SECTION 1

: This section ensures that no person can be deprived of essential rights—life, liberty (freedom),
or property—without "due process of law."

"Due process" means that the government must follow fair procedures (like trials and hearings)
before depriving someone of these rights.

Furthermore, it guarantees that all people are treated equally under the law, ensuring
protection against discrimination.

1. Life: A person cannot be sentenced to death by the government without a fair trial, where
they have a chance to defend themselves in court.

2. Liberty: If a person is arrested, the arrest must follow proper legal procedures. For example,
the police cannot just arrest someone without probable cause or a valid warrant.

3. Property: If the government wants to take away someone’s property (such as through
eminent domain), they must provide compensation and follow legal processes.

4. Equal Protection: This clause was key in ending segregation in the U.S. Supreme Court case

SECTION 2

: This section protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Law enforcement or
government authorities cannot just search a person’s home, car, or other personal property
without a good reason. A judge must issue a warrant based on probable cause, which includes
specific details about the place to be searched and the items or individuals involved.

1. Unreasonable Search: If police officers enter your home and start searching without a valid
warrant, that search violates this section. Any evidence they find (e.g., illegal substances) might
not be usable in court because the search was illegal.

2. Warrant Requirements: If law enforcement believes someone is committing a crime in their

home, they need to present evidence to a judge to get a search warrant. The judge examines
the case and issues a warrant only if there is sufficient probable cause.

SECTION 3

Clause 1 : This clause protects the privacy of personal communications and correspondence. It
means that private letters, emails, phone calls, or other forms of communication cannot be
interfered with unless there is a lawful order by a court or a compelling need related to public
safety.

Clause 2: Any evidence obtained through illegal searches, or violations of privacy under this or
the preceding section, is inadmissible in court. In other words, if the police unlawfully tap
someone's phone without a warrant, any evidence obtained from that act cannot be used in a
legal proceeding.
1. Privacy of Communication: The government cannot listen to or read private messages unless
there is a court order. For instance, if law enforcement wants to wiretap a suspect’s phone, they
must get a warrant from a judge.

2. Inadmissible Evidence: If a police officer illegally searches a house without a warrant and
finds illegal drugs, that evidence cannot be used in court. This principle was reinforced in the
famous U.S. case

SECTION 4

: This section guarantees the right to freedom of speech, expression, and the press. It also
protects the right to gather peacefully and to petition the government to address grievances.
The government cannot pass laws that limit these freedoms, except in cases where public safety
is at serious risk.

1. Freedom of Speech: Individuals can voice their opinions about political leaders, policies, or
social issues without fear of government retribution. For instance, peaceful protests against
government policies are protected under this section.

2. Freedom of the Press: Journalists can report on government actions, including criticism of
officials, without being censored. However, this freedom doesn't allow libel or slander.

3. Right to Assemble: Citizens can organize and participate in peaceful protests or

demonstrations, such as marches advocating for civil rights.

4. Petition the Government: Groups or individuals can formally ask the government to correct
wrongs or change policies. For example, citizens can send petitions to their legislators to oppose
or support laws.

SECTION 5

This section protects religious freedom, meaning that the government cannot establish a state
religion or interfere with people’s religious practices. It also forbids discrimination based on
religion and states that no religious test or qualification can be required to hold public office or
exercise civil or political rights.

1. No Establishment of Religion: The government cannot declare an official national religion or

give preferential treatment to one religion over others. For example, the U.S. government is
prohibited from favoring Christianity over other religions.

2. Free Exercise: Individuals are free to practice their religion as they see fit, as long as their
practices do not harm others. For instance, a person can attend church, mosque, or synagogue,
or they can choose not to practice any religion at all.

3. No Religious Test: A person cannot be barred from running for public office because of their
religion, or lack thereof. This means that a Muslim, Christian, atheist, or follower of any other
belief can equally hold public office or vote. --- These sections embody fundamental rights in a
democratic society, ensuring that individuals are protected from government overreach and
guaranteed freedoms that allow for a just and free society.