state was'to be 60. ‘The council of state consisted of 33 elected and 27 nominated members. ‘Nominated members of the council of tate consisted of 17 offical and 10 non-official members. ‘The term ofthe members of the council of state was to be S years ‘The 32 elected seats ofthe council of state were dstributed in the following manner: “General | Reservedfor | Resewed for | Chamberof Commerce, | Revened for ‘Mustims | Europeans | sombay, Bengal. Burma | sikhs = 0 3 3 1 ‘Now, a total af 125 indians were tobe the part of Central Leglslature of which 42 would be Mustims. ‘Now, everybill was required tobe passed by both the houses af the Central Legislature. Subjeets wete alo divided in central sublect and provinal subject. Laws forthe central subjects (subject of al Inca interes) were to formed bythe Cental Legsiatue ‘There were 47 central subjects including defence, foreign policy, poltieal relations, currency, ete. ‘Two Provincial Legislatures were established for Bihar & Orrsa and Central Province Total PL) {All the Provincial Legislatures also included elected and nominated additional members. ow, n ach province, 304 elected members ofthe Provincial Legislature were to be made ministers ‘The system of dirchy was introduced atte provincial level In terms of law making, provincial subjects were divided into reserved subject and transfered subject. DIARCHY OF THE PROVINCIAL SUBJECTS Reserved Subjects ‘Transferred Subjects Tavs would be formed by the Provincial Governor | Laws would be formed by the Provinclal Governor and his Executive Counc and his Indian Ministers, > Fist direct elections of the British India, with linited voter franchise, were held in 1920 under the Indian Counel Ac of 191. > This act stated that after 10 years a commission would be appointed to assess the success of the changes brought by the indian Council Act, 1919 and their effect on the Indian society. > Thisact ako allowed the establishment ofthe Publi Service Commission of India www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Lucknow Pact, 1916 Background 3 Minto: Morley Referms in 1909, no Muslim but a Hindu “Satyendra Prasanna Sinha (SP. Sinhay" made Ito the Viceroy’s Executive Council Fussian Invasion of Tabriz, 1903, Calcutta Unity Conference, 910, convened by Willam Wedderburn (60 Hindus, 40 Mustins). ‘Annulment ofthe Partition of Bengalin 1911, Balkan-Ottoman War, 1911/12. (Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad Al Jinnah joined Alindia Muslim League (AIM, in 1983. (On 22% March, 1933, Qual-e-Azam proposed 9 new point to the objectives of the AML “To attain sutablese-government for India under the aegis of British.” sel Leadership in IML INC G..Goitisy, SP, Saha, Quoi Azam, Mathar-u Hog, Hekkin Am) enpur mosque tragedy, 1913. (Outbreak ofthe Warld Warn 2914, ‘ottoman Empie sided withthe central powers in the World War PARTIES OF THE WORLD WAR I ‘Allied Powers | Central Powers ‘Britain ‘Germ France utr: Hung Japan, Bulgaria Russia ‘Ottoman Emre aly ‘Muhammad AliJinnah’s Efforts & Lucknow Pact > Quaid-e-Azam, Muhammad AllJinnah convinced the AIML to hold its 1915 annual session at Bombay. 2 AM and Congress hold their annual sessions at Bombay in 115. > Gandhi Tink, Sinha, Malavia, Saroni Naidu, ee. visited the session of AIML, > AIML leadership also visited the session of Congress. > Maulvi Mazharul-Hag of AIML and [Link] of INC spoke in support of Hindu-Muslim Unity in thelr presidential addresses > Both parties agreed to set up reform committees > Memorandum of 28. > Theymet and helda combined meeting Calcutta in November, 1916, > Alter four days discussion and consideration they prepared a plan, The plan was then approvedin the joint session of AML and INC at Lucknow in 1916. > Thisplan came ta be known as the Lucknow Pact of 1916, > Qualé-e-Azam presided AIML session and Ambica Charan Majumdar presided the INC session Salient Feature of Lucknow Pact > Demand of sel government in Ina Hinds, forthe fist and last time, agreed tothe right of separate electorates forthe Muslims > Hindus agreed that the Muslins would have one thi representation in the Imperial legislative cue \Weightage formula les representation forthe Muslims in the Muslim majority provinces and more epresentation forthe Muslims in Muslim minorty provinces Communal Veto Power, no bil, resolution or any part off, related to anather nation, would be presented in any elected body if three fourth of the members ofthat affected nation/community ‘opposed it Seats of imperial Legislative Counell should be Inreased from 60 to 150 and fourth members be Gecty elected by the public ‘Seats of Provincial Legsative Counc for large provinces should be increased to 120, Seats of Provincial Leisatve Council for smal provinces should be increased to 50 0°75. ‘The president of the Counc should be selected by the members and not by government. ‘Members ofthe Legislative Council should be gven the right to move adjournment motions. ‘Members ofthe Councils should alsa be given the right to ask supplementary questions. ‘More provincial autonomy shouldbe given tothe provincial governments by reducing the control of the Secretary of State for India and British Government aver the provincial governments Secretary of State fr nda be pald by the Brtish Government and not from the Indians treasury. Council of the Secretary of state for India should be disbanded and two Assistant Secretaries be appointed to assist him. One Assistant Secretary should be an indian. www facebookcom/naseebnotes —— @stsssomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > Half ofthe members of the Executive Council of Governor General shouldbe indlans. > Governor or the head of the Provincial Government must not be from the Indian Civil Services > dlclary shouldbe separate from the Executive. No officer shouldhave judeal powers. Hindu Reaction to Lucknow Pact Hindus of United Provinces (UP) opposed the pact because ofthe eparate electorates. > Hindus of Punjab and even the Sikhs opposed the pact due to separate electorates. ‘Muslim Reaction to Lucknow Pact ‘SirSyed group, including Sir haf, opposed it because they did not keto cooperate with Hindus. > The Pasa newspapers opposed the pact due to similarities between the polices of AMI and INC. > Muslims of Bengal rejected the whole pact because of the weightage formula, > Many Muslims separated themeslves from AIM and formed separate groups lke Punjab Muslim ‘League of St Sha the Ingian Moslem Association, Bengal. > Alama ighal opposed it saying, “The pact cauldanly be proved successfulift was intended to jain one ration. iit am was to express two nations this plan was a failure.” > ch Khaliquur-Zaman abo criticized the pact, “ei a product of politcal inexperience of Muslims.” Significance of the Lucknow Pact indus recognized the Muslim political power and agrees to the demand of separate electorates ‘The pact dismissed the claim oF INCas the sole representatwve of the Indians ‘The Pactafrmed the fact that there ar two partes who represent the two major factions of India Government conceded to some demands of the Indians in the Montagu-chelmsford Reforms, 1919. ‘Quaid-e-Azam was titled as “The Ambassador ofthe Hindu Muslim Unity” by Sarojn Naidu INC cooperated with the Muslims during the Khiafat Movement, www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (Amritsar Massacre), 1919 Background of the Rowlatt Act, 1919 which led to Jalianwala Bagh Massacre > ise of revolutionary movements against the British Government in india > World War, Ghaddar Movement and attacks on the Brishers and their indian associates. > British Goverment imposed Defence of India Act, on 29" March, 1915 to cope up with the conspiracies against the British rule in india, > The Defence of india Act, 195 gave great powers of preventive detention, internment without tal, restriction of writing, speech and of movement tothe British Executives. Indo-German Conspiracy 1914-1917. > British Government appointed Rowiatt Committee in 2917, under the Chairmanship oflustce Sidney Rowiat, to find evidence of seditious conspiracies Rowiatt Committee submitted is report on 30" April 1928 Rowiatt Committee established the links of Indian revolutionaries with the Germans. Cn the commendations ofthe Rowiatt Committee, abil called “Anarchial and Revolutionary Crimes ‘Act (Rovelott Act), 1919 was presented in the Imperial legislative assembly Fowiatt Act, 1919 was a kindof extension ofthe Defence of India Ac, 1915. ‘Anyone cout be detained for 2 years or expelled frm India without any tial under the Rowiatt Act ‘Members of Select Committee, ie Muhammad Shafi and Surendranath Bannerjea wrote notes of 23nomoffcial members ofthe counel voted against the bill bu the bill Was passed due tothe majority ‘ofthe Brtshers inthe coun > Quaide-Azam, Muhammad Ali innah, Madan Mohan Malaviya and some other prominent leaders resigned from the legislative councl as protest against the Rowlat Act bl Events to Jalllanwala Bagh Tragedy ‘The press and the people strongly protested against the passing of Rowiatt Act. ‘MLK. Gandhi called fora nationwide protest "RowlatSatyagraha” against the Rowlat Act. Punjab extended great support to RowiattSatyagraho br, SafuddinKitchlew and Or. Styapal were the leading figures from Punjab. Assuming that speeches of prominent personalities may cause unrest, lt Governor of Punjab, Michael (Dwyer bared Or. Saiuddin Kitehlow and Dr. Satyapal from making any speeches. {ater 0, Deputy Commissioner of Amvitsar, Miles iving summoned Or. Ssiusdn Ktchiew and Or. Satyapalto his office and sent them to Dharamshala city through a back door to keep them under house arrest. > Hearing the news ofthe arrest of their leaders, people started to protest and demanded ther release. > Alarge protest was held ina park on 10" Api, 1919, demanding the release of Dr. Saifudlin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyaral > Police opened fire which made the situation more problematic and people turned extremely angry. The angry mab looted the National Bank and Chartered Bank af Amritsar and killed the Bank Manager and his asstant. >To control the situation, Lt. Governor of Punjab, Michael O'Dwyer called an army officer, General Reginald Dyer on 10% April 1919 from Jalandhar. General Dyer reached Amritsar with 474 English and 730 Indian Soldiers and two armoured vehicles General Dyer issued orders to ban al kinds of public meetings, demonstrations and rallies in Amritsar. General Dyer toured the Amita city on 13° Api, 1919 and made announcement a 19 paces about the ban which he imposed, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre > 13 Apri, 1919 was the Basathi day a day of celebration for Sikhs (on 13" Apri, 1919, around 4pm, General Dyer was informed about a gathering at Jallonwala Bagh. {General Dyer marched towards the Jalianwala Bagh with 80 troops and ordered them to open fre. As per the oficial fgures, 379 people were killed and 1200 were injured at allarwala Bagh ‘Martial Law was declared in Punjab and Colonel Frank Johnson was appointed as the Martial [Adminstrator a Lahore He made the students to walk for niles forthe purpose of studs. Even the car of Sir Shad, who was justice of the Punjab Chief Court, was taken from him, Indian mob beat 2 lady missionary miss Manuella Sherwood In street. As @ revenge, Martial authorities banned the entry of indians in that street, > ifanyone had no atemative wa, he/she was asked to pass the street by crawling. (Crawling Steet) www facebook com/nascebnotes — @stsassows > > > >NASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS ‘Aftermath of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre House of lords ofthe Britain praised General Dyer for filing his uty. Government aso passed indemnity Actto protect the officers who participated Inthe massacre > Gandhi called of hi Rowiatt Satyagraha, > Secretary of State for Indian Edwin Montague appointed an Inquiry Committee (Hunter Committee. 1 Lord Wilian Hunter (A Senator of Scotland), 2 Chimanlal Hara setalva (VC of Bombay University), | Pandit Jagat Narayan (A member ofthe Legislative Council of United Provinces), 44 Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan (A lawyer of Gwalior). Hunter Committee unanimously held General Dyer responsible forthe massacre. ‘unter Committe also submitted inthe report that there was no conspiracy in Punjab in 1918. However, neither Lt Governor Michael’ Dwyer nor General Dyer was punished due to indemnity act. ‘Army Council also protected General Dye. ‘The then Secretary of State for Law Winston Chureil, condemned the act of Genera Dyer Later on, owing to growing pressure, General Dyer was removed from his position and he went to UK. General Dyer suffered paralysis and died because of brain hemorrhage (cerebral hemorrhage). {. Governor, Michael O'Dwyer was shot dead in the Caxton Hall, London in 1940 by Udham Singh. Government tried to compensate the Indians through Indian Council Act 1818. ‘Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920, www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Khilafat Movement (Tehreek-e-Khilafat), 1919-1924 Background > World War, Sutan Mehmed V{ sit 24) Ottoman Empire Khilafat-e-Usmania sided with Germany and Austria-Hungary. PARTIES OF THE WORLD WAR I ‘Allied Powers | Central Powers ‘etain Germany. France Terie: Hung Japan Bulgaria Russia Otioman Emae va ‘Muslims of nea feared that W Britain wan the war, they wil daintegrate the Caliphate. ‘They were suspicious that the holy places of slam, which were under the Caliphate, would be divided, ‘rsh Prime Minister, Loyal Gearge declares thatthe British was not fighting to deprive Turkey of territorial inte > british Indian Goverment asked the Indian Muslims to support the British in the war and the ‘Government wil protect the Ottoman Empire ater the World War > Sultan Abdul Majeed I. aie) was the lst Sultan ofthe Ottoman Empre Efforts for the Protection of Ottoman Empire > Ai Brothers and Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad were in jal 15 thousand Muslims gather in Bombay and Bombay Khlafat Committee was established on 20% ‘March 1919. Seth Jan Muhammad Chottan became the president of the Khilaat Commitee. In a meeting of Bombay Krilafat Committee on 58 July, 1918, AlLindia Khilafat Committee was established. Seth Jan Muhammad Chottani was appointed as the President the Allncia Kilafat Committee. ‘Maulana Shaukat Ali was appointed as Secretary of the AlbingiaKhilafat Commitee, ‘ranches of Albindia Khilafat Committee were later established through the county. +¥kilafat Day was observed on 7" October, 1919, Following were objectives of Khifat Movement: 1 Tomaintain the Turkish Caliphate 2 To protect the holy places ofthe Musis 3 Tomainain the unity of Ottoman Empice Fst Khllafat Conference was held on 23-24 November, 1919. ‘Moulv AK Fazii Hag proposed to seek the cooperation ofthe non-Muslim Indian, Resolutions were presented in the conference wth folowing aims 11 None celebration of armistice to register the anger ofthe Muslim. 2. Muslim non-> Acting upon the Lucknow Pact, AIM and INC discussed the issues with regard to Khilafat Movement > Second Khilfat Conference was held on at Amritsar in December, 1919 and it wos propased that @ Gelegatin shouldbe sent to England to inform the British Government about the Muslim sentiment. > Third Khiafat Conference was held at Bombay from 15° to 17 February, 1920 at Bombay and it also endorsed the decision of sending a delegation to England, Khilafat Delegation, 1920 > A delegation was formed which vsted England in March, 1920 > Mualana Muhammad AlJohar was made the head of the delegation. > The delegation prepared a charter of demands tobe presented tothe British Gavernment. Following were the main demands: 1 Sultan of Turkey should remain the Khalifa of Constantinople, Thrace, Anatolia and Armenia, 2 Wijaz, Siri, Palestine and raq must not be ven to non-Muslims. 3 Wiork should be done to make India independent. “Amagazine, Muslim Outlook, was establshedin London to cary outa deta account ofthe delegation, Delegation met with British PM Lloyd George but could not convince him, Loyd Geoege said that Turkey will gt fl ustice lke Austria and Germany. ‘The delegation also could nat succeed In convincing the people in London, Kaly, Pai, et. Treaty of Sevres, 1920 > Allies powers ofthe World War signed Treaty Seves with the Ottoman Empire on 10% August, 1920 www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassowsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > The teaty broke the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Empire was to renounce all he rights over the Arab Asia and North Ai > ottoman Caliph became the Sutan of Turkey only Central Kilafat Committee Meeting > central khiafat Committee meeting was held on 28 May,1920 at Dehli which was als attended by Hindus and Sikhs > Congress, Jamiat ul Ulama¢-Hind and athers maved resolution under the leadership of Gandhi for launching @ Non-Cooperation Movernent. 'Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920, > Teas decided to launch a non-cooperation movement to pressurize the government > Mohandas Karamchand Ganchi wast lead the non-caoperation movement. > Jamiata-Ulama--Hind issued a decree (Fatwa) of Tarke-Mawalaat on 6” September, 1920. Following Were the main point: 1. Disasocition from al executive and legislative council 2 Boycat of court. | Boycott of educational institutes which received gran from the British Government 4 Renouncing government tts. 55 Resignation from government jobs ‘Aigath College didnot agree withthe non-cooperation movement, ‘Maulana Mukammad Af Johar and his friends left Aligarh and decided to form Jamia Mili Benares University ako did net act upon the non-caoperation, ‘Madan Mohan Malaviya stopped MK Gand and Maulana Muhammad AliJohar from addressing the students ofthe university ‘Congress changed its objectives to “To attain self-government through extra constitutional means of ‘mass struggle.” > Qualdve-Azam resigned from the Indian National Congress Hijrat Movement Fatwa of Darul Harb > A delegation of peace from Afghanistan visted india In 1920, > Ameer Amanulah of Afghanistan said In hs speech that he was ready to die forthe protection of hlafat. te said Afghanistan would als provide asylum to Indian forthe protectin af thelr religion. ‘Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdul Bal issued a decree (Fatwa) which stated that India is Darul Harb and Muslims should migrate from here. Mazime were appointed in the cities and central office “khuddam-ul:Miuhaeen was set up at Deh 8By the second week of August, 1920, more than 30,000 Muslims left for Kabul ‘Many Muss sold thelepropertes and assets at throwaway price Soon Afghanistan als closed her borders forthe Muslims due to her limited resources ‘jrat Movement failed to achieve anything rather made the life of people miserable. alabar Rebellion (Moplah Revolt Madras) ‘Ethnic Arab Musi lived in Malabar, Madras ‘llafat Committee was setup in Malabar in June, 1920. ‘Maulana Muhammad Ak Johar and M.K. Gandhi visited Malabar in September, 1920 Government imposed a ban onthe Khlafat Committee public meetings inthis ates. ‘Moulv Yaqub was arrested onthe charge of violating the ban. ‘Many Mappilas were arested on 20° August, 1921, for violating the ban and making protests, Seon, the situation turned bad and Mappilas revolted against the Government ‘Mappias targeted everything including the British Officers, Hindus and the infrastructure To control the situation government imposed martial aw. 2339 Mappilas were killed, 2652 surtained injuries and S955 were arrested. VvvVVYVYYYVE vyyyy Arrest of All Brothers & Karachi Trial ‘resolution was by inthe Khilafat Conference meeting in 1921 in Karachi ‘The resolution condemned the military and police service. Calle upon the Muslims to abandon these departments Government arrested the following and some thers onthe charges of treason: ‘Maulana Muhammad Al Johar ‘Maulana Shaukat Al ‘©. Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni Dr, Sifeddin Ktehiew © Sawamishankar Acharya www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS > Sawami Shankar Achariya was released and the rest were awarded two years imprisonment CChauri Chaura Tragedy, 1922 ‘On 4” or 5® February, 1922, a group of protestors was partlpating In civil dsobedience movement. Police opened fire on the protestors. 3 persons were kiled and some sustained injuries, In revenge, the protestors seton fire a police station in Chauri Chaura town, Gorakhpur in UP. 22 1023 policemen wereld in the incident. vy Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement > MK. Gandhi called ofthe Non-Cooperation Movement saying that he is against violence. > Gandhi was arrested by the Government. End of Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi was a blow tothe Kilafat Movement. Establishment of Democratic System in Turkey > On 3” March, 1524, the leader of Turkish Nationalist Party, Mustafa Kamal Pasha, Atta Turk, announced the setting up of ademocratic government. > Thisshattered the efforts ofthe Indian people and Khilafat Movement came to its end CCause of the Failure of Khilafat Movement. ack political support from Muslim League, Emotional Heat Movement End of Non-Cooperation Movement. ‘Artest of Al Brothers and Gandhi -Abolshment of Kilafat by Mustafa Kamal Pasha, Atta Turk, [Aftermath of the Khilafat Movement ise of Ulamas in the politics (Jamiat«-Ulama-e-Hin) [kind of setback to the Lucknow Pact. End of Hindu Musim unity for once and al {stabished the sense of struggle in the Muslims which supported the Pakistan Movement www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Dehli Muslim Proposals, 1927 Background Lucknow pact was ericzes by both sides. Failure ofkhilfat Movement Shuchi and Sanghatan Movements created communal ios. se inthe communal rots, 127 Iedents were reported from 1923 to 1927. ‘Approximately 650 people were killed and 16000 people wee injured, (Quaic-e-Azam stressed for Hindu-Muslim unity in the Lahore session of Al-india Musi League, 1924, ise of Hindu Mahasaba (Al-india Kindy Grand Assembly), ideologies of Hindutva, Hindu Nationalism, ‘Aghand Bharat (Undivided india). Hindu Mahasata opposed the separate electorates. Dehli session of AlLindia Muslim League, 1926; Quaid-eAzam again stressed for Hindu-Muslim unity. Congress president, Srinivasa engartaked to Quaid-e-Azam about the Hindu-Muslim Unity in 1926. ‘Motial Nehru in 1927, requested Quald-e-Azam ta give the demand of separate electorate and all ‘other demands would be accepted. Meeting of the Musi Leadership ‘Quaid-e-Aram Muhammad AliJinah invited 30 prominent Muslims leaders fora meeting at Weston Hote, Dehi ‘The meeting was held on 24” March, 1927 and the isue of separate electorates was discussed. ‘Muslims, on request of Quaide-Azam, agreed to give up the demand of separate electorates Forgiving separate electorates, Quaid-e-Azem presented four demands which came to be known as Dehli Muslim Proposals. Dehli Muslim Proposals > Sindh should be separated from Bombay presidency and constituted asa separate province 2 Reforms should be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan onthe footings of ather provinces. > Representation in the lepsiative assemblies of Punjab and Bengal shouldbe according to population. > Onethird seats should be reserved forthe Musims inthe Central Legislature, Congress and Hindu Reaction > Congres accepted and endorsed Dehli Muslim Proposals inks Bombay session on 15° May, 1927, im months, Congress ejects Deh Muslim Proposals ints Madras session an 30” December, 1927 > Hinds Mahasaba sald only joint electorates are acceptable and all ther demands are unacceptable Aftermath > Sir Muhammad Shafl opposed the Dehli Muslin Proposal and favour separate electorate, > Muslim League was divided into two groups, lina League and Shafi League. www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Simon Commission, 1927-29 Background Diarchy government was introduced at provincial levels under the Indian Counell Act, 1919, Indians were neither satisfied nor in favour of the darchy system in nda Section (clause) 84 A ofthe ncian Council Act, 1919 provided for appointment of a commission ‘The commission was to be appointed on expiry of 10 years after the enactment ofthe Act of 1818, ‘The purpose of such commission wast examine the working of reforms brought by the Act of 1919 and submit recommendations fr the future reforms in inl. > The commission was supposed to be appointed in the year 1828, Why Simon Commission was appointed before time? > Elections were scheduled by held in England on 30” May, 1929. Secretary of State for Inca, Lord Birkenhead (Fedrik Edwin Sith) feared thatthe ruling Conservative Party was facing an electoral defeat in the elections of 1929 in England Conservative Party believe that their opponent Labour Party wil the problem of indian reforms in ‘order to inthe elections of 1929 in England, Birkenhead proposed thatthe proposed commission be appainted before the elections otherwise it will only include the members oftheir @pponent Labour Paty, > swara} Party of Motilal Nehru was also bittery criticizing the British Government in indian assemblies ith regard to the reforms proces for Inia, > The Government was ofthe view that appointment of commission before time wll pacify the Indians. > Accordingly the section/elause 84 A ofthe Indian Council Act, 1913 was amended. > The words ofthe clause “atthe expration of 10 years" were replaced with “within 10 years” ‘Appointment ofthe Statutory Commission for India (Simon Commission) > The Statutory Commission for India, commonly known as Simon Commission, was appointed on 26% ‘November, 1927, Following were the members of Siman Commission 4 SirJohn Simon, (labour Party) Chairman of Commission 2 Clement atiee, (labour Party) 3 VernonHartshorn, (labour Party) 4 Marry evy-tawson, (Conservative Party) 5 Edward Cadogan, (Conservative Party) 6 George Lane-Fox, (Conservative Party) 7 Donald Howard, (Conservative Party) ‘Mo Indian was inluded in Simon Commission, al the members were English (Quaid-e-Azam, addressing the Indian Legislative Assembly, demanded that the appointment of ‘commission a mentioned inthe Ingian Council Ac, 1919, > Quald-e-Azam stressed that commission should be based on such people who could satisty the people. > Asno indian was incuded in the commission Incas termed it as "White Commission”. 3 Indian National Congress, nits Madras Session, 1927, decided to boycott the Commission. x > {Quaid-e-Azam group Allncia Muslim League also decided to boycott the Commission. SitShaf group of Al-India Musi League decided to support ané cooperate with the Commision First Visit of Simon Commission in india and the Reaction ofthe Indians > Simon Commission aeved in naa, forthe fst tie, on 3* February, 1928, > Onitsartval in Indi, Simon Commission was canfranted with protests and apposition, > People welcomed Siman Commission with black Nags bearing the slogan of "Go BackSimon” &"indian Uninvited Guest Simon Go Back’ > They examined all te documents that the goverment could provide to them. > Simon Commission returned to England on 31" March, 1928, ‘Second Visit of Simon Commission in India and the Reaction ofthe Indians For the second time, Simon Commision arrived in Lahore, Ina; on 11" October, 1928 ‘Thistime, the commission again faced protests and go back Simon slogans in Lahore Protests turned violent and police began to beat the protestors and their leader Lala Laat Ral die, ‘About a fortnight later, Lala Lapa Ra dled due tothe serious injures ‘The commission vsted various pars of India, Leader of the untouchables, Dr. Bhinvao Ramil Ambedkar presented a proposal regarding the education ofthe backward class under Bombay presidency. Simon Commission ft for England on 13" Apri, 1929. www facebookcom/naseebnotes —— @stsasomsNASEEB NOTES OF PAKISTAN STUDIES FOR GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS Report of Simon Commission The report of Simon Commission was published on 30 May, 1930, Simen Commission Report was published in two volumes. > Fist volume was titled as “Survey” and contained 410 pages > second volume was titled as “Recommendations” and contained 344 pages, Simon Commission Report was published by Calcutta Press. 2 Retail price of Simon Commission Repart was Rs, Recommendations of Simon Commission Dlarchy should be abolished atthe provincl levels {All the portfolios should be handed over othe provinclal ministers Powers ofthe Central Government and Provincial Governors should be reduce. Federal system of government shouldbe Introduced in India fight ta vote should be extended ta more people Separate electorate should continue. Postponement of Sindh from Bombay presidency. ‘An expert committee should he constituted regarding the separation of Sindh from Bombay. ‘Expert committee should study the financial problems which the separation of ind isk to caus. ‘Maintenance of weightage formula, majority rule in Punjab and Bengal was denied, ‘Demand of reforms in NWFP Was not consideree. NWPF should cantinue with same status. ‘Aftermath of Simon Commission > Neheu Report 1928. > fnnah 14 Points, 1923, > Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932. Statements about Simon Commission ‘Simon Commission was a blow against the national pride of India.” (Te) Bahadur Sapru) > “can not even imogine the appointment of o commission which has been given the task of deciding ‘the future constitution of India and its 350 milion inhabitants but which doesnot contain even a single Indian Member.” (Queld-e-Azam) > “The Jalionwala Bagh was a physica! butchery, the Simon Commission isthe butchery of out souls,” (Quaid-e-Azom, www facebookcom/nascebnotes — @stsassoms