"ANNEE ACADEMIQUE : 2022-2023 REPUBLIQUE TOGOLAISE TRAVAIL- LIBERTE-PATRIE UNIVERSITE DE KARA. FACULTE : FAST DEPARTEMENT : PHYSIQUE SEMESTRE I ANGLAIS SCIENTIFIQUE ANG 12200 3 OPTION: TC (MATHEMATIQUE/PHYSIQUE/CHIMIE) ENSEIGNANTE : Dr. Kemealo ADOKI (MA)SYLLABUS Intitulé du parcours : Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Semestre d’évolution : Semestre II Code et intitulé de l'enseignement : ANG 12200 / Anglais Scientifique Nombre de crédits : 2 crédits Jour, horaire et salle de l'enseignement : a déterminer Enseignant responsable de I'UE : ADOK! Kemealo LSVuygvyegs Disponibilité pour recevoir les étudiants (jours, heures, lieu) : a détermin er Public-cible : - Etudiants inscrits - Chercheurs intéressés par [UE Pré-requis : Knowledge of some key words in Business domain and Engli sh Language SSS V Objectif général : General objective : By the end of this lecture students s hould be able to use some concepts in Mathematics, Physics, and Chemi stry domains. V Objectifs spécifiques : By the end of this lecture students should be able to -use the words taught in their sentences; -study some key words linked to mathematic issues, Physics and Chem istry, eto; -read fluently and carefully, analyse and answer the questions of the studie dtexts ; v -use some grammatical rules studied to make correct and meaning ful sentences ~] fa_l v -translate some passages or sentences Vv Langue d’enseignement : Anglais V Bref descriptif de l'enseignement : Content : v Chap! - Vocabulary v Chapll -Reading comprehension wv Chaplll -Some key words and their specific use v ChaplV -Grammar V ChapV -Translation V Organisation de lenseignement Séance | Contenu et activités d’e Méthodes d’e | Matériel/ Objectifs Ne nseignement/apprentis | nseignement/ | Support pé sage apprentissag | dagogique e -use the wordst | 1 | Reading comprehension | Travaux dirig | Support de aught in their se ofa passage vocaulary | és; QCM; Dé | cours ntences ; read fl work/uilding grammar / | bats textes uently a passage deate and writing -use some gram matical rules stu died to make co rrect and meanin gful sentences study some ke 2 Texts one issues of mat | Cours magistr | Support de y words linked t hematics and chemistry | al cours o mathematics i s Débats textes ssues, Physics a Definitions : mathemati nd Chemistry, de cs issues, Physics andfine some key w ords ; etc - use some gram matical rules stu died to make co trect and meanin gful sentences Chemistry, define some key words ; Grammar and writing read fluently and carefully, an alyse and answe rthe questions of the studied t exts ; = use some gram matical rules stu died to make co trect and meanin gful sentences Text 1: Pythagoras Text 2 : Albert Einstein Travaux d s} QCM; Déb ats ‘textes Give the importa nce of mathema tics - Gram mar an d trans lation Importance of mathem atics in everyday life Grammar : arithmetic in tegers /fractions / ratio nal numbers/ read num bers (decimal)/ comple x number -translate some passag es or sentences Travaux di s; QCM; Déb ats ‘The illustrat ions Give the importa Importance of physics t Travaux dirigé ‘The illustrat nce of physics a oman and the society | s; QCM; Déb | ions nd translate so -Grammar : / translate s | ats me passages or ome passages or sente sentences nees Give the importa What is chemistry Travaux di ‘The illustrat nce of chemistry Some terrms and ffdefi_| s; QCM; Déb | ions and translate so nitions ats me passages or sentences Hydrocarbon Hydrogen Alkanes -translate some passag es or sentencesV Modalités d’évaluation des apprentissages : - Travaux dirigés, exposés, t ravail en équipes - Examen v Ressources complémentaires: Bibliographie Delhome, Annie et Champon Phillippe, 1991, Les mots -clés de en treprise et de ses activités, Bréal, Boulevard de la Boissiére : Montr euil. Bediako, Kofi Owusu, 2011, Essay and Letter Writing for Second-cy cle and Tertiary Students, Sahabia Publications, Legon/ Acrra. Clavelin, Maurice.1 996. La philosophie naturelle de Galilée, Paris : A Ibin Michel. Hourquin, G. & sQuénelle, G, 1987, Formes et emplois du verbe ang! ais, Hatier, Paris. Djikunu, Evans Gadeto, 2006, Last Hour English for Senior High Sc hools (WASSCE), Papert, India atNarain Printers, Legon/ Accra. Djikunu, Evans Gadeto, 2010, Last Hour English for Senior High Sc hools (WASS CE), Paper?, India atNarain Printers, Legon/ Accra Hornby, A.S, 2010, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Oxford, O xford University Press. Koyre, Alexandre. 1980 études galiléennes. Paris ‘Hermann, Newton, Isaac.1729 The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philos [Link] : Oxford University. Rundell, Michael, 2002, Macmitlan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. * Sites internetSCIENTIFIC ENGLISH Sequence Objective By the end of this lecture students should be able to -use the words taught in their sentences; -study some key words linked to Mathematics; and deal with a scientific analysis; -acquire knowledge of the issues of Mathematics and the glossary of te ms and to improve students’ ability to read and understand scientific texts, c ‘overing all areas of science and technology from mathematics to life; -give the importance of Mathematics in everyday life; -read fluently and carefully, give a scientific analysis and answer the qu estions of the studied texts -use some grammatical rules studied to make correct and meaningful s entences; -translate some passages or sentences “|a L Science encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of t he physical and natural world through observation and experiment, and technol ogy is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Scientific English is an introductive course for learners who need to be able to u se English in the scientific domain. Text 1: The Importance of Mathematics in Everyday Life Mathematics (math) is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and space usi ng mathematical processes, rules, and symbols. There are many branches of m athematics and a large vocabulary associated with this subject. Everyday life is full of opportunities to help us learn and practise mathematics. When you highli ght math in the things you do each day, you show that math is important. Using words like longer, shorter, first, last, likely, unlikely in conversation, builds your un derstanding of math concepts. Playing games, reading books, and doing puzzle 's together builds your daily math skills and shows that math can be extremely i mportant for us. Math is incredibly important in our lives and, without realizing it, we use mathem atical concepts, as well as the skills we learn from doing math problems, every day. The laws of mathematics govern everything around us, and without a good understanding of them, one can encounter significant problems in life. Here are a few reasons that math is a powerful and incredibly useful tool. Learning math is good for your brain. Research conducted by Dr Tanya Evans of Stanford University indicates that children who know math are able to recruit certain brain regions more reliably, and have greater gray matter volume in thos e regions, than those who perform more poorly in math. The brain regions invol ved in higher math skills in high-performing children were associated with vario us cognitive tasks involving visual attention and decision-making. While correla tion may not imply causation, this study indicates that the same brain regions th at help you do math are recruited in decision-making and attentional processes Math helps you tell time. A recent study indicated that 4 out of 5 children living jin Oklahoma City cannot read the hands on an analog clock to tell time. Knowin g math, and particularly, fractions, can help you better tell time. While analog cl ‘ocks may eventually become obsolete, don’t let your ability to tell time become outdated! Use your knowledge of fractions to help you tell time on analog clock 's that have an hour, minute, and (sometimes) second hand. Math helps you with your finances. Math can be helpful for balancing your bud get because you will have a good understanding of how to make sure that your costs are less than the money you have. Balancing one's bank account, for exa mple, is an important life skill that requires math in order to sub tract balances. People who know math are therefore less likely to go into debt because they di | [GoL ‘d not know how much money they had versus how much money they spent. Math makes you a better cook (or baker). With a knowledge of math, for exam ple, you can quickly deduce that a half-cup of flour is the same thing as eight ta blespoons of flour. This can prove handy if you find that your half-cup measure i s missing. Likewise, if you are cooking from a recipe that serves 4 people, but y ou need to feed 8 people, your math skills tell you that you can simply double all of the necessary ingredients. Without math, you may not have enough food (or have too much food) to feed your guests. Math helps us have better problem-solving skills. Math helps us think analyti cally and have better reasoning abilities. Analytical thinking refers to the ability t © think critically about the world around us. Reasoning is our ability to think logi cally about a situation. Analytical and reasoning skills are important because th ey help us solve problems and look for solutions. The process that you follow t ‘© solve the train problem can help you solve a problem in your life, the skills that you use in framing the problem, identifying the knowns and unknowns, and takin g steps to solve the problem can be a very important strategy that can be appli ed to other problems in life. Math is used in practically every career in some way. Obviously, mathematicia ns and scientists rely on mathematical principles to do the most basic aspects of their work such as test hypotheses. While scientific careers famously involve math, they are not the only careers to do so. Even operating a cash register req uires that one understands basic arithmetic. Peo ple working in a factory must b e able to do mental arithmetic to keep track of the parts on the assembly line a nd must, in some cases, manipulate fabrication software utilizing geometric pro perties (such as the dimensions of a part) in order to build their products. Reall y, any job requires math because you must know how to interpret your pay chec k and balance your budget. Math is all around us and helps us understand the world better. To live inam athematically-driven world and not know math is like walking through an art mu sseum with your eyes closed. Learning and appreciating math can help you appr eciate things that you would not otherwise notice about the world. In reality, ma th is every where! Math can make you more popular. Before you start to disagree with me, think about how great it is to go to dinner with a friend who can quickly divide a chec k in their mind to determine how much each person needs to pay to split the bil L Your knowledge of fractions can also help you divide a pizza among a few pe ‘ople. While math is popularly the realm of nerds, your ability to avoid awkward c ‘onfusion and silence as you and your friends try to divide a pizza or a dinner bill is truly a valuable skill. Be known as the cool person that knows how to do men tal math quickly. Math can help you shop a good sale. Not only will your quick mental arithmeti ce skills help you become known as the smart person who everyone appreciates when the waiter brings the check to your table, your math skills can also help yo “|_l ushop. Knowledge of percentages and how to calculate them quickly can help you save time when shopping at a sale at the mall — for example, to quickly calc ulate a discounted price, or to determine whether you've been correctly charged when paying for a shirt at the store. You dontt need a Ph.D. in math to develop s ome quick mental arithmetic skills; they can help you in these and other areas o f your life in the long run. Math is the universal language. Sure, it's mostly equations, numbers, and som e Greek letters, but math is understood the same virtually all over the world (an d who knows, maybe all over the universe). A math equation doesn't need to be translated to another language to be understood by someone on the other side of the planet. A mathematical law doesn't change because someone has a diffe rent religion than you or speaks a different language from you. 2 + 2 =4 inever y single place on planet Earth. Pretty cool! The universality of math is one of the many things that makes it such a powerful tool and, indeed, essential life skill. In summary, math is not only important for success in life; it is all around us. Th e laws of mathematics are evident throughout the world, including in nature, and the problem-solving skills obtained from completing math homework can help us tackle problems in other areas of life. While many may complain that math is boring or complicated, the truth is that a life devoid of math means that we go a round experiencing the world on a much less interesting level than we could. Math Vocabulary English French Acute angle Algebra ‘Angle Area Axis Bracket Column Curly bracket Denominator Digit Divided b Divisibility Divisor Equals/is Equation Even number Exponent Factorial Five cubedFive squared Five to the (power of) four Fraction ged = [greatest common divisor] Geometry Hyperbola Index Infinity Irrational Icm = [least common multiple] Lefi/right bracket Minus infinity Negative number Nine tenths Numerator Obtuse angle Odd number One and a half One fifth One half One quarter/fourth One third Ordinal number pairwise Per cent Pi Plus infinity Positive number power Prime number Product provided that quotient Radius rational Relatively prime Remainder Right angle Six to the power of ten Solution Square root sum Three eighthsTimes/multiplied by Toadd To divide To multiply Tosolve To subtract Vocabulary Answer Acute angle: angle aigu Algebra: algebre Angle: angle Area: superficie Axis: axe Bracket: parenthése Column: colonne Curly bracket: accolade Denominator: dénominateur Digit: mesure de longueur ou de quanti té Divided by: divide par Divisibility : divisibilité Divisor : divisiseur Equals/is: égal a Equation: : équation Even number: nombre pair Exponent : exposant Factorial: factorielle Five cubed : in English, the digit/figure 5 Five squared : cing carré Five to the (power of) four: cing puiss ance quatre Fraction: fraction gcd =[greatest common divisor] : PG cD. Geometry: géométrieL Exercise Grammar Tenses 1-GIVE THE PAST TENSE OF go, sing, hit, hide, feel, write, draw, stand, fly 2- GIVE THE PRESENT TENSE OF : sent, swim, bought, told, hid, laid, sewed, wo n, stole, put Correction ©: went, sing : sang, hide : hid ; feel: felt ; write : wrote ; draw drew, stand: stood ifly Flew 2-Presenr tense Sent ; send ; swim : swim; bought : bring ; told : tell; hid : hide ; laid : lay ; sewed sew ; won : win; stole : steal ; put : puts Mathematics (math) is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and space usi ing mathematical processes, rules, and symbols. There are many branches of m athematics and a large vocabulary associated with this subject. Here are some math words and terms you will likely come across but may not k now their precise meaning. Any word or term shown in bold is defined in the foll ‘owing alphabetical list of math words and terms Algorithm A step-by-step mathematical procedure used to find an answer. Coefficient Anumber that multiplies a variable. For example, 9 is the coefficient in 9x. Denominator The bottom number ina fraction. The denominator represents the number of parts into which the whole is divided. For example, 6 is the denomina tor in the fraction. Equation A mathematical statement used to show that two expressions are eq ual. It contains an equals sign. For example, 16 - 9 = 7 (the expression 16-9 and ‘the expression 7 are equal) Greatest Common Factor (greatest common divisor) The largest number that w ill divide two or more other numbers equally. For example, the greatest common factor of 32 and 48 is 16 Improper Fraction (mixed fractions) A fraction that has a larger numerator than denominator. For example, is an improper fraction. Inverse Operations Opposite or reverse operations. Addition and subtraction ar e inverse operations, as are multiplication and division Negative Number A number that is less than zero. A minus sign is used to show | Pea L ‘that a number is negative. For example, -12 is a negative number. Numerator The top number in a fraction. The numerator represents the number of parts of the whole. For example, 5 is the numerator in the fraction.a L ‘Ordinal Number A number that shows place or position, as in 2nd place. Positive Number A number that is greater than zero. While a minus sign is used ‘to signify a negative number, the absence of a minus sign signifies a positive n umber. Prime Number A number that can be divided evenly only by itself and 1. For exa mple, 7 is a prime number ‘Square Number A number that results from multiplying another number by itsel . For example, 49 is the square of 7 (7 x 7 = 49). ‘Square Root of a Number A number that is multiplied by itself to produce a squ are number. For example, 7 is the square root of 49. It is designated by the sym bol v. Variable A quantity that can change or vary, taking on different values. It is typic ally represented by a letter of the alphabet. For example xis the variable in 9x (x can be any number that is being multiplied by 9). These are just some of the many words and terms found in mathematics. It is important to know the meanings of words and terms you will encounter as yo u progress through the study of math Grammar Review. Some English Tenses NB: Verbs in English ending ino, ch, tch, ss, sh and x" take “es” at the third pers ‘on singular in simple present tense. eg: to go.....she goes ‘to teach. he watches ‘to watch, catch....he watches, catches To pass........he passes To wash......... he washes to wak........it waxes/ mixes = Verbs ending with “y" take an "s"" when the “y" is preceded by a vowel. But whe nthe “y” is preceded by a consonant, then the final “y” changes into “ies” at the t hird person singular in simple present tense e.g : to play, slay, enjoy....he plays, slays, enjoys e.g : to try, fly, cry....... he tries, flies, cries Sequence 2 ~] im‘Objective L By the end of this lecture students should be able to: -use the words taught in their sentences ; -study some key words linked to Physics ; and deal with a scientic analy sis ; -acquire knowledge of the issues of Mathematics and the glossary of te rms and to improve students’ ability to read and understand scientific texts, covering all areas of science and Physics -give the importance of Physics to man and the society -read fluently and carefully, give a scientific analysis and answer the qu estions of the studied texts -use some grammatical rules: studied to make correct and meaningful s entences ; -translate some passages or sentences Text 2: THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS TO MAN AND THE SOCIETY Physics - the study of matter, energy and their interactions - is an international enterprise, which plays a key role in the future progress of humankind. The supp. ort of physics education and research in all countries is important because: phy sics is and exciting intellectual adventure that inspires young people and expan ds the frontiers of our knowledge about nature. Physics is the most basic of the physical sciences. From chemistry and geology through to biology and cosmology, we understand science in terms of the conc epts developed in physics. Not only this, but many of the tools on which the adv ances of science and technology depend are direct product of physics. The inte rests and concerns of physicists have always formed the basis of future techno logy. Maintaining Our Health Ever gotten your blood pressure checked at the doctor's office or local pharma cy? Chances are you have. Bload pressure is one of the most basic measures of good health and when it's high, it serves as a warning for some pretty serious m edical problems. But did you realize that physics is what made that test possibl e? There's even a distinct branch of the science that deals specifically with medi cine, known as medical physics. Broken bones are found with x-rays, which are a Iso a product of physics. If you're ever seen or gotten an ultrasound that shows a developing child in the womb, you were actually watching physics in action. Ult rasounds are crucial for getting an idea of a newborn baby's health and diagnosi ng any complications before birth. One of physics’s other creations, the defibrill ator, can literally be the difference between life and death for a patient suffering “] Fsfrom cardiac arrest. The science is very important in anything radiation related, i ncluding radiation therapy, one of the more viable cancer treatments available. A nd physics also deals heavily with lasers, which includes things like laser eye sur gery. And these are just a handful of the tons of incredibly important developme nts physics has contributed to medicine. Providing Energy Physics is absolutely huge when it comes to any and everything that we use for energy. Oil for fuel is extracted and processed largely through physics-based id eas. It's key for mining coal and using it power massive factories. It is also esse ntial in the research and implementation of cleaner and more environmentally fri endly energy sources. Everything from nuclear power plants to solar powered c ars require physics. Even windmills. Not to mention the electricity in homes that is considered a basic necessity in our current day and age. Physics is largely res ponsible for the systems that allow it to be harnessed, controlled, and used to p ‘ower everything from your laptop to the little light in your refrigerator. Helping us Communicate Did you know that physicists are largely credited with the creation of the interne t? So not only would your laptop not have power without physics, you wouldn't b e able to access any of the other sites you browse daily — and neither could any one else. Imagine how much different life would be without the ability to comm unicate information across the world within seconds. | supposed wed have to g © back to phones. Unfortunately, your smartphone would not be possible witho ut physics. And actually, neither would your basic land line — not even the old rot ary dial in your grandma’: dining room. From electromagnetism to quantum opti s, physics is simply indispensable to nearly every aspect of the way we current! y communicate. Without it, we'd probably still be stuck with horse messengers delivering our mail and news Transporting People and Goods We already talked about physics’ importance in mining and using fuel, which po wers our planes, trains, and automobiles. Without it, they simply wouldn't move. But the role of physics in both our personal transportation and shipping goes ev en deeper than that. It is our understanding of the science that allows us to buil d planes that can fly in the first place. This is something that people figured was impossible until not so long ago in history because of the many factors and for ces that come into play when trying to master flight. Today, we sometimes forg et what an amazing accomplishment it is that there are thousands of huge hunk s of metal carrying people through the sky and around the globe every day. Not only does it make all our different vehicles possible, were continually improving how fast, efficient, and safe they are. Engineers in all fields rely largely upon phy sics when creating the contours of a sports car or designing a bullet train. And don't even get us started on the complicated but fascinating field of space trav el. Developing Consumer Electronics | PreRemember when we talked about how physics gave us the power and internet t ‘© use our computers? We're just getting started. Many of the main components ‘of desktops and laptops needed an understanding of physics to be created. Thi 's includes the screen, the processor, and the hard drive or solid state drive - the things that make a computer a computer, basically. If you find yourself a little co nfused about what these parts actually do in the first place, this course on buildi Ng your own computer will help fill you in on what they are and how they work. N. ow, if this is true for your laptop, you can also assume that the screen on your T V was created with the same technology. And the processor in your smart phon . And the memory in your tablet. If you were paying attention, you'll also recall o ur comments about lasers and how they relate to physics. In electronics, that m eans CDs, DVDs, and BluRay players, which use lasers to read the media from th e disc they're written on. Lasers are also used to print, copy, and fax documents, among other things. Constructing Buildings How does physics apply to building design and architecture? Let's see. First of all, it helps determine the entire basic structure of a building. The best ways to s upport weight and keep everything stable and standing. It helps us understand which materials are most affected by heat, light, and water. By studying how vib rations affect different structures, were able to design buildings that can withst and natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes. Imagine a city full of skys crapers collapsing from a minor earthquake - then take a second to thank phys ics that they dort. The science is largely responsible for our ability to push the li mits and create the magnificent structures we see all around us today while kee ping them safe to live and work in. ‘Stimulating the Economy ‘As you can probably already from all of the things we just told you, physics help 's create a lot of jobs for alot of people. Engineers, electricians, pilots, physicist s, and the like land jobs directly based on the science. Just check out this blog. post_on all the different types of engineers. And that doesn't even include all the careers made easier by physics, like doctors. Beyond job creation, physics helps the economy grow in so many other ways. Oi lis obviously a very big and valuable commodity around the world, not only as a nexport but to help fuel our own industries and keep costs low. Energy from co aland nuclear plants is also critical in providing power for the many other secto rs that make up our economy. Speaking of exports, you can't trade without transportation. And as we have cov ered, we wouldn't have the same fast and efficient options for getting from poin tA to B without physics. How effective would today’s businesses be without cel I phones, conference calls, and e-mail? Plus, consider how much the internet has shaped our economy. Some of our biggest companies are based entirely online and nearly every business relies on it for a good chunk of their marketing and sa les. Many of the most famous entrepreneurs and businessmen of our time - Bill | [=_l Gates, Steve Jobs, etc. - might not even exist without the technology made pos sible by physics. The concepts of physics dont come easily. Someone has to come up with a the ory to begin with. This is just as much a creative process as composing music. But where physics, and science in general, differ from the Arts is that no one will accept your theory unless you have some way of testing its validity. Experiment al physicists sometimes have to be enormously creative in coming up with met hods of testing theories and measuring things in the world around them. For ex ample, how do you tell that there is a planet orbiting a star that is so far away th at it appears as nothing more than a spec of light in even the most powerful tele scopes In summary, for all these reasons, physics is an essential part of the educational system and of an advanced society. We therefore urge all governments to seek advice from physicists and other scientists on matters of science policy, and to be supportive of the science of Physics. Grammar Conditional Sentences If + Simple Present + Simple Future e.g : He will come if you call him. If we learn hard, we will pass all our courses Koffi will get a scholarship if he succeeds in his exam. If + Simple Past + Conditional present e.g : The cat would eat you if you were a mouse. 1 wouldn't fail if | worked hard. If | were you, | would learn my irregular verbs. If + Past Perfect + Conditional Perfect e.g: He would have come if you had called him. If you had left earlier, you would have caught the bus. If you had gone to Lomé, you would have seen the head of state. Note: No matter the type of conditions, the conditional clause can come after or before the main clause. We use a comma at the end of the conditional clause w hen it comes first. e.g: He will come if you call him If you call him, he will come | Prea L ‘e.g : He would have come if you had called him. If you had called him, he would have come. Had you called him, he would have come. Applied exercise: (Bk, 66-67) Put the verbs in parentheses in their correct form. 1) If my father arrives, we (to go) hunting. 2) | would beat her if | (to be) you. 3) Gbeti wouldn't have won the fight if he (not to go) to Legb: 4) If she had learned hard, she (to succeed) Exercise 2 Put the verb in brackets into the correct form 4-If |...... (be) you, | wouldn't risk 2-If you..... (heat) ice it melts 3-If Sandra... (have) enough money, | would have bought a plane. 4-Water... (evaporate) if it is boiled Sequence3 Objective By the end of this lecture students should be able to -use the words taught in their sentences ; -study some key words linked to Mathematics ; and deal with a scientic analysis ; -acquire knowledge of the issues of Mathematics and the glossary of te rms and to improve students’ ability to read and understand scientific texts, covering areas of mathematics to life; =give the importance of Mathematics and its use by some Mathematicians; -read fluently and carefully, give a scientific analysis and answer the qu estions of the studied texts -to increase students’ comprehension of spoken English when it is used to sp eak about scientific topics in meetings, presentations, interviews, discussion s,ete -use some grammatical rules studied to make correct and meaningful senten ces ; -translate some passages or sentencesL ‘Text 3: Pythagoras Pythagoras is often referred to as the first pure mathematician. He was born on ‘the island of Samos, Greece in 569 BC. Various writings place his death betwee n 500 BC and 475 BC in Metapontum, Lucania, Italy. His father was a gem merc hant. Pythagoras had two or three brothers. Some historians say that Pythagora ‘Ss was married to a woman named Theano and had a daughter and a son, who s ucceeded Pythagoras as a teacher. Pythagoras was well educated, and he playe d the lyre throughout his lifetime, knew poetry and recited Homer. He was intere sted in mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and music. Pythagoras left Samos. for Egypt to study with the priests in the temples. Many of the practices of the s ociety he created later in Italy can be traced to the beliefs of Egyptian priests, s uch as the codes of secrecy, striving for purity, and refusal to eat beans or to we ar animal skins as clothing. Ten years later, when Persia invaded Egypt, Pythago ras was taken prisoner and sent to Babylon, in what is now Iraq. In 520 BC, Pyth agoras, now a free man, left Babylon and returned to Samos Pythagoras settled in Crotona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, about 518 BC, a nd founded a philosophical and religious school where his many followers lived and worked. The Pythagoreans lived by rules of behaviour, including when they s poke, what they wore and what they ate. Pythagoras was the Master of the soci ety, and the followers, both men and women, who also lived there, had no perso. nal possessions and were vegetarians. Another group of followers who lived ap art from the school were allowed to have personal possessions and were not ex pected to be vegetarians. They all worked communally on discoveries and theor ies. Pythagoras believed: 1) All things are numbers. Mathernatics is the basis fo r everything, and geometry is the highest form of mathematical studies. The phy sical world can be understood through mathematics. 2) The soul resides in the brain, and is immortal. It moves from one being to another, sometimes from ah ‘uman into an animal, through a series of reincarnations called transmigration un tilit becomes pure. Pythagoras believed that both mathematics and music coul d purify. 3) Numbers have personalities, characteristics, strengths and weaknes ses. 4) The world depends upon the interaction of opposites, such as male and female, lightness and darkness, warm and cold, dry and moist, light and heavy, f ast and slow. 5) Certain symbols have a mystical significance. 6) All members o f the society should observe strict loyalty and secrecy. Because of the strict secrecy among the members of Pythagoras’ society, and t he fact that they shared ideas and intellectual discoveries within the group and did not give individuals credit, it is difficult to be certain whether all the theorem s attributed to Pythagoras were originally his, or whether they came from the co mmunal society of the Pythagoreans. Some of the students of Pythagoras even ‘tually wrote down the theories, teachings and discoveries of the group, but the Pythagoreans always gave credit to Pythagoras as the Master for: 1- The sumo. f the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. 2- The theorem of Pythago ras - for a right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the su | Fam of the squares on the other two sides. The Babylonians understood this 1000 years earlier, but Pythagoras proved it. He also taught that Earth was a sphere i nthe center of the Kosmos (Universe), that the planets, stars, and the universe were spherical because the sphere was the most perfect solid figure. He also ta ught that the paths of the planets were circular. Pythagoras recognized that the morning star was the same as the evening star, Venus. Pythagoras studied odd and even numbers, triangular numbers, and perfect nu mbers. Pythagoreans contributed to our understanding of angles, triangles, are as, proportion, polygons, and polyhedra. The reports of Pythagoras’ death are v aried. He is said to have been killed by an angry mob, to have been caught up in a war and killed, or been burned out of his school in Crotona and then went to M etapontum where he starved himself to death. The Pythagorean Theorem is ac ‘cornerstone of mathematics, and continues to be so interesting to mathematicia ns. Arithmetic Integers 0 zero 10 ten 20 twenty Tone 11 eleven 30 thirty 2two 12 twelve AO forty 3 three 13 thirteen 50 fifty 4 four 14 fourteen 60 sixty S five 15 fifteen 70 seventy 6 six 16 sixteen 80 eighty 7seven 17 seventeen 90 ninety eight 18 eighteen 100 one hundred Qnine 19 nineteen 1000 one thousand -245 minus two hundred and forty-five 22 731 twenty-two thousand seven hundred and thirty-one 1 000 000 one million 56 000 000 fifty-six million 1 000 000 000 one billion [US usage, now universal] 7 000 000 000 seven billion [US usage, now universal] 1 000 000 000 000 one trillion [US usage, now universal] 3.000 000 000 000 three trillion [US usage, now universal] Fractions [= Rational Numbers 1/2 one half 3/8 three eighths 1/3 one third 20/69 twenty-six ninths 1/4 one quarter [= one fourth] — 5/34 minus five thirty-fourths 1/5 one fifth 2/37 two and three sevenths = 1/17 minus one seventeenth “|Real Numbers -0.067 minus nought point zero six seven 81.59 eighty-one point five nine ~-2.3 - 106 minus two point three times ten to the six [= -2 300 000 minus two million three hundred thousand] 4- 10-3 four times ten to the minus three [= 0.004 = 4/1000 four thousandths] _[=3.14159 . ..] pi [pronounced as ‘pie] e [= 2.71828 . ..] e [base of the natural logarithm] Complex Numbers 3+ 4i three plus four i one minus two i 1 - 2i= 1 + 2i the complex conjugate of one minus two i equals one plus two i The real part and the imaginary part of 3 + 4i are equal, respectively, to 3 and 4. Basic arithmetic operations: Addition: 3 + 5 = 8 three plus five equals [= is equal to] eight Subtraction: 3 - 5 = -2 three minus five equals [= . . | minus two Multiplication: 3 -5 = 15 three times five equals ] fifteen Division: 3/5 = 0.6 three divided by five equals [= .. ] zero point six (2 -3)-6+1 = -5 two minus three in brackets times six plus one equals minus five 1-3 2+4 = -1/3 one minus three over two plus four equals minus one third 4![=1-2-3-4] four factorial Sequence 4 Objective By the end of this lecture students should be able to: -use the words taught in their sentences ; -study some key words linked to Physics ; and deal with a scientic analy sis ; -acquire knowledge of the issues of Mathematics and the glossary of te mms and to improve students’ ability to read and understand scientific texts, covering areas of science and Physics -give the importance of Physics and its use by some Physicians; -read fluently and carefully, give a scientific analysis and answer the qu estions of __ the studied texts -use some grammatical rules studied to make correct and meaningful s 4 =a L entences ; -translate some passages or sentences Text 4: Albert Einstein Born in Germany 1879, Albert Einstein is one of the most celebrated scientists of the Twentieth Century. His theories on relativity laid the framework for anew branch of physics, and Einstein's E = mc2 on mass-energy equivalence is one of the most famous formulas in the world. In 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Priz e in Physics for his contributions to theoretical physics and the evolution of Qua ntum Theory. Einstein is also well known as an original free-thinker, speaking on a range of humanitarian and global issues. After contributing to the theoretical develop ment of nuclear physics and encouraging FD. Roosevelt to start the Ma nhattan Project, he later spoke out against the use of nuclear weapons. Born in Germany to Jewish parents, Einstein settled in Switzerland and then, aft er Hitler's rise to power, the United States. Einstein was a truly global man and o ne of the undisputed genius’ of the Twentieth Century. His parents were working -class and non-observant Jews. Aged 15, the family moved to Milan, Italy where his father hoped Albert would become a mechanical engineer. However, despite Einstein's intellect and thirst for knowledge, his early academic reports suggest ed anything but a glittering career in academia. His teachers found him dim and slow to learn. Part of the problem was that Albert expressed no interest in learn ing languages and the learning by rote that was popular at the time. Einstein picked up a book on geometry and read it cover to cover. — He would la ter refer to it as his ‘holy booklet’. He became fascinated by maths and taught hi mself - becoming acquainted with the great scientific discoveries of the age. In 1896 Einstein renounced his German citizenship to avoid military conscriptio n. For five years he was stateless, before successfully applying for Swiss citizen ship in 1901. After graduating from Zurich College, he attempted in vain to gain a teaching post. Einstein continued his own scientific discoveries and began rad ical experiments to consider the nature of light and space. He published his first scientific paper in 1900, and by 1905 had completed his PhD entitled “A New De ‘termination of Molecular Dimensions”. In addition to working on his PhD, Einstei nalso worked feverishly on other papers. In the same year, he published four piv otal scientific works, which would revolutionise modern physics. Einstein's wor k started to gain recognition, and he was given a post at the University of Zurich (1909) and, in 1911, was offered the post of full-professor at the Charles-Ferdin and University in Prague (which was then part of Austria-Hungary Empire). He to ok Austrian-Hungary citizenship to accept the job. In 1914, he returned to Germ any and was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. (191 4-1932) Einstein suggested that light doesn’t just travel as waves but as electric current |'s. This photoelectric effect could force metals to release a tiny stream of particl es knownas ‘quanta’. From this Quantum Theory, other inventors were able to d evelop devices such as television and movies. He was awarded the Nobel Prize i n Physics in 1921. The theory of Relativity was written in a simple style with no fF cotnotes or academic references. The core of his theory of relativity is that: “Mo vement can only be detected and measured as relative movement; the change o f position of one body in respect to another.” Thus there is no fixed absolute sta ndard of comparison for judging the motion of the earth or plants. It was revolu ‘tionary because previously people had thought time and distance are absolutes. But, Einstein proved this not to be true. He also said that if electrons travelled at close to the speed of light, their weight would increase. This lead to Einstein's fa mous equation: E = mc2 ; where E = energy m = mass and c = speed of light. In 1911, Einstein predicted the suris gravity would bend the light of another sta He based this on his new general theory of relativity. On 29 May 1919, during a solar eclipse, British astronomer and physicist Sir Arthur Eddington was able to confirm Einstein's prediction. The news was published in newspapers around th e world, and it made Einstein internationally known as a leading physicist. It was also symbolic of international co-operation between British and German scienti sts after the horrors of the First World War. In the 1920s, Einstein travelled arou nd the world - including the UK, US, Japan, Palestine and other countries. Einste in gave lectures to packed a nces and became an internationally recognised figure for his work on physics, but also his wider observations on world affairs. Inhis "Science and Religion” (1941), Einstein wrote: ‘Science without religion is | ame, religion without science is blind’ Einstein died in 1955, at his request his br ain and vital organs were removed for scientific study. Grammar. the use of Since, For and Ago. Both Since and For mean “depuis” and are used with the present perfect/contin uous tense. - Since is used before an expression that shows a point of time Rule = Since + Point of time Eg: | have worked here since 1990 Ihave been looking for Anna since yesterday morning. -Foris used before an expression showing the duration and can also mean “ily a’ Rule = For + duration “|Eg: | have been talking for half an hour. Thave lived in Kara for ten years. Note: When “for” is used with the simple past or the future tense, it means ‘pen dant.” Eg: | taught English for 3 years. (J'ai enseigné lAnglais pendant 3 ans) Romeo will play for 45 minutes. (Roméo jouera pendant 45 minutes) = Ago, means “il y a" and always comes after an expression of time. Ago is used with the simple past tense. Eg: She telephoned about an hour ago. (Elle a téléphoné il y a environ une heure) My father came here 2 days ago. (Mon pére est venuici il y a 2 jours) Applied exercise: Translate into good English the following sentences. 1- Nous vivons ici il y a 5 ans. 2-Les gendarmes le cherchent depuis 2008. 3- Elles habitent cette maison il y a1 ans. 4- Le bébé pleure depuis ce matin. 5-Japprends l'Allemand depuis 3 semaines Translate into good French the sentences below. 4- We have learnt English for 10 years. 2- She got married 15 years ago 3- He has been in prison for 3 months 4- Labourers worked for 3 years on this road. 5- Students of FaST have been working since 7 o'clock. Sequence 5 Objective By the end of this lecture students should be able to: -use the words taught in their sentences ; -study some key words linked to Chemistry and electricity ; and deal wit hascientic analysis; -acquire knowledge of the issues of Chemistry and the glossary of term 's and to improve students’ ability to read and understand scientific texts, co vering areas of science and Physics -give the importance of Chemistry and its use by some Chemists; -to strengthen students’ speaking skills and to enable them to engage more e ffectively in a range of speaking situations typical of science and technology. -read fluently and carefully, give a scientific analysis and answer the questio ~] fsL ns of the studied texts -use some grammatical rules studied to make correct and meaningful senten ces; Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compoun ds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, prope rties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other subst ances Chemistry : what is chemistry ? It is a branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is com posed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of suchr eactionss to form new substances. It is also the science that deals with propert ies, composition, and structure of substances, (defined as element and compou nds) the transformations they undergo, and the energy that is released or absor bed during these processes. Chemistry is the study of matter and its interaction 's with other matter and energy. The famous philosopher of the 16th century, Sir Francis Bacon defined science as a blessing that enriches human health and welfare with new products and m ethods. This laid foundation for imortance of chemistry. The technology of the 2 Oth century and the next century is a product of scientific discoveries. And most of these discoveries have left their mark on every stage of our lives. The scope of chemistry The days are long past when one person could hope to have a detailed knowled ge of all areas of chemistry. Those pursuing their interests into specific areas of chemistry communicate with others who share the same interests. Over time a group of chemists with specialized research interests become the founding me mbers of an area of specialization. The areas of specialization that emerged ear ly inthe history of chemistry, such as organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and industrial chemistry, along with biochemistry, remain of greatest general interes 1. There has been, however, much growth in the areas of polymer, environmental, and medicinal chemistry during the 20th century. Moreover, new specialities con ‘tinue to ap pear, as, for example, pesticide, forensic, and computer chemistry “|a L The importance of chemistry Why study chemistry ? Because understanding chemistry helps you to understand the world around yo u. Cooking is chemistry. Everything you can touch or taste or smell is a chemica |. When you study chemistry, you come to understand a bit about how things wo rk. Chemistry isn't secret knowledge, useless to anyone but a scientist. It's thee xplanation for everyday things, like why laundry detergent works better in hot w ater or how baking soda works or why not all pain relievers work equally well on a headache. If you know some chemistry, you can make educated choices abou ‘tteveryday products that you use. What Fields of Study Use Chemistry? You could use chemistry in most fields, but it's commonly seen in the sciences and in medicine. Chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers study chemistr y. Doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, physical therapists, and veterinarians all take chemistry courses. Science teachers study chemistry. Fire fighters and people who make fireworks learn about chemistry. So do truck drivers, plumber s, artists, hairdressers, chefs... the list is extensive. Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistry. Even your body is made of chemichals. Chemical reactions occur whe you breathe, eat, or just s it there reading. All matte ris made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistr y is that it's the study of everything. Why do you want to learn about chemistry? Chemistry is important in everyday life because many of the changes you obser ve in the world around you, are caused by chemical reactions. Examples include leaves changing color, cooking food and getting yourself clean. Knowing some chemistry can help you make day-to-day decisions that affect your life. Here's a look at the importance of chemistry and why we should study it. Chemistry has a reputation for being a complicated (complex) and boring (anno ying) science but for the most part, that reputation is undeserved Fire works and explosions are based on chemistry, so, it's definitely not a boring science. If you learn chemistry you 'll apply Math and logic which you can make stugying. Chemistry, a challenge if you are weak in those areas. ‘However, anyone can understand the basics of how things work and that's the s tudy of chemistry. Ina nutshell, the importance of chemistry is that it explains the world around us. Chemistry explained “|L “Cooking ‘Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how it rots, how to preser ve food you heat, and how ingredients interact to make food. *Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is that it explains how cleaning works. You use chemistry to help decide what cleaner is est for dishes, laundry, yourself an dyour home. You use bleaches and desinfectants, even ordinary soap and wate r How do the chemistry work ? That's chemistry. *Medicine You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins, s upplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Part of the importance of lies ind eveloping and testing new medical treatments and medicines. “Environmental issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes one chemical an utrient, and another chemical a pollutant. How can you clean up the environment ? What processes can produce the thing s you need without harming the environment ? We human beings are all chemists. We use chemicals everyday and perform che mical reactions without thinking much about them. Chemistry is important beca use everything you do is chemistry. Even your body is made of chemicals. Chemichal reactions occur when you breath, eat, or just sit there reading. All ma tter is made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistry is that it's the study o f everything. *How is chemistry useful in daily life ? The importance of chemistry in everyday life is listed below, but the list does no treflect all the ways in which chemistry is important everyday «For all living things to function and survived their bodies perform variou chemic al processes. Some of those processes includes respiration, digestion produci ng new cell, filtering and releasing of waste substances from their bodies, rep roduction, etc. So all things depend on chemical reactins to function and sur vived. *Chemistry is essential in daily life because : food that you eat are tested not to have any dangerous substance above dange r dose thanks to chemistry Many food are reserved with preservatives so that more food is available and n ot ruined by bacteria Batteries, food seasonings, fuel, cleaning product, bleach, a variety of metals, lu bricant, rubber, concrete glasses, high quality cloth, dyeing products, shampoo, soap, candles, LCD displays, ete, all of which you directly use everyday, are mad e thanks to chemistry. “|_l Importance of taking chemistry Everyone can and should nderstand basic chemistry, but it may be important for you to take course in chemistry or even make a career out of it. It is important t © understand chemistry if you are studying any of the sciences involve matter a nd the interactions between types of matter. Students wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologist s, pharmacists, and of course chemists all study chemistry. You might want to make a career out of chemistry because chemistry related jobs are plentiful and high paying. The importances of chemistry won't be diminished over time, so it will remain a promising career path (Anne Marie Helmenstine) Your whole body and its related biology is chemistry and chemicals. Any medici ne you take is a chemical that was created by someone related to chemistry. All beauty products : toothpaste, soap, shampoos. Anything you use that is made of plastic or ceramic, or alloy or wood is a produ ct of chemistry. The food you eat was grown using chemicals called fertilizers and pestivides. M ost of the fuel you use in your car has been extracted and refined and modified via a chemical process. The clothes you use have been dyed with chemicals. Th e water you drink has been purified by chemicals. To sum it up everything is ch emistry, atoms and molecules interacting. Text1 : Chemistry chemistry, the science that deals with the properties, composition, and structur e of substances (defined as elements and compounds), the transformations th ey undergo, and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processe s. Every substance, whether naturally occurring or artificially produced, consists of one or more of the hundred-odd species of atoms that have been identified a s elements. Although these atoms, in turn, are composed of more elementary p articles, they are the basic building blocks of chemical substances; there is no q uantity of oxygen, mercury, or gold, for example, smaller than an atom of that su bstance. Chemistry, therefore, is concerned not with the subatomic domain but with the properties of atoms and the laws governing their combinations and ho wthe knowledge of these properties can be used to achieve specific purposes The great challenge in chemistry is the development of a coherent explanation o f the complex behaviour of materials, why they appear as they do, what gives th em their enduring properties, and how interactions among different substances can bring about the formation of new substances and the destruction of old on es. From the earliest attempts to understand the material world in rational term s, chemists have struggled to develop theories of matter that satisfactorily expl ain both permanence and change. The ordered assembly of indestructible atom | Pa Ls into small and large molecules, or extended networks of intermingled atoms, i 's generally accepted as the basis of permanence, while the reor ganization of at ‘oms or molecules into different arrangements lies behind theories of change. T hus chemistry involves the study of the atornic composition and structural archi tecture of substances, as well as the varied interactions among substances that. can lead to sudden, often violent reactions. Chemistry also is concerned with the utilization of natural substances and the cr eation of artificial ones. Cooking, fermentation, glass making, and metallurgy ar e all chemical processes that date from the beginnings of civilization. Today, vin yl, Teflon, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and superconductors represent the fr uits of chemical technology. The 20th century saw dramatic advances in the co mprehension of the marvelous and complex chemistry of living organisms, and a molecular interpretation of health and disease holds great promise. Modern c hemistry, aided by increasingly sophisticated instruments, studies materials as small as single atoms and as large and complex as DNA (deoxyribonucleic aci d), which contains millions of atoms. New substances can even be designed to bear desired characteristics and then synthesized. The rate at which chemical k nowledge continues to accumulate is remarkable. Over time more than 8,000,0 00 different chemical substances, both natural and artificial, have been characte rized and produced. The number was less than 500,000 as recently as 1965. Intimately interconnected with the intellectual challenges of chemistry are those associated with industry. In the mid-19th century the German chemist Justus vo nLiebig commented that the wealth of a nation could be gauged by the amount of sulfuric acid it produced. This acid, essential to many manufacturing process es, remains today the leading chemical product of industrialized countries. As Li ebig recognized, a country that produces large amounts of sulfuric acid is one with a strong chemical industry and a strong economy as a whole. The producti ‘on, distribution, and utilization of a wide range of chemical products is common to all highly developed nations. In fact, one can say that the “iron age” of civilizat ionis being replaced by a “polymer age,” for in some countries the total volume of polymers now produced exceeds that of iron. Text2 Sitting between biology and physics, the field of chemistry is sometimes called ‘the central science. This branch of science deals not with the most basic eleme nts of reality, such as fundamental particles, or the complex world of living orga nisms, but the in-between world of atoms, molecules and chemical processes. Chemistry is the study of matter, analysing its structure, properties and behavio ur to see what happens when they change in chemical reactions. As such, it can be considered a branch of physical science, alongside astronomy, physics and e arth sciences including geology. An important area of chemistry is the understanding of atoms and what determ | Paines how they react. It turns out reactivity is often largely mediated by the electr ‘ons that orbit atoms and the way these are exchanged and shared to create che mical bonds. Chemistry has now split into many branches. For instance, analytical chemists might measure the traces of compounds in ancient pottery to discern what peo ple were eating thousands of years ago. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical proces ses that take place in living org anisms, for instance in farming, and on the effect the resulting produce will have ‘on our body's metabolism. Organic chemistry, the study of compounds which contain carbon, connects up molecules in new ways to build and analyse an array of materials, from drugs to plastics to flexible electronics. Inorganic chemistry is the study of materials bas ed primarily on elements other than carbon. Inorganic compounds can be pigm ents, fertilisers, catalysts and more. Physical chemistry involves looking at chemistry through the lens of physics to study changes in pressure, temperatures and rates of conversion, for example, a 's substances react. Chemists help us understand the nature and properties of the world around us and the history of chemistry is replete with discoveries that have furthered this. Antoine Lavoisier paved the way for modern chemistry. He helped give the field structure by developing an ordered language and symbolism. And his understan ding of the constituent parts of air, as well as the process of combustion, dispr ‘ved centuries of incorrect thinking. But there is perhaps no more important ch emist than Dmitri Mendeleev, the Russian who in 1869 wrote down the symbols for all the known chemical elements, arranging them according to their atomic weight. He had created the periodic table, making it possible to predict how any given element would react with another, the compounds it would form and what kind of physical properties it would have. Chemists have subsequently given us treatments for cancer, advanced our unde rstanding of radioactive elements and developed mobile X rays for use in field h ospitals - and that's just Marie Curie. Rosalind Franklin helped us understand th at DNA was structured as a double helix, paving the way for the modern revoluti ‘on in genetic science. More recently, advances in chemistry and biology have contributed to the devel ‘opment of vaccines to the coronavirus, using our knowledge of DNA and RNA to create the first approved messenger RNA vaccines (mRNA). From the developm ent of plastics, and with it nylon, waterproof clothing and even bulletproof vests, ‘to the liquid crystal display you are most likely reading this information on, right ‘through to the complete synthesis of medicines, chemistry’s contributions to m odern life are myriad Text 3: The importance of chemistry “|Have you ever wondered about the importance of chemistry in everyday life? Yo umight ask yourself this question if you're studying chemistry. Finding an answ er is one of the most common chemistry homework assignments. Here's a look at why chemistry matters: Chemistry is important in everyday life because: + Everything is made of chemicals. You are made of chemicals. So is your dog. So is your desk. So is the sun. Drugs are. + Many of the changes you observe in the world around you are cause d by chemical reactions. Examples include leaves... + Knowing some chemistry can help you make day-to-day decisions t hat affect your life. Chemistry is important in everyday life because: Everything is made of chemicals. You are made of chemicals. So is your d og. So is your desk. So is the sun. Drugs are chemicals. Food is made fro m chemicals. + Many of the changes you observe in the world around you are caused by chemical reactions. Examples include leaves changing colors, cooking fo od and getting yourself clean. « Knowing some chemistry can help you make day-to-day decisions that af fect your life. Can! mix these household chemicals? What are safe mosqu ito repellents? Will my bottled water expire? Can | mix types of motor oils for my vehicle? * Understanding basic chemistry is essential for understanding the effects of chemicals on the environment. This information can be used to give pl ants the best nutrients to help them grow or to decide how to dispose of chemicals without poisoning the air or water supply. + Chemistry concepts are important in other disciplines. It's key to cooking, biology, physics, and astronomy. + Chemistry is fun! It can be used to make colors change, alter recipes, col or flames, make things glow inthe dark, or even make stuff explode. Man y people study chemistry not because it's a requirement for a class but b ecause they are interested in using it to explore the world and to try scien ce projects. As hobbies go, chemistry is inexpensive because home chem icals can be used to perform many interesting experiments Chemistry is important in daily life We use chemicals every day and perform chemical reactions without thinking m uch about them. Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistr y! Even your body is made of chemicals. Chemical reactions occ ur when you bre athe, eat, or just sit there reading. Chemistry is important in chemical engieeniering Also, chemistry is used to check the progress of the reaction by evaluating bi-pr ‘oducts. Analytical chemistry is used to evaluate the quality of the finished produ “| fe