Chapter 1(Part B)

Introduction to AI
Writing Subjective Responses
1. Yes, I agree with the statement because Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) is
theoretically possible.

2. Al in Healthcare Industry: In the healthcare industry, the main goal of

implementing Artificial Intelligence machines is to enhance productivity
in terms of improvement in patient care and reducing work pressure of the
healthcare workers.

Al in Banking and Other Financial Institutions: Artificial Intelligence

machines are used to collect personal data and provide financial advice as
per the requirement of customers in banks and other financial institutions.

3. Technological advancement in the field of Al has brought tremendous change

in our daily lives because Al can dramatically improve the efficiencies of our
workplaces and augment the work humans can do.

4. Yes, smart city is an evolution of smart homes because home automation

is a key component of smart cities. These smart homes will be cost• saving
and energy-saving as they monitor the operation of heating radiators with
thermostats that connect via Wi-Fi or through a single control center.

5. Yes, inclusive and quality education can empower the condition of women
in the society because it decreases societal gender stereotype which
promotes the acceptance of women in higher earning and decision making
positions. If all women and girls receive a quality education, their employment
opportunities will be greatly improved.

6. Smart transport options help in protecting the environment because they have
enough potential to support the mobility needs of a society in a way that
is least damageable to the environment and does not affect mobility needs
of future generation.

7. Artificial Intelligence has brought tremendous change in our lifestyles

because it can solve complex problems in an efficient way. The various fields
where Al can be utilized are as follows:

i. Al in Gaming: Gaming industry is one of the most prominent

 industries that use Al technology to improve the strategic aspects of
games.

ii. Al in E-commerce: E-commerce companies like Amazon and Flipkart

use Al technology to recommend products to a user on the basis of
his/her previous purchases. The recommendation is also based on user
interests.

iii. Al in Banking: Banking industry uses Al technology that allows users

to do multiple number of transactions without leaving their homes.

8. Yes, Modern programming languages and statistical programming languages

play an important role in the field of Al because the development and
deployment of Al system is highly scientific. If a person has an adequate
knowledge about modern programming language and statistical
programming language, then he/she can easily enhance the productivity of
an organization.

9. The main ethical concerns related to the adoption of Al systems are job
loss, unemployment, income inequalities etc.

10. Yes, Al systems like chatbots and drones can be used for beneficial as well
as destructive purposes. In banking sector chatbots are used for customer
interacting anytime which is beneficial whereas some chatbots are used by
fraudsters to perform automated login with the goal of comprising user
accounts.

Short Answer Question

1. a. Robotics is a field that deals with the designing, construction,
programming and application of robots. Robots are computing
machines which include both hardware and software. The main
aspiration in robotics is to use Al to develop Al programs and software
for the computer to perform actions and behave like humans.

b. To perform a specific task, Al systems are equipped with real-world

data which can be biased or unbiased. Most of the time, inclusion
problems are found in those Al systems which make decisions on the
basis of biased data. For example, facial recognition technology is not
so accurate to recognize darker skinned faces. This is a situation in
which Al systems exhibit racial bias which makes many darker skinned
people feel inferior and excluded. This racial bias towards darker skinned
people is due to lack of diversity in the images and other data used in
training the Al systems.

4
 c. Machine learning is a form of Al that enables systems to learn
automatically from experience or past information. For example, auto-
complete suggestion feature in search engines that gives better
result with more experience and data.

d. GIGO is an acronym that stands for Garbage In, Garbage Out. It means
that we will get wrong output if we give wrong input to the computers. In
simple words, the quality of the output received from a computer
program depends on the quality of the input. This principle is also
applicable to Al systems.

2. The main ethical concern related to Al systems are: Privacy concern and
Adoption concern.

3. The term 'Al ethics' refers to a set of rules and principles related to Al systems.
Al-enabled systems are becoming more capable day-by-day which raise
complex ethical issues for the human world.

4. Amazon, Microsoft and Google.

Long Answer Questions

1. a. Weak Al: In the present scenario, all Al systems are weak Al because
these systems or machines pretend to be intelligent but are not really
intelligent. Some examples of Weak Al are advanced chess software
programs, virtual assistants and language translators. The output given
by these systems are a part of programming which isbeing done by
human beings.
Strong Al: Strong Al systems are those systems which use clustering
and association techniques for processing the data. The output given
by these systems have a wider scope and application and will not be
limited to programming. These systems have an incredible human•level
intelligence.
b. The second wave of Al is also known as Business Al. This wave of Al
works with data which has been previously recorded and submitted
during customer interactions with financial, healthcare, legal and
business institutions. Unlike human, complex data analytics are used
in machines to detect and process weakly correlated data.
The third wave of Al is also known as Perception Al. In this wave, Al
moves into the sensor ecosystem, merging the digital world with our
physical environments. Today, Artificial Intelligence (Al) helps us in
shopping, provides suggestions on e-commerce websites, connects us

5
 with our friends on social media and much more. The perception Al
is used in smart speakers to recognise what you say, in mobile phones
that are unlocked by facial recognition, etc.
c. Artificial General Intelligence can be defined as the ability of systems
to perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human. These systems
are hard to develop because replication of the human brain is theoretically
possible but not practicable as of now.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence is the ability of computers to perform
a single task effectively and efficiently. These systems are intelligent enough
to perform a single task very well like Google voice assistants, bots,
etc., which are designed only for voice recognition.
d. Privacy Concern: Data collection is one of the most serious
implications of Al systems that comes under the category of privacy
concern. Let us understand with the help of an example. Gmail, an app
offered by Google, helps us to set up an e-mail account for sending e-
mails across the world. You must have noticed that while creating an
account on Gmail, you were asked to submit some information like your
date of birth, phone number, etc. After filling all information, you will
be asked to put a tick mark in the checkbox of a lengthy user
agreement, which most users accept without even realizing the
implications of such agreements on our privacy rights. You should
remember that the data entered by you is stored somewhere in the large
databases. Thus, the information entered by you can be used in any
manner wherein the potential risk is incredibly high.
Adoption Concern: One of the major concerns related to the adoption
of Al systems is its impact on employment and theworkforce. Let us
understand more about adoption concerns of Al system through the
following points:
i) Future of Jobs: Job loss is the major concern across the world due
to adoption of automation systems in various sectors like banks,
healthcare, military etc.
ii) Income Inequalities: The adoption of Al systems could increase
income inequality across the world. The negative consequences of
automated systems are disproportionately felt in the lower• income
regions compared with higher-income regions of the same country.

6
 iii) No reasoning: As you know, Artificial Intelligent systems are not
moral agents. These systems can make decisions on the basis of
real world data which is being fed into them but it is still unclear
as to who is responsible for the outcome of the decisions made
by them. In simple words, these systems are not able to give
reasoning for the decisions made by them.
2. The detailed description of Al related careers are as follows:
i. Data Scientist: Data Scientists are scientists who make value out of data.
They fetch information from large data sets and analyze it for better
understanding. The skill sets needed for these jobs are as follows:
a) Adequate knowledge of Big Data platforms like Hive, MapReduce, etc.
b) Knowledge of modern and statistical programming languages
c) Strong analytical skills
ii. Machine Learning Engineer: Machine learning engineer is one of the
most prominent professions in the field of Al. These engineers are
responsible for developing and managing machine learning Al systems.
The skill sets required to pursue a career in this field are:
a) Good knowledge of programming languages
b) Good knowledge of data science
c) Strong mathematical skills
iii. Business Intelligence Developer: Business intelligence developer is
also one of the most sought-after careers these days. They are responsible
to analyze data for the prediction of future market trends. The specific skill
sets required for these jobs are:
a) Good knowledge of query tools
b) Knowledge of data modelling and data mining
c) Ability to translate business requirements into technical
requirements
3. We will achieve Sustainable Development Goals with the help of following
Artificial Intelligence Systems:
i. Smart water management systems can provide a more resilient and
efficient water supply system equipped with Al technology, reduce costs
and improve sustainability. These systems are made up of the following
components: acoustic devices, smart water meters, water treatment plant
control, GIS (Geographic Information System) and

7
 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems to manage
water networks, control pressure, monitor leakage, etc.
ii. Al-based smart energy systems are expected to reduce the pollution level
and support innovation in the green energy industry. These systems use
the components like smart grid, smart meters, sensors, smart energy
storage, etc.
iii. Al technologies can enable smart and low-carbon cities encompassing
a range of interconnected technologies such as electrical autonomous
vehicles and smart appliances that can boost productivity and
sustainability.
iv. Al technologies can enable smart and low-carbon cities encompassing
a range of interconnected technologies such as electrical autonomous
vehicles and smart appliances that can boost productivity and
sustainability.
v. A farmer can reduce waste and boost farm productivity by using a smart
farm management system. This system can also provide great benefits
in terms of environmental issues like more efficient use of water, or
optimization of treatments and inputs.
4. Yes, a smart citizen is needed as the main driving force behind digital
products that will produce a vast change in the field of Al technology
because if a citizen is able to learn new emerging technologies, then
he/she will enhance the capability of machines that enables Al to move
and act productively

8
9 -