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Is a branch of statistics which deals with computation of likelihood of certain events or

combination of events occurring.
It provides a forecast of what is likely to occur in future.
For instance;

• What will appear when tossing a coin?

It is either head or a tail.
The range of probability measure of an event is between zero and one i.e.

• The probability of any events A is such that it is 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1

TERMS USED IN PROBABILITY.

1. At most.
Means from that value given and below.

2. At least.
Means from that value given and above.

3. Either.
Means one or all of the events given.

4. Neither.
Means not one or the other of the two events given.

5. 𝑃(𝐴) = 0
Implies that the event will never occur.

6. 𝑃(𝐴) = 1
Implies that the event will certainly occur.

In general, if an event is denoted by A, the probability of it happening is P(A) The probability

measure P(A) that an event will occur is given by the formula;
𝑛(𝐴)
𝑃 (𝐴 ) =
𝑛(𝑆)

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1. Two bags A and B contain identical balls except for the colours. Bag A contains 4 red
and 3 white balls while bag B contains 5 red and 4 white balls. If a ball is drawn at
random from each bag, find the probability that both balls are of different colour
(3 marks)
𝑷(𝑨𝑹) + 𝑷(𝑩𝑹) + 𝑷(𝑨𝑾)
+ 𝑷(𝑩𝑾)
𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓
( × )+( × )
𝟗 𝟕 𝟕 𝟗
𝟏𝟔 𝟓
= +
𝟔𝟑 𝟐𝟏
𝟑𝟏
=
𝟔𝟑

2. A bag contains 10 balls which 3 are red, 5 are white and 2 are green. Another bag
Contains 12 balls of which 4 are red, 3 are white and 5 are green. A bag is chosen at
Random and then a ball chosen at random from the bag. Find the probability that the
Ball so chosen is red. (3 marks)
𝑷(𝑨𝑹) + 𝑷(𝑩𝑹)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
( × )+( × )
𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
+
𝟐𝟎 𝟔
𝟏𝟗
=
𝟔𝟎

3. A science club is made up of 5 boys and 7 girls. The club has 3 officials. Using a tree
diagram or otherwise find the probability that:-
(a)The club official are all boys (2 marks)
𝑷(𝑩𝑩𝑩)
𝟓 𝟒 𝟑
× ×
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
=
𝟐𝟐

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(b) More girls than boys are selected as officials (2 marks)

𝑷(𝑩𝑮𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑮𝑩𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑮𝑮𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑮𝑮𝑮)

𝟕 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔 𝟓
( × × )+( × × )+( × × )+( × × )
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
= + + +
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
𝟕
=
𝟏𝟏
4. A student at a certain college has a 60% chance of passing an examination at the first
attempt. Each time a student fails and repeats the examination his chances of passing
are increased by 15% Calculate the probability that a student in the college passes an
examination at the second or at the third attempt (4 marks)

𝑷(𝑭𝑷) 𝒐𝒓 𝑷(𝑭𝑭𝑷)
(𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗) + (𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟓)
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟗𝟒
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟒

5. The ages in years of five boys are 7, 8,9,10 and 11 while those of five girls are 4, 5,
6,7and 8. A boy and a girl are picked at random and the sum of their ages is recorded.
(i) Draw a probability space to show all the possible outcomes. (2 marks)
7 8 9 10 11

4 11 12 13 14 15

5 12 13 14 15 16

6 13 14 15 16 17

7 14 15 16 17 18

8 15 16 17 18 19

(ii) Find the probability that the sum of their ages is at least 17 years (2 marks)

𝟔
𝒑(> 𝟏𝟕) =
𝟐𝟓

6. A bag contains 2 white balls and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 3 white balls
and 2 black balls. The balls are identical except for the colours. Two balls are drawn
at random, one after the other from the first bag and placed in the second bag.
Calculate the probability that the 2 balls are both white. (2 marks)

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7.
(a) Two integers x and y are selected at random from the integers 1 to 8. If the same
integer may be selected twice,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7
2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Find the probability that

(i) │x – y │= 2 (2 marks)
𝟔 𝟔 𝟑
( + )=
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔

(ii) │x – y│ is 5 or more (2 marks)

𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
( + + + )=
𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒
𝟑
=
𝟏𝟔

(iii) 𝑋>𝑌 (2 marks)

𝟐𝟖
𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝟔𝟒
𝟕
=
𝟏𝟔

(b) A tetrahedron is biased such that the probability of a face showing up is given by
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑚𝑡 where m is a constant and t = 1, 2, 3 and 4 (number of the faces). Find
the probability that when the tetrahedron is tossed twice the sum of the faces that
will show up is 7. (3 marks)
𝑷(𝒕) = 𝟏𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟒𝒕 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝒕 = 𝟏
𝟏
𝒕=
𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐𝟒
𝑷 (𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟕) ( × ) + ( × ) =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟔
=
𝟐𝟓
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8. A box contains 3 brown, 9 pink and 15 white clothes pegs. The pegs are except for the
color.
(a) Find the probability of picking:
(i) A brown peg; (1 mark)
𝟑 𝟏
=
𝟐𝟕 𝟗
(ii) A pink or a white peg. (2 marks)
𝟗 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟒
( + )=
𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟕
𝟖
=
𝟗

(b) Two pegs are picked at random, one at a time, without replacement.
Find the probability that:
(i) A white peg and a brown peg are picked; (3 marks)
𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟓
𝑷(𝑩𝑾) + 𝑷(𝑾𝑩) ( × ) + ( × ) = +
𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟕𝟖 𝟕𝟖
𝟓
=
𝟑𝟗
(ii) Both pegs are of the same colour. (4 marks)

𝑷(𝑩𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑷𝑷) + 𝑷(𝑾𝑾)

𝟑 𝟕 𝟗 𝟖 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒
( × )+( + )+( × )
𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔
𝟏 𝟒 𝟑𝟓
+ +
𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝟑𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟔
=
𝟑𝟗

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9. The probability of Mary, Esther, and Jane coming to school late to school late on a
1 2 1
Monday are , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 respectively
4 5 3
(a) Draw a probability tree diagram to show the possible outcomes (2 marks)

(b) Find the probability that:

i. All are late (2 marks)
1 2 1 1
𝑃(𝑀𝐸𝐽) = ( × × ) =
4 5 3 30

ii. None is late (2 marks)

𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
( × × )=
𝟒 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟎

iii. At most 2 are late (2 marks)

𝟏
𝟏 − 𝑷(𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆) 𝟏 −
𝟑𝟎
𝟐𝟗
=
𝟑𝟎
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
iv. At least one is late (2 marks)
𝟏 − 𝒑(𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆)
𝟑 𝟕
(𝟏 − )=
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

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1 1
10. The probability that a girl goes to school by bus is and by matatu is 2 .If she uses a
3
1
bus, the probability that she is late to school is 5 and if she uses a matatu the
3
probability that she is late to school is 20. If she uses other means of transport, the
1
probability of being late is 20.
a) Draw a probability tree diagram to represent this information. (3marks)

b) What is the probability that she will be late to school. (3marks)

𝑷(𝑩𝑳) + 𝑷(𝑴𝑳) + 𝑷(𝑶𝑳)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
( × )+( × )+( × )
𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟔 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
+ +
𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟑
=
𝟐𝟎
c) What is the probability that she will be late for school if she does not use a
matatu. (2marks)

𝑷(𝑩𝑳) + 𝑷(𝑶𝑳)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( × )+( × )
𝟑 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟑
=
𝟒𝟎

d) What is the probability that she will not be late to school. (2marks)

𝑷(𝑩𝑳𝟏) + 𝑷(𝑴𝑳𝟏) + 𝑷(𝑶𝑳𝟏)

𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏𝟕 𝟏 𝟏𝟗
( × )+( × )+( × )
𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟔 𝟐𝟎
𝟒 𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗
= + +
𝟏𝟓 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟕
=
𝟐𝟎
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11. Two dice are thrown and the sum of their outcome is recorded.
(a) Complete the table below; (2 marks)

Sum(x ) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1

(b) Find the probability that: -

i) The sum is greater than 6. (2 marks)
𝟐𝟏 𝟕
𝑷(> 𝟔) = =
𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟐
(𝟔 + 𝟓 + 𝟒 + 𝟑 + 𝟐 + 𝟏)

ii) The sum is a prime number. (2 marks)

𝟏𝟓
𝒑(𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆) =
𝟑𝟔
𝟓
=
𝟏𝟐

iii) The sum is less than 12 (2 marks)

𝟑𝟓
𝑷(< 𝟏𝟐) =
𝟑𝟔

iv) The sum is an odd number. (2 marks)

𝟏𝟖
𝑷(𝒐𝒅𝒅) =
𝟑𝟔
𝟏
=
𝟐

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12. It has been established that the probabilities of Butere Girls and Lugulu Girls soccer
teams scoring 0, 1, 2, 3 goals against each other are as shown below.

No.of goals Probabilities of scoring

Butere │ Lugulu
0 3⋅0×10−1 2⋅0×10−1
1 3⋅0×10−1 4⋅0×10−1
2 3⋅0×10−1 3⋅0×10−1
3 1⋅0×10−1 1⋅0×10−1

(a) Using a tree diagram or otherwise, show all the possible outcomes. (3 marks)

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 (𝟎, 𝟎) (𝟎, 𝟏) (𝟎, 𝟐) (𝟎, 𝟑) 0 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
1 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
1 (𝟏, 𝟎) (𝟏, 𝟏) (𝟏, 𝟐) (𝟏, 𝟑)
2 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
2 (𝟐, 𝟎) (𝟐, 𝟏) (𝟐, 𝟐) (𝟐, 𝟑)
3 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
3 (𝟑, 𝟎) (𝟑, 𝟏) (𝟑, 𝟐) (𝟑, 𝟑)

(b) Calculate the probability of;

(i) Butere Girls winning (3 marks)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟑
( × )+( × )+( × ) =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
+( × )+( × ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
+( × )
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
𝟔 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
+ + + + + + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
(ii) A draw. (2 marks)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐𝟖
( × )+( × )+( × ) =
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
+( × ) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟗 𝟏 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚
+ + +
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖

(iii) Lugulu Girls winning (2 marks)

𝟑𝟑 𝟕 𝟑(𝟎. 𝟎𝟑) + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝟏−( + )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗
𝟔𝟏 𝟑𝟗
𝟏− =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
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13. The table below shows the number of students in each class in a school. The
percentage (%) of the students in each class who wear glasses is also shown
Class Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 4
Number of students 60 56 44 40
Percentage (%) with glasses 10% 12.5% 25% 17.5%

(a) A student is chosen at random from the school. Determine the

(i) Probability that the student is in form 4 (2marks)
𝟒𝟎
𝑷(𝑭𝟒) =
𝟔𝟎 + 𝟓𝟔 + 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝟎
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟏
=
𝟓
(ii) Probability that the student wears glasses (2marks)
𝑷(𝑭𝟏𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑭𝟐𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑭𝟑𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑭𝟒𝑮)
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝟔 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟓 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓
( × )+( × )+( × )+( × )
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑 𝟕 𝟏𝟏 𝟕
= + + +
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟏
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎
(b) Two students are chosen at random from the school. Determine the
(i) The probability that one of the two students is in form 1 while the other
student is in form 4 (3marks)
𝑷(𝑭𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟒) + 𝑷(𝑭𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟏)
𝟔𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟔𝟎
( × )+( × )
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
= +
𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟗𝟗
𝟐𝟒
=
𝟏𝟗𝟗
(ii) Probability that one of the students is in form 1 while the the other one is
in form 4 and both of them wear glasses. (3marks)
𝑷(𝑭𝟏𝑮 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟒𝑮) + 𝑷(𝑭𝟒𝑮 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝟏𝑮)

𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟎
( × × × )+( × × × )
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏
= +
𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟏
=
𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟎
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14. The table below illustrate number of Form 4 students per stream in a certain school.

STREAM NUMBER PERCENTAGE NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO ARE LEFT-

STUDENTS HANDED (%)

A 20 20
B 36 25
C 24 12.5
D 30 40

(a) A form 4 student is chosen at random. Calculate:

(i) The probability that the student chosen is from stream B or C (2 marks)
𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟎
( + )=
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟔
=
𝟏𝟏

(ii) The probability that the student is right-handed. (3 marks)

𝟐𝟎 𝟖𝟎 𝟑𝟔 𝟕𝟓 𝟐𝟒 𝟖𝟕. 𝟓 𝟑𝟎 𝟔𝟎
( × )+( × )+( × )+( × )
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟖
= + + +
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟖𝟐
=
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟒𝟐
=
𝟓𝟓

(b) Water supply in a school depends entirely on three pumps; P, Q and R. The
probabilities that three pumps are working at any given time are , and

respectively. Calculate the probability that:

(i) All the pumps are working (1 mark)
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒
( × × )
𝟒 𝟕 𝟓
𝟑
=
𝟕

(ii) There is no water in the school. (2 marks)

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
( × × )
𝟒 𝟕 𝟓
𝟏
=
𝟕𝟎

(iii) There is some water in the school (2 marks)

𝟏 − 𝑷(𝒏𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓)
𝟏
𝟏−
𝟕𝟎
𝟔𝟗
=
𝟕𝟎
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15. Two bags P and Q contain identical marbles except for the colors. Bag P contains
3Green balls and 4 Red marbles. Bag Q contains 2 Green balls and 3 Red balls.
(a) Find the probability of picking a red marble from bag P. (1 mark)
4
7
(b) Two marbles are drawn at random from bag P, one at a time Without replacement.
(i) Draw a tree diagram to show all possible outcomes (1 marks)

(ii) Find the probability that the two marbles picked were of the same color
(2 marks)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑
( × )+( × )
𝟕 𝟔 𝟕 𝟔
𝟏 𝟐
= +
𝟕 𝟕
𝟑
=
𝟕
(iii) Find the probability that at least one red marble was picked
(2 marks)
𝑷(𝑮𝑹)𝒐𝒓 𝑷(𝑹𝑮)𝒐𝒓 𝑷(𝑹𝑹)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑
( × )+( × )+( × )
𝟕 𝟔 𝟕 𝟔 𝟕 𝟔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= + +
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝟔
=
𝟕
(c) The marbles picked from bag P in (b) above were both put in bag Q. A marble
was then picked at random from bag Q. Calculate the probability that the marble
picked was:
(i) Green in color (3 marks)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
× =
𝟐 𝟕 𝟏𝟒

(ii) Red in color (1 mark)

𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
× =
𝟐 𝟕 𝟕

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16. The number x is chosen at random from the set (0,3,6,9) and the number y is chosen
at random from the set (0,2,4,6,8). Calculate the probability of each of the following
separate events.
(i) 𝑥>6 (1 mark)
𝟏
𝟒

(ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 (2 marks)
0 2 4 6 8 𝟐
=
0 0 2 4 6 8 𝟐𝟎
3 3 5 7 9 11 𝟏
6 6 8 10 12 14 =
𝟏𝟎
9 9 11 13 15 17

(iii) 𝑥>𝑦 (3 marks)

0 2 4 6 8
0 (0,0) (0,2) (0,4) (0,6) (0,8) 𝟏𝟎
3 (3,0) (3,2) (3,4) (3,6) (3,8) =
𝟐𝟎
6 (6,0) (6,2) (6,4) (6,6) (6,8) 𝟏
=
9 (9,0) (9,2) (9,4) (9,6) (9,8) 𝟐

(iv) 𝑥𝑦 = 0 (2 marks)
0 2 4 6 8 𝟖
=
0 0 0 0 0 0 𝟐𝟎
3 0 6 12 18 24 𝟐
6 0 12 24 36 48 =
𝟓
9 0 18 36 54 72

(v) 10𝑥 + 𝑦 < 34 (2 marks)

0 2 4 6 8 𝟕
=
0 0 2 4 6 8 𝟐𝟎
30 30 32 34 36 38 𝟕
60 60 62 64 66 68 =
𝟐𝟎
90 90 92 94 96 98

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17. Two soccer teams A and B are to play at the same time
(a) List all the possible outcomes (2 marks)

W D L
W WW WD WL
D DW DD DL
L LW LD LL

(b) In a lottery game, Mbaka wins when the two teams get the same outcome while
Mark wins when only one team wins. Represent this information on a tree
diagram (2 marks)
𝟑
𝑴𝒃𝒂𝒌𝒂 = (𝒘𝒘, 𝒅𝒅, 𝒍𝒍) =
𝟗
𝟒
𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 = 𝑾𝑫, 𝑾𝑳, 𝑫𝑾, 𝑳𝑾 =
𝟗
(c) Using the tree diagram in (b) above, find the probability that;-
i) Both Mbaka and Mark win (2 marks)
𝟑 𝟒
( × )
𝟗 𝟗
𝟒
=
𝟐𝟕

ii) None of them wins (2 marks)

𝟔 𝟓
( × )
𝟗 𝟗
𝟏𝟎
=
𝟐𝟕

iii) At least one of them wins (2 marks)

𝟏𝟎
𝟏−( )
𝟐𝟕
𝟏𝟕
=
𝟐𝟕

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18. Bag A contains 4 red balls and 5 white balls while bag B contains 6 red balls and 4
white ones.
(a) A bag is picked at random and a ball is picked, find the probability that the ball is
white.
(2 marks)
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟒
( × )+( × )
𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟓 𝟏
= +
𝟏𝟖 𝟓
𝟒𝟑
=
𝟗𝟎

(b) A ball is removed from A and placed in bag B. Two balls are then picked from B
at random one at a time without replacement; find the probability that the two
balls are of the same colour. (4 marks)

𝟕 𝟔 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟒
( × )+( × )= + =
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟔 𝟓 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝟎
( × )+( × )= + =
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟓𝟒 𝟓𝟎
+
𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟒
=
𝟏𝟏𝟎

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(c) Three boys and three girls sit in a row of six seats. Find the probability that:-
(i) Three girls sit together. (2 marks)
𝟏 𝟏
+
𝟔 𝟔
𝟐
=
𝟔
𝟏
=
𝟑

(ii) The girls and boys sit in alternative seats. (2 marks)

𝟑
𝟔
𝟏
=
𝟐

(d) A Pentahedron with faces marked 6,5,1,2 and 7 is biased so that when rolled, the
probability of a number t showing up is given by 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝐾(𝑡) where K is a constant
.If the Pentahedron is rolled twice, find the probability that the total score is 8.
(4 marks)

𝟏 = 𝑲 + 𝟐𝒌 + 𝟓𝒌 + 𝟔𝒌 + 𝟕𝒌
𝟏
𝒌=
𝟐𝟏
𝑷(𝟏, 𝟕)𝒐𝒓𝑷(𝟕, 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟕 𝟕 𝟏
( × )+( × )
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟔𝟑 𝟔𝟑
𝟐
=
𝟔𝟑

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