i Lucent’ Genet Knowledge 100 ‘Other Names: Mahatma (Saint)-by Rabindranath Tagore, 1917; Malang (Naked Sant)-by Kabsiis of North-West Frontier, 1930; 77, Nanga Fa unt (Arabs Nange Fagie)/Indian Fagie/ Traitor agir-by Winston Churchiy a) ‘Roshtrapita (he Father ofthe Naiton)-by Subhash Chandra Bose, 1944.8 ‘Main Events during the Gandhian Era MRovatt Act (919) - During the viceoyalty of Lond Chelmsford, a sed ‘committee was appointed by the government in 1918 with Justice Rowint wit ‘de ceainecommendations to csbsediiousactivitesin India. The Rowan 11, gave unbridled powers fo the government lo arrest and imprison sugaes telhoet tal The at caused a wave of anger among the people. Even befor, [Sivas passed, popular agitation began agaist. Gandhifcecided to fghtapie ths actand he gave acallforSatjagrahaon April, 1919.1Tewosarrestedon aq #191. Thised to farther intenslfeston ofthe agitation in Del, Amedabed Paniab 4 Yalllanyala Bagh Massacre (April 13,1919) + The arvest of Dr Sidi, -itchtu and Dr Suspal on Apsil 1, 1913, under the Rowltt Actin conmti vith Satyagraha caused serious tnt in Punjab. A public meeting was hag Spel 18,1819 in park calle fllamnala Bag in Amrcsar where thousand ie tnchuding women and ehiken assembled. Before the meeting could ts Ernnrt Reginald Edvard arty (R11) Dyer ordered indscrinata heavy tenthe crowd and he pooplehacl noway oul toescape- Asaesulthundreds ng ‘omen anderen were killed and more than 1200 people wounded. Athair Machel © Dwyer was the lieutenant governor ofthe Punjab. The massac {unin point in lndo-Biish relations and inspired the people to provide am ‘unrelenting ght for freedom. ‘Note: Salar Ucham Singh an Inin past rom Puja, shot down Mince! ODM inondon in 0. IKhilaft movement (920-22): The Caliph (or, Khalifa) Sultan of Tukey. 6 looked upon by the Muslime as thir rious heed. During the it Work Wen the salty ated wellare of Turkey were threatened by the Dritsh thet ‘weakening the Caliph’s position, Indian Muslims adopted an aggressive a Brish attude. The Ati Brothers Mohammad Alf and Shaukat A-loundals nti-Besh movement in 1920-the Khlaft Movement fr the restoration Kiilotat Meta Abul Kalom Azad also le the movement twas upPO™ Gandhi end INC which paved the way for Hind Muslim unity. ‘Non-Cooperation Movement 1920.22): A the Calcutta session in Se. 8) the Congress resolved in favour ofthe Non-cooperation Movement and ‘Suara ts uftmate zim (according to Gandhi) The movement envstl Suntanderof tiles and honorary olfices and resignation from nominated Refual to attend goversentdarbars and offical functions ancl boycott fy etatsby the lawyers (i Refwsal of peneral public to offer themselves ‘and other government jobs, and boycott of foreign goods ct Gand vi Thor bnthes (offs Moventent fame) undertook anatonwide a the leaership of a Lapa Rat oo s ‘th Pura fo, responding under fedueational boycot, there was boy: {ike Motilal Netra, C.R. Das [Link], Saieddin Kitch Ve laddressing of meetings. The edacational boycott was specially suctus ff law courts which saw malo 2p ott of law courts a reat cl sine Indian History om ‘ete. giving up their lucrative practices in their elds. The ment also saw picketings of shops selling foreign eloth and Hoth by the followers of Gandhij, Another dramatic event vot Al Sef eas the visit ofthe prince of Wales. Theday he landed infadiaGn Septet sa pews gsc withenply ses and dow tes Nov. sant sarees HE went. Mee Lon @ Toca police station by angry peasants at Chaue Chau in Tie of UF, on Fe. 5,122 changed the whole uation, Gandy ee chau ncden, wae the Non-Ceoperation Movement op 02 , Pe rut (923) + Gand decion to cll off the ataton cased vec on nse. His decom cae fr sever ec om ib a a Neh C-R-Dasand NC: elke who organs he Sw) sas ganache Seva party were nidon an 1198 nthe’ Congres Te ieee Party proposed ten an alerave programe ofdveing the Fa idcopread cil decbodience eogrtane ta msticivotoe Wa nia ts member to enter no legislative cones (tablished under extra Refermso! 1919) by contesting electionsin onder towed thelegisatae Be pe toes nocd! reso to conpelincanihariy ieee Pirdemand or cf goverment. nthe election eld i 923 te Sars Party pant 5 ofthe 45 sons In provinda elections they secured fw ets ulin {Renal Province they secure cleat major In Benga tae Swarj Party was felipe erty. They followed the policy of undlitedcppostion. The Saris snd he case all he politcal prises, provincial ston. epealngo fermpmnve ews imposed by the government. However ater the death of CR SR thy ited oar pocy of caopetton withthe ovement Th edison andthe party broke up in 190 gion Commission 4927 year Ferme nnn i Bt rule ony longer, Ph in-Aug, 16, 992, Besides containing provisions for epesenntan =. Lenviagud comma eprsentatonof Depressed ply grieved by this and ire Fett ti astanadlvenion come aeeoee eaten Wey Gaede omousrmah om Sic Seok place, Pilical leaders of diferent porsaaion there ae LMC: Raja Becam active: In the end the succeeded nent kriow as the Poona Pact. 1a PactiGandhi-Ambedkar Pact (Sep. 24, 19324) nasal Avward created immense dissatistartion st staked his life to get th shorn hereto Lay ching up recht nto Peking hcl Ga nigra the ed movement ht was to mma srsurpssed in the hn erent tere ma pronto tna, ncn power tis pare jaro ove Intearmy Te Garhi ‘asitcaea 4 se non icles Caan oe Award pide, Ascontog oe cide of seperate cktorte for the Depreed Cs a aha pay Eat rmerve for thet in the provincial legislatures were inceaeed one Parigienicrapicurciatiags etsy suis co ogsarnt enumerate " en withthe Poona Fact which anilled the Award. The laden ote eas = Spe the pactThe Poona Pact tween casie Hinson the Bee ee poling Abr oe ee cpuvuscane {Confetence (1930) :tewas hein The Third Round Table Conference (Nov. 17-Dec. 24,1932) ; Itwas held in lait again proved fruitless since the national leaders were in place fhe Governmentoffndia Act 1935; TheSimon Commission seportsubmitedin Cents: THoweragg, _SiofomedthebasisfortheGovetnmen(otindlaAet 1935 Tene Ge eee had ag tehfe IndlaActreceved theroyalassontonAug Alsen Acteontinuedandextendedall son the md other partes had assem isting featuresofearlier constitutional reforms, Butinadd e aePmikananaeeag Snake ma, _‘cxstngeaturesofearerconttutional reforms Batinaddidontion eee adjourned ofan 2 agent principe introduced Itprovided orafederalypeoforsee ‘Thus,theact: jourmed 0 fan. 2 tonomy (i) Abolished dyarchy in proviners @ troduced provincial” sat (Gl) Made ministers res rapprochema Ast of 1985 was conde EEiVictoy Lord tnwin gaa #8 tranimously rect 5 131 wh a . "ss demanded itself the vie frame neo constituent Assembly eleied on the basis of adult hantine e tind Table Confergs 26 constitution for an indepenont ies Regarding the Government of Indi ithe way th workiseny M1908). L Nehru remarks asa neiwehaner of Spence iheush the Congress opposed the Act yet It contested the elections when the prone, as introduced on Apr , 197; and formed mimsticg fea ig Tignes and then in another 2. The Muslim League wes homens ve get atiendd inne ane ule, esp. Me Jinnah who described iin those weet Fh aPPY tcontuled iced "Sn with power and was oppmtvespane ge Bae ope gins Resign (De 2 139): The Sacond Word Warbrok out tncwtope on Sep.3,1939thatbrought Britsinalso withinitetond Withoutconsulting coke sas, Wey ded a a a ele Sane This cod nt cn es ndash Congres ok nash gos ‘oul a egal betratatstaeeeas es S29 fivedlom was denied toher The Congress demanen ri “Canter of Indio WIDEST? ‘that India should London dung Pie.i Lucent Gener Koowtede dina an independent ation Then only would the county help Brltain in star The Vietoy nis eply dated Oc. 17,1989 rejected the Congres demang Iimpratable and tok the stand thatthe Goverment could think over theca, ‘omational scheme afer the wa. The Congress condemned the Viesoy'saee ind the ministries everywhere resigned on Dec 22. 1509. aman ed fppy over sand fe called upon the Indian Muslims to cseiate the eae dayol Congress minkries as he ay of deliverance’ me Pakistan ResoltionLahore Resolution (March 2, 1940) :1 0s 183 theunionoftheFrontierProvinet, Baluchistan Sindhand Kesh ee recaicrcarc ceca ‘eoninaled during the early thiies to burst into vigorous ie withthe aventay Heenew reforms. The ideale Chaudhry Rehmat Aldeveloped ths conception 4 CCmbrige, here he inopired a group of young Muslims and invented the ea *Paksta ater Pakistan) in 1935, His ideas seemed visionary during that fe, but within 7 years they tuned int apolitical programe by Jinnahweth the nee tame as its logan or banner. The ideology ofTgbal the vision of Rehamat Ali op the feat of Muslims were thus united bythe proctcal yenius of Fina to Bid Muslim together ae never before during the Betsh pero and uitimatly ed te ‘visecton of nda and cretion of Paisan Pakistan Resolution wasanimporan landmark this context. The Laboresexionof the Must Lange, held on ah 24 19H, passed Pakistan Resoltionand rejected the Federal scheme asenvnge | inthe govemment of India Act, 135. [August OfferLinlithgow Otfer (Aug. 8, 1940) ;On Aug. 8, 194, the Veewy mrcame outwith certain proporas, known = Augus! Ofer dedaing thatthe goa of Betsh Government was to establish Dominion Statin Ind | Teacepte that framing of anew constitution would be the responsibilty of he Indians Iason coven tat full weight wouldve given othe views of minor inthe constitution. Maulana AbuT Kalam Azad President of the Congress, eet the August Ofer which med at bringing the Congress in the ongoing worl wat | “The Muslim League, however welcomed the offer as it ensured that no fart onsittion would be adopted without the prior approval of Muslims. The Lage clared thatthe most dificult problem of India's fture constitution could be Seived only by the partition of India In bre, dhe August Ofer filed in gag | Indian's co-operation for war an, in fact, further widened the gult betwen | Gongressand the Britishers aswell asborween theCongressand the Mush Least Individual Civil DisobedienceIndividual Satyagaraha (Ost, 180 - ec, 3941): The Congress Working, Committee decided to start individual Aisabedience an Oxt 17, 1940. Vinod Bhave was the fst Satyagrabi who XS | “rested Oct 21 fellow! soon by many more including Nehruand Fae BH the movement created litle enfhusiansm and Gandhi suspended it. ‘The Cripps Mission (March-April 1942) :In 1942, the British Govermet | alized that it could not ignore the Indian problems any more. As a result ‘World Way the situation worsened fr the British with Japanese advance (| Indianborders By March7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the ents not Asin, The Briish government, witha view of geting cooperation fr tent SirStaord Capps a member ofthe British ebine to India to settee Indian leaders who were forthwith released. Cripps proposed, Dominion Indian History 105 al was nected ball th pola ut is propels ec by lth pola leaders Asn party ear bat s Eroposals the Cripps Mission ended in falar Regarding 0 Dole Mahan Gandhi rte postal chee park: Jere moves 022): On Aus 8 12 he Congo ine meting Bi ambay passed a resolution known as Gul ely, agin rhe he Bits quit indian gavea al Dore’ We setae oe he temp) 2 Ms cutymen On Ag. 1 fre tenders Uke Gandhi, Nehru, Patel ete were areste bul the reat is Arn Aa ah, Uehara Fe vere apresd roughest the coumtry several government oes wee Se ndanagstetepaphvieeetndcommuniconpaad ment were established in some places vz I. al, UP. oy Chita Bett Parallel govt-2. Tamla; Midnapus Dist, Bengal ty SatisSamand) iharachra by V8. Chahvanand NanaPatil)-the longest term parallel Ser Orisa. The movement vas however cused bythe govetnnent “andhijs Fast (Feb. 10 March 7, 1943): Gandijundetock 2-day Btn sufnodton deteriorated alter 13 daysandallhopesofhissurvival wer given ee ieee Ged the 21-day fost. This was his answer to the government which had Fees sany ccecting him tocnten tc ysecef the people nthe InfaMovemet. Gandhi not only refused to condemn people resorting vnkence fatuneguvoclly held the government responsible fori ER. Formala (194): Tn 194, ChakravartiRatgopslachar (CR) proposed Lspeet acini io demas csi Nort Weta Es he faims were in majority. In such areas, a pcbiscie was proposed tobe eld onthe ‘sicfadlotagetodceldtheksucofseparaon Thy wouldbegiventcedom ‘they favoured a sovereign state Tn case of aexeptance of patton, agreement testo bemade join for safeguarding defence, commer communications et Matin League was io endorse Congress demand fr independence and cooperat> ‘defomation of provisional goverment jnnah objected ashe waned Congress “Sasuntwo-ation theory and wanted only Mls othe Now Westand at afte vein the peice, Hinds Loner ey ED Snartar condemned sjulttell Plan and Shimla Conference June 34Jaly 141948) : The war Sistonin Europe improve in Ue begining of the yor 1945 dis god Whoever needa asthe war against Japan was expected t0 lst for abet GIONS The situation within the country was worsening day by’ day as aresult teaglting economic situation ad famines. The Besh Goverment ws se ame far with some sort of pln say he nas Afr ‘the ‘with the British Government on the Indian problem, Lord Havel, eget India, issued a statement known as Havel! Plan. The Plan, which Stace ee Viceroy's Executive Council, proposed certain changes it the ‘the council. One ofthe main proposals was tha the Executive Coun ‘elgg tte giving» bance representation othe man communssi2 al representation to Muslims and Hindsi Luce ConralKoolege Soon afer Wael ian wasissual te members ofthe Congr Wg ‘Gomi re lene om ls Aconference of 2 prominent Inia (ile at hs toca the Wave ln reached no decison, Whar the confence was Me Jnal’sundinchng stand What the Msi meee “pproved onl byte Matin Legs shou be intuded ithe Executec ommnaton tos agsn Beare stumbling block. For the Brits, hana the dsension betwen the Congress and the Musi Leap was se ANA Teal (Now 1985): PK Segal Shalt Nawaj Khar ond Curubat) Hy Dh pt onl tBd ot o Now 103, To lucene, cen Vetere Cngr vate al ats ttl of NA prc eer ate cr ee panera ore et ecores eee nt ners a ‘the soldiers The chief defence advocate during the INA tril was Shiulabhiy Doct Otber defence lawyers were Ti Bahadur Sapa fawaharlal Nofru, sat Apes | Sia A ph SRM ay estan) the Beth in South-East Asta, took a number of tndian soley | ie Mach I9 acasennce nies ys had n Mig aae a adn nde ea At anol corres Use 92) Pe one, ict oft ets INA srr Meio Sigh Se fly Rasa Bsn 92 Ino Nh vs gray sae ate ‘SBR Cas Belin scp to etn 194 ar et wp non League torino isbepinal bea Sppae Thos larBlanachancdorc tiles ohe, Prk Gone o Fe Ids INA vised by sms Chr Singapore om Oct. 21, 1943. ae = INA tig eign = Behn gad rade San Cd a Diino pn 85 Be Aso hae lanai crah se feels ina ch verte. ‘Nef Kas tans Bega Taiwan nis way to Tokgon Aue | Royal Indian Navy (RIN)/Ratings Mutiny (Feb, 1, 1946) ;On Feb, 18 19% Bombay Ratings of MS Talwar strck work duet flagrant rail denna Anpath and sbusater bears C Dutch sted Gl Paste Ship, On Feb. 18, HM Hindustan, in Karachi also muted, Valais anahcinly persunded the Ratings to sucendr on Feb 23, 1346.1 elise forthe fis ne eros elie that with ths ann among dian and revolt in ried forces it could nck perpetuate te olden Ina {Cabinet ssion (March-June, 1946 -the Bish Prime Miniter, Lond At Fad #deeraton on March 15,145, hat Bish Cabinet Mision would it Intnl, The Cat amendations regarding constitutional reforms tobe introdut . Cabinet Mission which included of Lord Pathick Lawrence, Stat | Cippsand AV. Alexander visited India and met the representative of die ‘olitcal partes, buta satisfactory solution to the constitutional dificulbies ce Thiam History w _miseion envisaged the establishment of a Constituent Asembly he i ell an interim goverment The Moskin League eee ren 1, le iaig pt ang fe ot Congres lo partly actpted the pla Fa oui (Aug, 1 180): Provo by Ue succes of he pet i or Constuent Assembly) the Muslim League launched ge mpigron uy 16,196 whichresuled in widespread communal een iC sent Sep. 2, 1946): On Sep 2 1946, an ines government. Te Gores members led by Ptah Nga iba he sme es ot ne conrad eater tans the et in Pan. a tent Assembly (De. 1946) Th Constitent Asenbly mot dD Rajendra Prasad wag lected te Pride The Man Bojan the Asse pe ounce Fe.20 947) One 21947 Bish PeimeMiniter vere tate rssh woud ida om nda by ane 3,198 and dees nibten would replace Wave se ten lan une, 187) In March 197, ord Mountate eae Moe announced his plan on ane 3,187 His ear Pon Balkan was ra Hsjunc 9, Mani offeret key tothe poli nd constaon San by the nfs of Muslin Leage'a athe Constiten AsenBly er aie te constitution o Inia. Mount’ formula was divide see tain maximum un The counzy would be parttioned buts would eri andHengal co that eine Pakatan hatemerged would met oth weiter and the Lengut's position to some exe. The Leage’ poston on Fstar ees enecded in that would be erated, bat the Congress postion on tei would be laken into account to make Pakistan ap smalls possible Hela Sha dette principles forthe patton ofthe county and speedy ans of pula pecs in the form of dominion tas tothe rely formed dominions of IRs Pakistan Its acceptance by the Conresband the Masi gue relied init of Paotan. The ndan Independence Ac 147: Th Bl contain he oir the Mountbatten Plan of Jane 3 1947, was introduced in the Bash Pal ‘eps le Indian Independece Act 17. The Atal down alle ‘sues forthe partition of Inia and speedy transfer of polit owes to ‘Rew governments of India and Pakistan. Tnteyaton of States By Aug 15, 1947, al tates except Kasi Juma ‘Piya ied he latent of Acoesion vith nda The Mairi Khas onda nO, 7 when galt Pa RS 1 Nana of Junot as a Mulia wheres mest fs people Modus tn eb, 948, through a referendum te people ofthis state desided oj The Nawat oftfor Pakistan. ‘The Nizamof Hyderabad sbofjunagedl therefor iy yt ace othe inn Union des he pres f intel ray itary action against him in Sep., 1948. Seana hte tn Ghandra Ee iees Y These territories were MRagar, Mahe, Karaikal and Yanam came to an end ‘tegrated with indi