PROFESSIONAL

CONDUCT AND
ETHICAL
STANDARDS
• Is the branch of philosophy in which
men attempts to evaluate and decide
upon particular courses of moral
action or general theories of conduct.
• The branch of philosophy which
studies the principles of right and
wrong.
Greek word – ethikos(adjective) – relating to
one’s character.
ethos (noun) – character and disposition.

Latin Word – ethicus – custom or character

 • Major areas of study within
ethics

• Meta-ethics – concerns with the

theoretical meaning and reference
of moral propositions, and how
their truth values can be
determined.

• Normative Ethics – concerns the

practical means of determining a
moral course of action.

• Applied .ethics – concerns what

a person is obligated or permitted
to do in a specific situation or a
particular domain of action.
• Ethical Principles
1. Beneficence
➢ Doing good for others
➢ Helping others
➢ Obligation to act in the interest of
others
➢ Beneficence is the professional duty
to do or produce good. By “good” is
meant the performance of acts of
kindness and charity. “doing good” is
considered virtuous conduct.
2. Nonmaleficence
➢ Prevent harm or risk of harm to clients
➢ Includes misguidance,negligence, and
impact of stress/burnout
3. Autonomy
4. Justice
➢Self-rule or self governance
➢Fairness in relation to
➢Free from the control of others distribution or allocation of
➢Three conditions necessary time, resources and services.
➢Voluntary participation/ ➢Equal shares
coercion ➢Need
➢Competence can weigh risks ➢Motivation/effort/contribution
and benefits
➢Free-market exchange
➢Full disclosure of relevant (supply and demand)
information
➢Fair opportunity
•Indispensable knowledge
•Without moral perception, man is only an animal
•Without morality, man as rational being is failure.
 Philosophy
is derived from two Greek words.
Philo "love”
Sophy “wisdom”
Philosophy means "love of wisdom"
 Four main branches
of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics – branch of philosophy that considers
the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality.
• What is real ?
• What is the origin of the world
• What is beyond stars?
2. Epistemology – branch of philosophy that considers
how people come to learn what they know. (nature and
origin of knowledge and truth)
• Greek word episteme – knowledge or understanding
3.Axiology – branch of philosophy that considers the
study of principles and values.(more than just a
knowledge but also quality of life)
• Ethics – is the questioning of morals and personal
values.
• Aesthetics – is the examination of what is
beautiful,enjoyable, or tasteful.
• 3.Axiology – branch of philosophy that considers the
study of principles and values.(more than just a
knowledge but also quality of life)
• Ethics – is the questioning of morals and personal
values.
• Aesthetics – is the examination of what is
beautiful,enjoyable, or tasteful.
4. Logic – branch of philosophy seeks to organize
reasoning.
• Deductive – general set of rules – specific cases
(general rule to specific conclusions)
• Inductive – specific examples/cases – consider general
principles (specific observation then draws general
conclusion)
 ETHICS LAW
Study of human motivation Concerned with what we do,
not what we feel
Study of external actions. It Concerned with the
explores thoughts and externality of the act.
feelings.
Requires that man desires Requires that we perform
that of which is good and the required action
act in accordance with that regardless of our feelings
desire towards such action.
 ETHICS LAW

Addresses all human Applies to behaviors

activities that lawmakers
choose to regulate

Ethical principles are Laws are frequently

constant, universal changing
and everlasting
 ETHICS LAW

Solidly based on the "Logical instrument"

reasoning process of social control that,
essential to for the most part, are
appropriate not necessarily
discretion. products of wisdom.
Prescriptive in Basically, reactive
nature. instrument.\
 ETHICS LAW

Dependent upon Dependent for their

knowledge, effectiveness upon
rationality and legal procedures and
goodwill. complex rules of
evidence.
HUMAN ACTS
VS ACTS OF
MAN
 Human Acts Acts of Man
Actions performed by Actions which happen
man, knowingly and in man.
freely.
Deliberate or Instinctive and are not
intentional actions, or, within the control of the
voluntary. will.
 Human Acts Acts of Man

Actions are the result of Biological and

conscious knowledge physiological movements
and are subject to the in man such as, subject
control of the will. to the control of the will.
metabolism, respiration,
fear, anger, love, and
jealousy.
IGNORANCE
PASSIONS
FEAR
VIOLENCE
HABITS
1. IGNORANCE - absence of
knowledge which a
person ought to possess
Classification of Ignorance
a. VINCIBLE ignorance can easily be
reminded through ordinary diligence
b. INVINCIBLE ignorance is the type
which a person possesses without
being aware of it, or, having
awareness of it, lacks the means to
rectify it.
2. PASSIONS
either tendencies towards
desirable objects, or
tendencies away from
undesirable or harmful things
Classification of Passions
a. positive emotions - love,
desire, delight, hope, and
bravery
b. negative emotions - hatred,
horror, sadness, despair, fear,
and anger
3. FEAR - disturbance of the
mind of a person who is
confronted by an impending
danger or harm to himself or
loved ones
Fear is an instinct for self-
preservation. We even fear new
experiences or situations such
as, embarking on a long journey,
being left alone in a strange
place, or being asked to speak
before a group of people.
4. VIOLENCE - refers to any
physical force exerted on a
person by another free agent
for the purpose of compelling
said person to act against his
will.
5. HABITS - is a lasting
readiness and facility, born of
frequently repeated acts, for
acting in a certain manner
•What do we
mean by
“morality of
human acts”
?
 •Morality of human acts
refers to the goodness or the
badness, the rightness or the
wrongness of human acts.
 • Classification of Actions According to Norms

• Moral Actions
• – actions which are inconformity with the norm of
morality. Taking the necessary steps to transform
the intent to do the right thing into reality. Don't kill.
• Classification Speak the truth. Be careful with what you say and
do to others. Respect the property of others.
of Actions Immoral Actions
According to
•

• – actions which are not inconformity with the norm

of morality. Evil, sinful, or otherwise wrong
Norms behavior. For example; stealing, lying, and
murdering.

• Amoral Actions
• – actions which stands neutral in relation to the
norm of morality. Having or showing no concern
about whether behavior is morally right or wrong
Morality vs Norms,
Values
Morality
• from Latin the word
moralitas, which means
manner, character, proper
behavior. It is the
differentiation of intentions,
decisions and actions
between those that are
distinguished as proper
(right) and those that are
improper (wrong).
Norms
• - defined as rules or expectations that are
socially enforced. It may be prescriptive
(encouraging positive behavior; for example, “be
honest”) or proscriptive (discouraging negative
behavior; for example, “do not cheat”).
Values – latin – “valere” –to be strong or to be worth.
 Examples of values

• - Integrity
• - Honesty
• - hard work
• -kindness
• -Compassion
• -Emphathy
• -Sympathy
• -Justice
• -Bravery
•
• Integrity – the quality of being honest and
having strong
moral principles; moral uprightness.
• Honesty – this is when you speak the truth
and act truthfully. An honest person doesn’t do
things that are morally wrong.
• Hard work – a great deal of effort or
endurance. Working intelligently and vigorously
at a given task to complete it with maximum
efficiency.
• Kindness – defined as the defined as the
quality of being friendly, generous, and
considerate.
• Compassion – sympathetic and
concern for the sufferings of
misfortunes of . Compassion motivates
people to go out of their way to help
the physical, mental, or emotional
pains of another and themselves.
• “the victims should be treated with
compassion”
• Emphathy – The ability to
understand and share the feelings of
another.
• Sympathy - is a shared feeling,
usually of sorrow, pity or compassion
for another person. You show concern
for another person when you feel
sympathy for them, with emphathy,
you put yourself in anothers shoes.
Justice – is the morally fair and right state of everything.

Formal justice – is the impartial, consistent and strict

application of established rules or laws: material justice
concerns the justice or injustice of the content of rules or laws.

Bravery – the quality of or state of having or showing mental or

moral strength to face danger, fear, or difficulty; courageous
behavior or character.
• KINDS OF VALUES
• BIOLOGICAL VALUES - Those that
are necessary for survival such as
food, shelter, clothing, sex, water and
sleep. - These include physiological
needs of man as a man.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUES - Those
are that are necessary for emotional
fulfillment of man such as
relationships, companionship, family,
friendships and love .
• INTELLECTUAL VALUES - Those that
are necessary for the intellectual
fulfillment of man, such as
achievements, career and success.
• MORAL VALUES - Those that are
necessary for the spiritual fulfillment
of man.
• VIRTUE - It is a habit that inclines
the person to act in a way that
harmonizes with his nature.
• - It is the habit of doing good.
• - Its opposite is vice, the habit of
doing bad.
• FOUR MORAL/CARDINAL
VIRTUES

• PRUDENCE - It is the ability to

govern and discipline oneself by
means of reason and sound
judgment.
• - It is a virtue that attracts the
intellect to choose the most
effective means for accomplishing
what is morally good and avoiding
what is evil.
• TEMPERANCE - It is one’s ability to
moderate or avoid something. - It is a virtue
that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual
pleasures.

• FORTITUDE –
• It means firmness of mind.
• –It is the courage to endure without
yielding.
• - It is a virtue that incites courage.
• PATIENCE – It is calmness and
composure in enduring
situations.
• PERSEVERANCE – It is the ability
to go on despite the obstacles.
• ENDURANCE – It is the ability to
last.
JUSTICE - It is the virtue that inclines the will to give to each one of his
rights.
RIGHTS –
RIGHT –
It is anything that is owed or due. –
It is something to which a person has a just and lawful claim.
- It is anything that a person can lawfully demand.

HUMAN RIGHTS –
These are rights pertaining to the rights of man. –
These are rights inherent to man by virtue of being a human being. –
These are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development.

supreme rights = highest form of rights

inherent rights = rights attached to men as humans
inalienable rights = rights that cannot be transferred, cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken away.
These include the freedom of speech, assembly and religion; the right to self government; the right to acquire,
possess and protect property; the right to suffrage; right to bail, and right to a trial by jury, among others.
• supreme rights = highest form of
rights
• inherent rights = rights attached
to men as humans
• inalienable rights = rights that
cannot be transferred, cannot be
borrowed and cannot be taken away.
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS

• RIGHT TO LIFE
• RIGHT TO LIBERTY
• RIGHT TO PROPERTY
 • What is a Code of Ethics
• Code of ethics is a standard of morals by
which a company makes decisions about
what is right or wrong. Therefore, a code of
ethics in a company helps its employees to
understand the difference between right
and wrong and use that understanding to
make decisions. In brief, the code of ethics
helps companies to conduct business with
honesty and integrity.

Furthermore, the code of ethics typically includes values of the company,

details of how the company plans to implement its values and vision, and
guidance to employees on ethical standards and how to achieve them.
Adherence to law, promotion of green business practices, confidentiality
and privacy policies are also some sections code of ethics may cover.
What is a Code of Conduct
Code of conduct is a body of rules and regulations that explain the acceptable behaviour
in a specific situation. Most businesses have a code of conduct. A code of conduct in a
company explains how professionals must act within the organization. It, basically,
determines what appropriate behaviour and inappropriate behaviour is. Moreover, it
typically covers major legal, ethical and compliance risk areas in a business.