United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the

United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily United States of America
located in North America. It is a federal union of 50 states, the
federal capital district of Washington, D.C., and 326 Indian
reservations.[j] The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north
and Mexico to the south. The State of Alaska lies to the northwest,
while the State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. Flag
Coat of arms
The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island
territories and various uninhabited islands.[k] The country has the Motto: "In God We Trust"[1]
world's third-largest land area,[d] second-largest exclusive Other traditional mottos:[2]
economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 "E pluribus unum" (Latin)
"Out of many, one"
million.[l]
"Annuit cœptis" (Latin)
"Providence favors our undertakings"
Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than
"Novus ordo seclorum" (Latin)
12,000 years ago, and went on to form various civilizations and
"New order of the ages"
societies. British colonization led to the first settlement of the
Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"[3]
Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the 1:29
American Revolution, with the Second Continental Congress
formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its
victory in the 1775–1783 Revolutionary War, the country continued
to expand across North America. As more states were admitted, a
North-South sectional division over slavery led to the secession of
the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining
states of the Union during the 1861–1865 American Civil War.
With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished
nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a
great power. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December
1941, the U.S. entered World War II. The aftermath of the war left
the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and
Show globe (states and D.C. only)
led to the Cold War, during which both countries engaged in a Show the U.S. and its territories
struggle for ideological dominance and international influence. Show territories with their exclusive
Following the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War economic zone
Show all
in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower, wielding
significant geopolitical influence globally. Capital Washington, D.C.
38°53′N 77°1′W
The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional Largest city New York City
federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate 40°43′N 74°0′W
branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral Official languages None at the federal
national legislature composed of the House of Representatives, a level[a]
lower house based on population; and the Senate, an upper house National language English[b]
based on equal representation for each state. Substantial autonomy Ethnic groups By race:
is provided by federalism, with a political culture promoting (2020)[4][5][6] 61.6% White
liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, and limited 12.4% Black
government. 6% Asian
1.1% Native American
One of the world's most developed countries, the United States has 0.2% Pacific Islander
had the largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for 10.2% two or more
15% of the global economy in 2023.[m] It possesses by far the races
largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest 8.4% other
disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. By origin:
The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic 81.3% non-Hispanic or
Latino
competitiveness, productivity, innovation, human rights, and higher
18.7% Hispanic or
education. Its hard power and cultural influence have a global Latino
reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank,
Organization of American States, NATO, and United Nations,[n] as Religion (2023)[7] 67% Christianity
33% Protestantism
well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
22% Catholicism
1% Mormonism
11% other Christian
Etymology 22% unaffiliated
2% Judaism
The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" 6% other religion
is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a Continental 3% unanswered
Army aide to General George Washington, wrote to Joseph Reed,
Demonym(s) American[c][8]
Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample
powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek Government Federal presidential
republic
assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.[21][22] The first known
public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg • President Joe Biden
newspaper, The Virginia Gazette, on April 6, 1776.[23][24][21] By • Vice President Kamala Harris
June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles • House Speaker Mike Johnson
• Chief Justice John Roberts
of Confederation[25][26] and the Declaration of Independence.[25]
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Legislature Congress
Independence on July 4, 1776.[27] • Upper house Senate
• Lower house House of
Representatives

History Independence from Great Britain

• Declaration July 4, 1776
• Confederation March 1, 1781
• Recognized September 3, 1783
Indigenous peoples
• Constitution June 21, 1788
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia
Area
across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago;[29][30] the • Total area 3,796,742 sq mi
Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be (9,833,520 km2)[10][d]
the first widespread culture in the Americas.[31][32] Over time, (3rd)
indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly • Water (%) 7.0[9] (2010)
sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture, • Land area 3,531,905 sq mi
developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies.[33] In (9,147,590 km2) (3rd)
the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in Population
the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian • 2023 estimate 334,914,895[11]
in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while • 2020 census 331,449,281[e][12]
the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the (3rd)
southwest.[34] Native population estimates of what is now the
• Density 87/sq mi (33.6/km2)
(185th)
United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from
around 500,000[35][36] to nearly 10 million.[36][37] GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
• Total $28.781 trillion[13]
(2nd)
European settlement and conflict (1607–1765) • Per capita $85,373[13] (8th)
Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate
1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from • Total $28.781 trillion[13]
Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California.[38][39][40] (1st)
France established its own settlements along the Great Lakes, • Per capita $85,373[13] (6th)
Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.[41] British colonization of Gini (2022) 41.7[f][14]
the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and medium inequality
Plymouth Colony (1620).[42][43] The Mayflower Compact and the
HDI (2022) 0.927[15]
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for very high (20th)
representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would
develop throughout the American colonies.[44][45] While European Currency U.S. dollar ($) (USD)
settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11
Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging • Summer (DST) UTC−4 to −10[g]
European tools for food and animal pelts.[46][o] Relations ranged
Date format mm/dd/yyyy[h]
from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial
authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to Drives on right[i]
adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Calling code +1
Christianity. [50][51] Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked
African slaves through the Atlantic slave trade.[52] ISO 3166 code US

Internet TLD .us[16]

The original Thirteen Colonies[p] that would later found the United
States were administered by Great Britain,[53] and had local governments with
elections open to most white male property owners.[54][55] The colonial
population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations;[56] by the
1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small
minority of Americans had been born overseas.[57] The colonies' distance from
Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,[58] and the First Great
Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in religious
liberty.[59] Cliff Palace, a settlement of
ancestors of the Native American
For a century, the American colonists had been providing their own troops and Pueblo peoples in present-day
materiel in conflicts with indigenous peoples and Britain’s colonial rivals, Montezuma County, Colorado, built
especially France, and the Americans had begun to develop a sense of self- between c. 1200 and 1275[28]
defense and self-reliance separate from Britain. The French and Indian War
(1754–1763) took on new significance for all North American colonists after
Parliament under William Pitt the Elder concluded that major military resources needed to be devoted to North
America to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could
be termed a "world war". The British colonies' position as an integral part of the British Empire became more
apparent during the war, with British military and civilian officials becoming a more significant presence in American
life.
The war increased a sense of American identity as well. Men who otherwise
never left their own colony now traveled across the continent to fight alongside
men from decidedly different backgrounds but who were no less "American".
British officers trained American officers for battle, most notably George
Washington; these officers would lend their skills and expertise to the
colonists' cause during the American Revolutionary War to come. In addition,
colonial legislatures and officials found it necessary to cooperate intensively in
pursuit of a coordinated, continent-wide military effort.[60] Finally,
deteriorating relations between the British military establishment and the The 1750 colonial possessions of
colonists, relations that were already less than positive, set the stage for further Britain (in pink and purple), France
(in blue), and Spain (in orange) in
distrust and dislike of British troops.
present-day Canada and the United
States
American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)
Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert
greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political
resistance; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights
as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in the British
government that taxed them. To demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve,
the First Continental Congress met in 1774 and passed the Continental
Association, a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The
British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Declaration of Independence, a
Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War. At the portrait by John Trumbull depicting
Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington the Committee of Five presenting
commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee that the draft of the Declaration to the
named Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. Two days Continental Congress on June 28,
1776, in Philadelphia
after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the
Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.[61] The political values of the
American Revolution included liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the people;[62] supporting
republicanism and rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of
political corruption.[63] The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included George Washington, Benjamin
Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, John Adams and many
others, were inspired by Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.[64][65]

The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized government that operated until
1789.[61] After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally
recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi
River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida.[66] The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the
precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion
of existing states.[67] The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the
limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches
that together ensured a system of checks and balances.[68] George Washington was elected the country's first president
under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the
more centralized government.[69][70] His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolutionary War and his later
refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil
authority in the United States and the peaceful transfer of power, respectively.[71][72]

Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of
the United States.[73][74] Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the
War of 1812, which was fought to a draw.[75][76] Spain ceded Florida and its
Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[77] In the late 18th century, American settlers
began to expand westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.[78][79] The
Missouri Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to
prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern
states to extend it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Historical territorial expansion of the
With the exception of Missouri, it also prohibited slavery in all lands of the United States
Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel.[80] As Americans expanded
further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often
applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation.[81][82] Organized
displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the
Mississippi.[83][84] The Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845,[85] and the
1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American
Northwest.[86] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848
Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day
Colorado and the American Southwest.[78][87] Political tension over the
possible introduction of slavery in these newly acquired territories was With over 50,000 estimated
temporarily reduced by the Compromise of 1850.[88][89] casualties, the three-day Battle of
Gettysburg was the bloodiest single
During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, battle of the Civil War.
though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American
Revolution.[90] States in the North enacted abolition laws,[91] though support
for slavery strengthened in Southern states, as inventions such as the cotton gin made the institution increasingly
profitable for Southern elites.[92][93][94] This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil
War (1861–1865).[95][96] Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, while the other
states remained in the Union.[97][98] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort
Sumter.[99][100] After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the Union Army.[101]
The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the
Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House.[102] The
Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Reconstruction
Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African Americans. National infrastructure, including
transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier.[103]

Post–Civil War era (1865–1917)

From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million
from Europe.[106] Most came through the port of New York City, and New York City and other large cities on the East
Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans
moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French Canadians
migrated from Quebec to New England.[107] During the Great Migration,
millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the
North.[108] Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867.[109]

The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white

supremacists took local control of Southern politics.[110][111] African
Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following 2:27
Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race
An Edison Studios film showing
relations.[112][113] A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v.
immigrants arriving at Ellis Island in
Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, New York Harbor, a major point of
allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in entry for European immigrants in the
the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would late 19th and early 20th
be reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home centuries[104][105]
Owners' Loan Corporation.[114]

An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor[115] led to
rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to outpace the
economies of England, France, and Germany combined.[116][117] This fostered the amassing of power by a few
prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition.[118] Tycoons led
the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the
automotive industry.[119] These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, slum
conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions to begin to flourish.[120][121][122] This period
eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant reforms.[123][124]

Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same
year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanish–
American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War
II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)[125] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in
1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War.[126] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[127]

Rise as a superpower (1917–1945)

The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies of World War I,
helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.[128] In 1920, a
constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.[129] During
the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early
television transformed communications nationwide.[130] The Wall Street Crash
of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt
responded to with the New Deal, a series of sweeping programs and public
works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations. All were The Trinity nuclear test in 1945, part
intended to protect against future economic depressions.[131][132] of the Manhattan Project and the
first detonation of a nuclear weapon.
Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to The World Wars permanently ended
the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December the country's policy of isolationism
after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[133][134] The U.S. and left it as a superpower.
developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[135][136] The
United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom,
Soviet Union, and China.[137][138] The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic
power and international political influence.[139]

Cold War (1945–1991)

After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical
tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to
dominate world affairs.[140][141][142] The U.S. engaged in regime change
against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviet Union, and
competed in the Space Race, culminating in the first crewed Moon landing in
1969.[143][144] Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth,
urbanization, and population growth following World War II.[145] The civil
Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald
rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent
Reagan sign the Intermediate-
leader in the early 1960s.[146] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon
Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at the
Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, White House in 1987.
policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst
effects of lingering institutional racism.[147] The counterculture movement in
the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and
sexuality.[148][149] It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973)
and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).[150] A societal shift
in the roles of women was partly responsible for the large increase in female labor participation during the 1970s, and
by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.[151] The late 1980s and early 1990s saw
the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which marked the end of the Cold War and
solidified the position of the U.S. as the world's sole superpower.[152][153][154][155]

Contemporary (1991–present)
The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history,
a dramatic decline in U.S. crime rates, and advances in technology.
Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide
Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's
law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning
either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome
Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock
market in the United States to trade online in 1998.[156]
The Twin Towers in New York City
during the September 11 attacks in
In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states
2001
expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait.[157]
The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist
militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror, and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and
Iraq.[158][159] The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting.
The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the
largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[160] Coming to a
head in the 2010s, political polarization in the country increased between
liberal and conservative factions.[161][162][163] This polarization was
capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack,[164] when a mob of
insurrectionists[165] entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful
transfer of power[166] in an attempted self-coup d'état.[167]
The January 6 United States Capitol
attack in 2021

Geography
The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind
Russia and Canada.[d][168][169] The 48 contiguous states and the District of
Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles
(8,080,470 km2).[170][171][10] The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives
way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region.[172]

The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East
Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.[173] The
Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, runs A topographic map of the United
predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile States
prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland
region in the southeast.[173]

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across
the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.[174] Farther
west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave
deserts.[175] In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River
over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular
tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate,
colorful landscape.

The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast.
The Grand Canyon in Arizona
The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State
of California,[176] about 84 miles (135 km) apart.[177] At an elevation of
20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.[178] Active volcanoes are
common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The
supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the
continent's largest volcanic feature.[179] In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures
and 10% of cropland.[180]

Climate
With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian,
the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.[181] The western Great
Plains are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the
Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon,
Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii,
the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are
tropical.[182]

States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the
world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[183] Overall,
the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than
any other country.[184][185] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S.
in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in
the 1960s. In the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and
more severe.[186]
The Köppen climate types of the
Biodiversity and conservation United States

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of

endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the
contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering
plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[188] The
United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295
amphibians,[189] and around 91,000 insect species.[190]

There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks,
forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park Service and other
agencies.[191] About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally The bald eagle, the national bird of
managed,[192] primarily in the Western States.[193] Most of this land is the United States since 1782[187]
protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent
is used for military purposes.[194][195]

Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and
water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,[196][197] and climate change.[198][199] The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related
issues.[200] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness
Act.[201] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their
habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.[202] In 2024, the U.S. ranked
34th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[203] The country joined the Paris Agreement on
climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments.[204]

Government and politics

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty
over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.[18][205] The world's oldest surviving
federation,[206] the Constitution of the United States is the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from
March 4, 1789). Its presidential system of government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly
independent nations following decolonization.[207] It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is
tempered by minority rights protected by law."[208] The U.S. Constitution
serves as the country's supreme legal document, also establishing the structure
and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with
the individual states.

According to V-Dem Institute's 2023 Human Rights Index, the United States
ranks among the highest in the world for human rights.[209] The U.S. Capitol Building, the seat
of legislative government, is home
to both chambers of the U.S.
National government Congress: the Senate (in left wing of
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the building) and the House of
Representatives (right wing).
federal government is the national government of the United States. It is
regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[210]

The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature, made up of the Senate

and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares
war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[211] and has the
power of impeachment.[212] The Senate has 100 members (2 from
each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of The White House, the residence
Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year and workplace of the U.S. president
term; all representatives serve one congressional district of
and the offices of the presidential
equivalent population.[213] The Congress also organizes a collection staff
of committees, each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of
Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to
investigate and oversee the executive branch.[214] Congressional
oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by
Congress's subpoena power.[215] Appointment to a committee
enables a member to develop specialized knowledge of the matters
under its purview. The various committees monitor ongoing
governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative
review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses
of action to the U.S. Congress, including but not limited to new The Supreme Court Building, which
legislation. The two major political parties have appointment power houses the nation's highest court
in deciding each committee's membership. Committee chairs are
assigned to a member of the majority party.
The U.S. president is the commander-in-chief of the military and chief executive of the federal
government, with the ability to veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law.
However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of
Congress. The president appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate approval, and names
other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their respective agencies.[216] The
president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons. Finally, the president has
the right to issue expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy areas.
Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both candidates are elected
together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is
technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the U.S. Electoral College.
There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state legislature.[217] In practice,
however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to confirm the
winner of their state's popular vote. This group of electors equals their state's number of U.S.
representatives, plus two more electors for the two U.S. senators the state sends to Congress. (The
District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes.) Both the
president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be reelected to the
office only once, for one additional four-year term.[q]
 The U.S. federal judiciary, whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate
approval, consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district
courts. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[218] The
Supreme Court has nine members led by the Chief Justice of the United States. The members are
appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.[219] In a number of ways the
federal court system operates differently than state courts. For civil cases that is apparent in the types
of cases that can be heard in the federal system. Their limited jurisdiction restricts them to cases
authorized by the United States Constitution or federal statutes. In criminal cases, states may only
bring criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only bring criminal
prosecutions in federal court. The first level in the federal courts is federal district court for any case
under "original jurisdiction", such as federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties. There are twelve
federal circuits that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals courts. After a federal
district court has decided a case, it can then be appealed to a United States court of appeal. The next
and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It has the power to decide
appeals on all cases brought in federal court or those brought in state court but dealing with federal law.
Unlike circuit court appeals, however, the Supreme Court is usually not required to hear the appeal. A
"petition for writ of certiorari" may be submitted to the court, asking it to hear the case. If it is granted,
the Supreme Court will take briefs and conduct oral arguments. If it is not granted, the opinion of the
lower court stands. Certiorari is not often granted, and less than 1% of appeals to the Supreme Court
are actually heard by it. Usually, the Court only hears cases when there are conflicting decisions across
the nation on a particular issue, or when there is an obvious error in a case.
The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system, where the
executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789
Constitution of the United States, especially in the Americas.[220]

Political parties
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed
independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist
parties.[221] Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party
system, though the parties in that system have been different at different
times.[222] The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the
Republican. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political
platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative.[223]
U.S. state governments (governor
and legislature) by party control, as
Subdivisions of 2024:
Democratic control
In the American federal system, sovereign powers are shared between two
Republican control
levels of elected government: national and state. People in the states are also
Split control
represented by local elected governments, which are administrative divisions
of the states.[224] States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and
further divided into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United
States, the city of Washington.[225] The territories and the District of Columbia are administrative divisions of the
federal government.[226] Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations.[227]
Foreign relations
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has
the world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council,[228] and home to the United
Nations headquarters.[229] The United States is a member of the G7,[230]
G20,[231] and OECD intergovernmental organizations.[232] Almost all
countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives)
in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions
with the United States, except Iran,[233] North Korea,[234] and Bhutan.[235] The United Nations headquarters
Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it has been situated along the East
maintains close unofficial relations.[236] The United States regularly supplies River in Midtown Manhattan since
Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.[237] Its 1952; in 1945, the United States
was a founding member of the UN.
geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States
joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and
Japan.[238]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom[239] and strong ties with Canada,[240]
Australia,[241] New Zealand,[242] the Philippines,[243] Japan,[244] South Korea,[245] Israel,[246] and several European
Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).[247] The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on
military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the Organization of American States
and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally
considered to be the closest ally of the United States.[248] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and
responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.[249] It has
increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India,[250] but its ties with China have steadily
deteriorated.[251][252] Since 2014, the U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine;[253] it has also provided the country
with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion.[254]

Military
The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces
and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near
Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are
made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space
Force.[255] The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland
Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in
wartime.[256] The Pentagon, the headquarters of
the U.S. Department of Defense in
The United States spent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the Arlington County, Virginia, is one of
largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and the world's largest office buildings
accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.[257][258] The U.S. has 42% of the with over 6.5 million square feet
world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest share after Russia.[259] (600,000 m2) of floor space.

The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world,
behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.[260] The military operates about 800 bases
and facilities abroad,[261] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign
countries.[262]

State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are
authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor.[263][264][265] They are distinct
from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard
personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the
Guard and provides for the integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since
1947) the U.S. Air Force.[266]

Law enforcement and criminal justice

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the
United States.[267] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police
departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions.
The state police departments have authority in their respective state, and
federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S.
Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as
J. Edgar Hoover Building, the
protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' headquarters of the Federal Bureau
rulings and federal laws.[268] State courts conduct most civil and criminal of Investigation (FBI), in
trials,[269] and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state Washington, D.C.
court decisions.[270]

There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely
heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels.
In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails,
1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in
military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."[271] Despite
disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and
juvenile correctional facilities.[272] Federal prisons are run by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have
been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.[272] State prisons, run by the official department of
correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony
offenses.[272] Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold
those serving short sentences (typically under a year).[272] Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state
governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to
be confined.[273]

As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per
100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with almost 2 million people
incarcerated.[274][275][271] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S.
homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25
times higher".[276]

Economy
The U.S. has been the world's largest economy nominally since about
1890.[278] The 2023 nominal U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of more than
$27 trillion was the highest in the world, constituting over 25% of the global
economy or 15% at purchasing power parity (PPP).[279][13] From 1983 to
2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a
2.3% weighted average for the rest of the Group of Seven.[280] The country The U.S. dollar, the most-used
ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,[281] second when adjusted for currency in international
transactions and the world's
purchasing power parities (PPP),[13] and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per
foremost reserve currency[277]
capita.[13] It possesses the highest disposable household income per capita
among OECD countries.[282] As of February 2024, the total federal
government debt was $34.4 trillion.[283]

Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 136 are headquartered in the
U.S. as of 2023[285]—the highest number of any country.[286] The U.S. dollar
is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's
foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its
military, the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S.
treasuries market.[277] Several countries use it as their official currency, and in
others it is the de facto currency.[287][288] It has free trade agreements with
several countries, including the USMCA.[289] The U.S. ranked second in the
Microsoft campus, the headquarters
Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.[290] Although the of Microsoft, the world's biggest
United States has reached a post-industrial level of development[291] and is company by market
often described as having a service economy,[291][292] it remains a major capitalization[284]
industrial power.[293] As of 2021, the U.S. is the second-largest manufacturing
country after China.[294]

New York City is the world's principal financial center[296][297] and the epicenter of the world's largest metropolitan
economy.[298] The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest
stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.[299][300] The United States is at or near the forefront of
technological advancement and innovation[301] in many economic fields,
especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers;
pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.[168] The
country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed
infrastructure, and high productivity.[302] The largest trading partners of the
United States are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South
Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.[303] The United
States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter.[r] It is by The New York Stock Exchange on
far the world's largest exporter of services.[306] Wall Street, the world's largest stock
exchange by market
Americans have the highest average household and employee income among capitalization[295]
[307]
OECD member states, and the fourth-highest median household
income, [308] up from sixth-highest in 2013.[309] With personal consumption
expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[310] the U.S. has a heavily consumer-driven economy and is by far the
world's largest consumer market.[311] Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult
population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.[312] Income inequality in
the U.S. remains at record highs,[313] with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income[314] and
giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.[315][316] The U.S. ranks first in the
number of dollar billionaires and millionaires, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires as of 2023.[317]
There were about 582,500 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in 2022, with 60% staying in an
emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[318] In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.[319]
Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the
U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.[320] As of 2022, 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of
the U.S. population, were living in poverty.[321]

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other
high-income countries.[322][323] It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation
nationally[324] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right.[325] The
United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed country, largely
because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[326]

Science, technology, spaceflight and energy

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research
since the mid-20th century.[327] Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool
industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.[328] By the early
20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created
the system of mass production.[329] The United States is widely considered to be the leading country in the
development of artificial intelligence technology.[330][331][332] In 2022, the United States was the country with the
second-highest number of published scientific papers.[333] As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of
patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications.[334] In 2023, the United States ranked
third in the Global Innovation Index.[335] The U.S. has the highest total research and development expenditure of any
country[336] and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.[337] In 2023, the United States was ranked as the second most
technologically advanced country in the world by Global Finance.[338]

The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.[339][340] NASA's Apollo program (1961–1972)
achieved the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most
significant milestones.[341][342] Other major endeavors by NASA include the
Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),[343] the Voyager program (1972–present),
the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021,
respectively),[344][345] and the multi-mission Mars Exploration Program (Spirit
and Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance).[346] NASA is one of five
agencies collaborating on the International Space Station (ISS);[347] U.S.
contributions to the ISS include several modules, including Destiny (2001),
Harmony (2007), and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and
operational support.[348] The United States private sector dominates the global U.S. astronaut Buzz Aldrin saluting
commercial spaceflight industry.[349] Prominent American spaceflight the American flag on the Moon
contractors include Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Space, and SpaceX. NASA during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission;
the United States is the only country
programs such as the Commerical Crew Program, Commercial Resupply
that has landed crews on the lunar
Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have facilitated
surface.
growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.[350]

As of 2023, the United States receives approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel and the largest source of the
country's energy came from petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and
nuclear power (9%).[351][352] The United States constitutes less than 4% of the world's population, but consumes
around 16% of the world's energy.[353] The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases.[354]

Transportation
The U.S. Department of Transportation and its divisions provide regulation,
supervision, and funding for all aspects of transportation except for customs,
immigration, and security. (The latter remain the responsibility of the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security.) Each U.S. state has its own department of
transportation, which builds and maintains state highways. Depending upon
the state, this department might also directly operate or supervise other modes
of transportation.
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta
Aviation law is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the federal government; the International Airport, serving the
Federal Aviation Administration regulates all aspects of civil aviation, air Atlanta metropolitan area, is the
traffic management, certification and compliance, and aviation safety. Vehicle world's busiest airport by passenger
traffic with over 75 million
traffic laws, however, are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities,
passengers in 2021.[355]
with the exception of roads located on federal property (national parks,
military bases) or in the unorganized U.S. territories. The United States Coast
Guard is the primary enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but economic
jurisdiction over coastal tidelands is shared between state and federal governments. The country's inland waterways
are the world's fifth-longest, totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).[356]

Passenger and freight rail systems, bus systems, water ferries, and dams may be under either public or private
ownership and operation. U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. Most U.S. airports are owned and operated by
local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. The Transportation Security Administration has
provided security at most major airports since 2001.

Privately owned railroads and trains were the dominant mode of transportation in the U.S. until the mid-twentieth
century. The introduction of jet airplanes and airports serving the same major city routes accelerated a decline in
demand for intercity rail passenger service by the 1960s. The completion of the Interstate Highway System also
hastened the sharp curtailment of passenger service by the railroads. These significant developments led to the
creation of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, now called Amtrak,
by the U.S. federal government in 1971. Amtrak helps to maintain limited
intercity rail passenger service in most parts of the country. It serves most
major U.S. cities, but outside the Northeast, California, and Illinois it typically
runs only a few trains per day. More frequent Amtrak service is available in
regional corridors between certain major cities, particularly the Northeast
Corridor between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City and Boston;
between New York City and Albany; in metropolitan Chicago; and in parts of
California and the Pacific Northwest. Amtrak does not serve several major Interchange between Interstate 10
U.S. destinations, including Las Vegas and Phoenix, Arizona. and Interstate 45 in Houston, Texas

The American civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been
largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.[357] The three largest airlines in the
world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US
Airways.[358] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the
busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[359][360] As of 2022, there are 19,969 airports in the U.S., of
which 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other activities.[361]

The overwhelming majority of roads in the United States are owned and maintained by state and local governments.
Roads maintained only by the U.S. federal government are generally found on federal lands (such as national parks)
or at federal facilities (like military bases). The Interstate Highway System, with its large, open freeways linking the
states, is partly funded by the federal government but owned and maintained by the state government hosting its
section of the interstate. Some states fund and build their own large expressways—often called "parkways" or
"turnpikes"—that generally use tolls to pay for construction and maintenance. Likewise, some privately owned roads
may use tolls for this purpose.

Public transportation in the United States includes bus, commuter rail, ferry, and sometimes airline service. Public
transit systems serve areas of higher population density where demand is greatest. Many U.S. cities, towns, and
suburbs are car-dependent, however, and public transit there is less common and service far less frequent. Most U.S.
urban areas have some form of public transit, notably city buses, while the largest (e.g. New York, Chicago, Atlanta,
Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon) operate extensive systems that also include subways or
light rail.[362] Most public transit service in the United States is run by local governments, but national and regional
commuter lines serve major U.S. urban corridors.

Personal transportation in the United States is dominated by automobiles,[363][364] which operate on a network of
4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public roads, making it the longest in the world.[365][366] The country's rail
transport network, also the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),[367] handles mostly freight.[368][369]
Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are located in the United States. The busiest in the U.S. is the Port of
Los Angeles.[370]

The Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the Ford Model T, both American cars, are considered the first mass-produced[371]
and mass-affordable[372] cars, respectively. As of 2023, the United States is the second-largest manufacturer of motor
vehicles[373] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable car company.[374] American automotive company
General Motors held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.[375] The American automotive
industry is the world's second-largest automobile market by sales, having been overtaken by China in 2010,[376] and
the U.S. has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world,[377] with 910 vehicles per 1000 people.[378] By
value, the U.S. was the world's largest importer and third-largest exporter of cars in 2022.[379]

Demographics

Population
The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, Most populous U.S. states in
2020,[s][382] making the United States the third-most-populous country 2020[380][381]
in the world, after China and India.[168] According to the Bureau's U.S. State Population (millions)
Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of California 39.0
one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[383] In Texas 30.5
2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were Florida 22.6
widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[384] In 19.6
New York
2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per 13.0
Pennsylvania
woman,[385] and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children
Illinois 12.5
living in single-parent households in 2019.[386]
Ohio 11.7
The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have Georgia 11.0
more than one million members.[387] White Americans with ancestry North Carolina 10.8
from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial Michigan 10.0
and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[388][389]
Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African
Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[387] Asian
Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7
million Native Americans account for about 1%,[387] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal
government.[390] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.[391]

Language
While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the
most commonly spoken and written.[392] Although there is no official language
at the federal level, some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements,
standardize English, and most states have declared it the official
language.[393] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or
indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[394]
Alaska (twenty Native languages),[t][395] South Dakota (Sioux),[396] American
Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern
Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American
languages are spoken in the United States.[397] In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more
widely spoken than English.[398]
Most spoken languages in the U.S.
According to the American Community Survey in 2010, some 229 million
people out of the total U.S. population of 308 million spoke only English at
home. About 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other
languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million),
Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).[399]

Immigration
America's immigrant population of nearly 51 million is by far the world's
largest in absolute terms.[400][401] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants
and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for
nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[402] In 2017, out of the U.S.
foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens,
27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were
temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized
immigrants.[403] In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were
The Mexico–United States border
Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), wall between San Diego (left) and
and El Salvador (3%).[404] In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants Tijuana (right)
(most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal
residence.[405] The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for
decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[406]

Religion
The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and
forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.[407][408]
Religious practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world,[409] and
profoundly vibrant.[410] The country has the world's largest Christian
population.[411] Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism,
Islam, many New Age movements, and Native American religions.[412] Religious
practice varies significantly by region.[413] "Ceremonial deism" is common in
American culture.[414]

The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual

force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves Religious affiliation in the
religious or spiritual.[415][416] In the "Bible Belt", located within the Southern U.S., according to a 2023
United States, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally, Gallup poll:[7]
whereas New England and the Western United States tend to be more secular.[413]
Mormonism—a Restorationist movement, whose members migrated westward Protestantism (33%)
from Missouri and Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in 1847 after Catholicism (22%)
the assassination of Joseph Smith[417]—remains the predominant religion in Utah Non-specific Christian (11%)
to this day.[418] Judaism (2%)
Mormonism (1%)
Other religion (6%)
Urbanization Unaffiliated (22%)
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[168] about half of Unanswered (3%)
those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. [419] In 2022, 333 incorporated
municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one
million residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding
two million.[420] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[421]
 Largest metropolitan areas in the United States
2023 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau[422]
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
1 New York Northeast 19,498,249 11 Boston Northeast 4,919,179
Riverside–
2 Los Angeles West 12,799,100 12 San West 4,688,053
Bernardino
San
3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 West 4,566,961
Francisco
Dallas–Fort
4 South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwest 4,342,304
Worth Chicago
New York 5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West 4,044,837
Minneapolis–
6 Atlanta South 6,307,261 16 Midwest 3,712,020
Saint Paul
Washington, Tampa–St.
Los Angeles 7 South 6,304,975 17 South 3,342,963
D.C. Petersburg Dallas–Fort Worth
8 Philadelphia Northeast 6,246,160 18 San Diego West 3,269,973
9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West 3,005,131
10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20 Baltimore South 2,834,316

Health
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), average American life
expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years
for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the
CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years
between 2019 and 2021". The health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and
higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and suicides were held mostly
responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.[426] The same report
stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially Texas Medical Center in Houston is
significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people the largest medical complex in the
(AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of world.[423][424] As of 2018, it
other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" employed 120,000 people and
gap has been increasing ever since.[427] The U.S. has one of the highest suicide treated 10 million patients

rates among high-income countries.[428] Approximately one-third of the U.S. annually.[425]

adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[429] The U.S.

healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of
GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[430] The
United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of
the population that does not carry health insurance.[431] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor
(Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or
age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[u][432]
Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.[433]

Education
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12,
"kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state,
territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S.
Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or
an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first
grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th
grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow
them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[435] The U.S. spends more on 77% of American college students
education per student than any country in the world,[436] an average of $18,614 attend public institutions[434] such as
per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020– the University of Virginia, founded
2021. [437] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high by Thomas Jefferson in 1819.
school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and
14.2% earned a graduate degree.[438] The U.S. literacy rate is near-
universal.[168][439] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413
awards).[440][441]

U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by
various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[442][443] American higher education
is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about
20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering
the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and
lower tuition.[444]

As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and
Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[445] Colleges and universities
directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government
employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite
some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[446] student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and
2020,[447] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.[448]

Culture and society

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed" emphasizing
consent of the governed, liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference
for limited government.[450][451] Culturally, the country has been described as having the values of individualism and
personal autonomy,[452][453] as well as having a strong work ethic,[454] competitiveness,[455] and voluntary altruism
towards others.[456][457][458] According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of
total GDP to charity—the highest rate in the world by a large margin.[459] The United States is home to a wide variety
of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[460][461] It has acquired significant cultural and economic soft power.[462][463]

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past
five centuries.[464] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European
immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[465] More
recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a
homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating
into, mainstream American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social
mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[466][467] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of
debate.[468][469][470] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a
classless society,[471] scholars identify significant differences between the country's
social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[472][473] Americans tend to
greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted
by some as a noble condition as well.[474]

The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any
country under the First Amendment,[475] which protects flag desecration, hate speech,
blasphemy, and lese-majesty as forms of protected expression.[476][477][478] A 2016
Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free
expression of any polity measured.[479] They are the "most supportive of freedom of
the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship."[480] The The Statue of Liberty
(Liberty Enlightening the
U.S. is a socially progressive country[481] with permissive attitudes surrounding
World) on Liberty Island in
human sexuality.[482] LGBT rights in the United States are advanced by global New York Harbor was an
standards.[482][483][484] 1866 gift from France that
has become an iconic
symbol of the American
Literature Dream.[449]
Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various other
Enlightenment philosophers.[486][487] The American Revolutionary Period (1765–
1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and after the Revolutionary War,
the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national
literature.[488][489] An early novel is William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy,
published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early- to mid-nineteenth century
helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing
predecessors such as Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by
influencing writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,[490] who took American poetry and short
fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller pioneered the
influential Transcendentalism movement;[491][492] Henry David Thoreau, author of
Walden, was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding abolitionism
inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and authors of slave narratives, such as Mark Twain, who William
Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) explored the Faulkner called "the father
dark side of American history, as did Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Major of American literature"[485]
American poets of the nineteenth century American Renaissance include Walt
Whitman, Melville, and Emily Dickinson.[493][494] Mark Twain was the first major
American writer to be born in the West. Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait
of a Lady (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers,
women, and the rural poor.[495][496] Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the
period.[497][498]

While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States
more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[499] Following the Great Migration to northern
cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent
tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export
during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among
francophone writers of the African diaspora.[500][501] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to
attempt to write the Great American Novel,[502] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that
elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of
society.[503][504] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying
feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[505] As of 2024 there have been 12 American
laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature.[506]

Mass media
Media is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant
protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States.[475] The four major
broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia
Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox
Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all
commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety
of niches.[507] As of 2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to broadcast
radio, while about 40% listen to podcasts.[508] As of 2020, there were 15,460 licensed
full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC).[509] Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR,
incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[510]
Comcast Center in
U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, Philadelphia, headquarters
The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today. [511] About 800 of Comcast, one of the
[512][513] world's largest
publications are produced in Spanish. With few exceptions, newspapers are
telecommunications
privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own
companies and media
dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers;
conglomerates
or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have
alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The
Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are
Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.[514]

As of 2022, the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.[515] There are 444
publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[516]

Theater
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United
States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily
influenced by the British theater.[517] By the middle of the 19th century America had
created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the
minstrel show.[518] The central hub of the American theater scene is the Theater
District in Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-
Broadway.[519]

Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York
productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or Broadway theaters in
resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget Theater District, Manhattan
theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater
culture.[520]
The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in
Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater.
Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for
Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award.[521]

Visual arts
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that
allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct
from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less
relevant to early American settlers.[523] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship
in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example,
the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral
to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in
the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early
enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and
forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early
America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional American Gothic (1930) by
forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Grant Wood is one of the
Europe.[475] most famous American
paintings and is widely
The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts parodied.[522]

tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an
exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art
scene.[524]

Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would
become known as American modernism. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson
Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the
United States. Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston,
James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.[525]

The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including Frank
Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.[526] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art
museum in the United States.[527]

Music
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk
music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or
folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or
Africa.[528] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American
music.[529] Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into
their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[530][531] The electric guitar,
first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in
particular due to the development of rock and roll.[532]
Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted
and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from
blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations
and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis
Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th
century.[533] Country music developed in the 1920s,[534] rock and roll in the
1930s,[532] and bluegrass[535] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[536] In the
1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the The Country Music Hall of Fame
and Museum in Nashville,
country's most celebrated songwriters.[537] The musical forms of punk and hip
Tennessee
hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[538]

The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value
of $15.9 billion in 2022.[539] Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented
by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[540] Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank
Sinatra[541] and Elvis Presley,[542] became global celebrities and best-selling music artists,[533] as have artists of the
late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,[543] Madonna,[544] Whitney Houston,[545] and Prince,[546] and the early
21st century, such as Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.[547]

Fashion
The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[548] Apart
from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and
predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their
clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic
of American styles.[549] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be
one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and
London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment
District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the Haute couture fashion models on
early 20th century.[550] the catwalk during New York
Fashion Week
The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to
niche markets, such as pre teens. There has been a trend in the United States
fashion towards sustainable clothing.[551] New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the
world, and occurs twice a year;[552] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion
world's "biggest night".[553][554]

Cinema
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the
nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[555][556][557] The
major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-
selling movies in the world.[558][559] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and
around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film
companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[560] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the
Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[561] and the Golden
Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[562]
The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of
Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[563] with
screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic
figures.[564][565] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood
Renaissance",[566] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and
Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[567] The 21st century was
marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival
traditional cinema.[568][569] The iconic Hollywood Sign, in the
Hollywood Hills, often regarded as
the symbol of the American film
Cuisine industry

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey,

sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and
pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early
settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar
with, such as wheat flour,[570] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American
cuisine.[571][572] New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and
turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving,
when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the
occasion.[573]
A Thanksgiving dinner with roast
Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts,
turkey, mashed potatoes, pickles,
french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs corn, candied yams, cranberry jelly,
derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.[574][575][576][577] shrimps, stuffing, green peas,
Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas deviled eggs, green salad, and
later annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta apple sauce
dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed. [578]

American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and
internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This
would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs
would study prior to successful careers.[579][580]

The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[581][582] and employed more
than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.[581] It is the country's second-largest
private employer and the third-largest employer overall.[583][584] The United States is home to over 220 Michelin
Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[585] Wine has been produced in what is now the
United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in
1628.[586][587][588] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84
percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-
largest wine-producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[589][590]

The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.[591] American restaurants developed the
drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s.[592][593]
American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's,[594][595] Kentucky Fried Chicken, and many others, have
numerous outlets around the world.[596]

Sports
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football,
basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[597] While most major U.S. sports
such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European
practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are
American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[598]
Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian
activities that predate European contact.[599] The market for professional
sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013,
American football is the most
roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa popular sport in the United States; in
combined.[600] this September 2022 National
Football League game, the
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in Jacksonville Jaguars play the
the United States;[601] the National Football League has the highest average Washington Commanders at
attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched FedExField.
by tens of millions globally.[602] However, baseball has been regarded as the
U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the
next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues
are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National
Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and
IndyCar.[603][604]

On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[605] and college football and
basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are
some of the most watched national sporting events.[606] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder
system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and
privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[607]

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri,
were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[608] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a
ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals
(1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[609][610][611]

In international professional competition, the U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven World Cups,
while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times
each.[612] The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the
2026 FIFA World Cup.[613] The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also hosted by the United States. Its final match
was watched by 90,185, setting the world record for most-attended women's sporting event at the time.[614]

See also
Lists of U.S. state topics
Outline of the United States

Notes
a. Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii
recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20
Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all
 Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official
language.
b. English is the de facto language. For more information, see Languages of the United States.
c. The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or
northeasterners since the 18th century.
d. At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land
area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and
Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are
included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia,
Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[19]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[20]
e. Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in
U.S. census statistics
f. After adjustment for taxes and transfers
g. See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
h. See Date and time notation in the United States.
i. The U.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic.
j. Federally recognized Native American tribes are treated as "domestic dependent nations" with tribal
sovereignty rights.[17]
k. The five major territories outside the union of states are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana
Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without
permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef,
Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa
Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[18]
l. The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the
50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S.
territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial
population clock: www.census.gov/popclock (https://www.census.gov/popclock/)
m. Based on purchasing power
n. Including agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Health Organization
o. From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations
throughout the Americas. It is estimated that up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations, especially
in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during the years following European
colonization;[47] remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.[48][49]
p. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
q. Per the U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three, proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960,
and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961
r. A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is
the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[304] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is
the world's largest exporter.[305]
s. This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated
territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana
Islands) and minor island possessions.
t. Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag,
Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna,
Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
u. Also known less formally as Obamacare
References
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calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top
of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended
action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and
with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify
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12040238). ISSN 2076-0760 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-0760). "What the United States
went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as
head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare
martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power."
Eisen, Norman; Ayer, Donald; Perry, Joshua; Bookbinder, Noah; Perry, E. Danya (June 6, 2022). Trump
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fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented
schemes to – in his own words – "overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie"
campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021 – an inflection point in what we now understand
was nothing less than an attempted coup."
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("Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action
unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower – it was a coup
in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led
to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political
process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the
peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country
does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears
January 6 will repeat itself.").
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statement/permission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World
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External links
Key Development Forecasts for the United States (https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?
 Country=US) from International Futures

Government
Official U.S. Government web portal (https://www.usa.gov/) – gateway to government sites
House (https://www.house.gov/) – official website of the United States House of Representatives
Senate (https://www.senate.gov/) – official website of the United States Senate
White House (https://www.whitehouse.gov/) – official website of the president of the United States
Supreme Court (https://www.supremecourt.gov/) – official website of the Supreme Court of the United
States

History
"Historical Documents" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/H
istoricalDocuments.html) – website from the National Center for Public Policy Research
"U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/htt
p://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm). Religious Tolerance. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants
on Religious Tolerance.
"Historical Statistics" (https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html) – links to U.S. historical data

Maps
"National Atlas of the United States" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationa
latlas.gov/) – official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
Geographic data related to United States (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/148838) at
OpenStreetMap
"Measure of America" (https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/) – a variety of mapped information
relating to health, education, income, safety and demographics in the United States

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