Test 2A AP Statistics Name: 1 Part 1: Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. The heights of American men aged 18 to 24 are approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 68 inches and a standard deviation of 2.5 inches. Only about 5% of young men have heights outside the range (a) 65.5 inches to 70.5 inches (b) 63 inches to 73 inches (©) 60.5 inches to 75.5 inches (d) 58 inches to 78 inches (e) none of the above Use the information in the previous problem. About what percentage of the men are over 70.5 inches tall? (@) 25 (b) 5 (c) 16 (d) 32 (©) 68 For the density curve shown to the right, ] / Which statement is true? : (a) The area under the curve between 0 and 1 is 1 / (b) The density curve is symmetric. (©) The density curve is skewed right. (@) The density curve is Normal. (c) None of the above is correct. For the density curve shown in Question 3, which statement is true? (a) The mean and median are equal (b) The mean is greater than the median. (c) The mean is less than the median. (@) The mean could be either greater than or less than the median, (©) None of the above is correct. ‘The area under the standard Normal curve corresponding to -0.3 < Z< 1.6 is (a) 0.3273 (b) 0.4713 (©) 0.5631 (d) 0.9542 (e) none of the above © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 156. 6 The graph at right is a Normal probability plot for the amount of rainfall (in acre-feet) obiained from 26 randomly selected clouds that were seeded with silver oxide. Which of the following statements about the shape of the rainfall distribution is true? (a) The distribution is Normal. (b) The distribution is approximately Normal. (©) The distribution is skewed left (@) The distribution has no potential outliers. (€) The distribution is skewed right. atl (ares) ‘The distribution of the time it takes for different people to solve a certain crossword puzzle is strongly skewed to the right, with a mean of 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 15 minutes. The distribution of z-scores for those times is, (a) Normally distributed, with mean 30 and standard deviation 15, (b) Skewed to the right, with mean 30 and standard deviation 15. (c) Normally distributed, with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. (d) Skewed to the right, with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. (e) Skewed to the right, but the mean and standard deviation cannot be determined without more information. ‘The cumulative relative frequency graph at right shows the distribution of lengths (in centimeters) of fingerlings at a fish hatchery. ‘The interquartile range for this distribution is approximately: (a) 0.18 to 0.85 centimeters (b) 5 to 7 centimeters (c) 5.5 to 6.7 centimeters (d) 1.2 centimeters (e) 2 centimeters Which of the following properties is true for all Normal dens 1. They are symmetric. II, The curve reaches its peak at the mean. IIL. 95% percent of the area under the curve is within one standard deviation of the mean (@) Lonly (b) only (©) Land Il only (@) Land IM only (©) All three statements are correct. ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers10. A fire department in a rural county reports that its response time to fires is approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 22 minutes and a standard deviation of 11.9 minutes. Approximately what proportion of their response times is over 30 minutes? (a) 0.03 (b) 0.21 (©) 0.25 (d) 0.75, (©) 0.79 © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 7Part 2: Free Response Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be graded on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (“The Dow”) is an index measuring the stock performance of 30 large American companies, and is often used as a measure of overall economic growth in the United States. Below is Minitab output describing the daily percentage changes in the Dow for the first three months of 2009 and the first three months of 2010. (Note that the market was open for 61 days during the first three months of each year. A negative value indicates a percentage decrease in the index for that day). Descriptive Statistics: Dow 2009, Dow 2010 Variable oN Mean StDey Minimum QL Median 93. Maximum Dow 2009 61 -0.198 2.331 -4.600 1.530 -0.310 1.150 6.820 Both distributions are approximately Normally distributed. 11. Consider a day when the Dow increased by 1%. In which year, 2009 or 2010, would such a day be considered a better day for the stock market, relative to other days in that year? Provide appropriate statistical calculations to support your answer. 12. Based on these data, estimate how many of the 61 days in 2009 the Dow decreased by more than 1%, 13. Estimate the 19th percentile of daily change for the first three months of 2010, 78 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers14-"Normal” body temperature varies by time of day. A series of readings was taken of the body temperature of a subject. The mean reading was found to be 36.5°C with a standard deviation of 0.3°C. If you wanted to convert the temperatures to the Fahrenheit scale, what ‘would the new mean and standard deviation be? (Note: °F = °C(1.8) + 32), A local post office weighs outgoing mail and finds that the weights of first-class letters is, approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 0.69 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.16 ounces. 15. What is the 60" percentile of first: class letter weights? 16. First-class letters weighing more than 1 ounce require additional postage. What proportion of first-class letters at this post office require additional postage? 17. Old-fashioned mechanical alarm clocks were not very accurate about when the alarm went off. The density curve below describes the distribution of times a certain alarm clock went off. The scale on the x-axis represents when the alarm went off, in seconds, before (negative) or after (positive) the alarm was set to go off. What proportion of the time did the alarm go off within 10 seconds of the time it was set for? Shade the appropriate area on the graph to show how you found the answer. © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 9Test 2B AP Statistics Name: Part 1: Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. For the density curve shown, which statement is true? (a) The density curve is Normal. (b) The density curve is skewed right. (©) The density curve is skewed left. (@) The density curve is symmetric (e) None of the above is correct. 2. For the density curve shown in Question 1, which statement is true? (a) The mean is greater than the median. (b) The mean is less than the median. (©) The mean and median are equal (d) The mean could be either greater than or less than the median, (e) None of the above is correct. 3. Suppose that 16-ounce bags of chocolate chip cookies are produced with weights that follow a Normal distribution with mean weight 16.1 ounces and standard deviation 0.1 ounce. The percent of bags that will contain between 16.0 and 16.1 ounces is about (@) 10 (b) 16 (©) 34 (d) 68 (©) None of the above is correct. 4. For the distribution of cookie bags described in Question 3, approximately what percent of the bags will likely be underweight (that is, less than 16 oun (a) 10 (b) 16 (©) 32 (d) 64 (@) none of the above 5. The plot shown at the right is a Normal probability plot for a set of test scores. Which statement is true for these data? (a) The data are clearly Normally distributed. (b) The data are approximately Normally distributed. (©) The data are clearly skewed to the left. (d) The data are clearly skewed to the right. (e) There is insufficient information to determine the shape of the distribution, 80 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers6. 7. 10. Which of the following statements are true? I. The area under a Normal curve is always 1, regardless of the mean and standard deviation. Il. The mean is always equal to the median for any Normal distribution, IIL The interquartile range for any Normal curve extends fromy—o to +o. (a) and IT (b) Land Til (c) Hand Ill (@) 1, UL, and I (e) None of the above gives the correct set of true statements. The proportion of scores in a standard Normal distribution that are greater than 1.25 is closest t (a) .1056 (b) 1151 (c) -1600 (d) 8849 (e) 8944 At right is a cumulative relative frequency graph for the 48 racers who finished the grueling 50km cross-country ski race at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. Approximately what proportion of the racers finished the race in more than 2.15 hours? (a) 0.17 (b) 0.40 (©) 0.45 (d) 0.50 eS er (e) 0.55 eshte (hous) In the previous question, the mean finish time is 2.164 hours and the standard deviation is 0.85 hours. The distribution is skewed right. What are the mean, standard deviation, and shape of the distribution of z-scores of the same data? (a) Mean = 2.164, Standard deviation = 0.85, skewed right (b) Mean = 2.164, Standard deviation = 0.85, skewed left (c) Mean = 2.164, Standard deviation = 0.85, approximately normal (@) Mean = 0, Standard deviation = 1, skewed right (©) Mean = 0, Standard deviation = 1, approximately normal Kitchen appliances don’t last forever. The lifespan of all microwave ovens sold in the United States is approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 9 years and a standard deviation ‘of 2.5 years, What percentage of the ovens last more than 10 years? (a) 11.5% (b) 34.5% (©) 65.5% (A) 69% (©) 84.5% © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 8Part 2: Free Response Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be graded on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations Lamar is shopping for a used car, and he’s interested in determining the typical mileage on cars that are three or four years old. He looks at an online car-buying site and compares the number of miles on 30 cars that are three years old to 30 cars that are four years old. His results are summarized by Minitab below. All values are in thousands of miles. Descriptive Statistics: Mileage on Four year old cars and Three year old cars Variable N Moan StDev Minimum — Q1 Median 93. Maximum Four year old cars 30 56.68 17.82 23.60 47.80 54.70 64.50 100.30, Three year old cars 30 33133 12.70 14:10 22:33 32:10 39.23 66-40 Both distributions are approximately Normally distributed. 11. One car that Lamar is interested in is four years old and has been driven 40 thousand miles. Another one is three years old and has 30 thousand miles on it. How does the number of miles on these cars compare, relative to other cars of the same age? Provide appropriate statistical calculations to support your answer. 12 Based on the information above, estimate the number of four year old cars Lamar looked at that had been driven more than 42 thousand miles. 13. Estimate the 60" percentile for mileage on the cars Lamar found that were four years old. 82 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers14. A researcher wishes to calculate the average height of patients suffering from a particular disease. From patient records, the mean was computed to be 156 em, with a standard deviation of S em. Further investigation reveals that the seale was misaligned, and that all readings are 2 cm too large, for example, a patient whose height is really 180 cm was measured as 182 em. Furthermore, the researcher would like to work with statistics based on ‘meters (1 meter 100 centimeters). What would be the revised values for the mean and standard deviation of the patients” heights? During the 2009-2010 basketball season, the number of points scored in each game by the Boston Celtics was approximately Normally distributed with a mean of 99.2 points and a standard deviation of 10.5 points, 15. What is the 33% percentile of points scored by the Celtics? 16. The mean number of points scored by Los Angeles Lakers was 101.7. In what proportion of their games did the Celtics score more than the Lakers’ mean score? 17, Mr. Wilder has a reputation for holding his classes fora few minutes after the bell has rung at the end of the period. In fact, it seems he ends class according to his own “intemal clock.” Below is a density curve that describes the distribution of times when Mr. Wilder end hi class, where negative values are minutes before the bell rings and positive values are minutes after the bell rings. What proportion of time does Mr. Wilder end class within one minute of when the bell went off? Shade the appropriate area on the graph to show how you found the answer. 1 0 4 © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 83Test 2C AP Statistics Name: Part 1: Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. 1. Which of these variables is least likely to have a Normal distribution? (a) Annual ineome for all 150 employees at a local ool (b) Lengths of 50 newly hatched pythons (©) Heights of 100 white pine trees ina forest (@) Amount of soda in 60 cups filled by an automated machine at a fast-food restaurant (©) Weights of 200 of the same candy bar in a shipment to a local supermarket 2. The proportion of observations from a standard Normal distribution that take values larger than -0.75 is about (a) 0.2266 (b) 0.7704 ©) 0.7734 (A) 0.7764 (c) 0.8023 3. The density curve shown to the right takes the value 0.5 on the interval 0 $x <2 and takes the value 0 everywhere else. What percent of the observations lie between 0.5 and 1.2? (a) 25% (b) 35% (©) 50% (a) 68% © 10% 4. The distribution of the heights of students in a large class is roughly Normal. Moreover, the average height is 68 inches, and approximately 95% of the heights are between 62 and 74 inches. Thus, the standard deviation of the height distribution is approximately equal to (@)2 (b)3 6 @o (12 5. Ifa store runs out of advertised material during a sale, customers become upset, and the store loses not only the sale but also goodwill. From past experience, a musie store finds that the mean number of CDs sold in a sale is 845, the standard deviation is 15, and a histogram of the demand is approximately Normal. The manager is willing to accept a 2.5% chance that a CD will be sold out. About how many CDs should the manager order for an upcoming sale? (a) 1295 (b) 1070 (c) 935 (d) 875 (ce) 860 6. If your score on a test is at the 60th percentile, you know that your score lies (a) below the first quartile. (b) between the first quartile and the median (©) between the median and the third quartile. (@) above the third quartile. (©) There is not enough information to say where it lies relative to the quartiles. 84 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers7. Insome courses (but certainly not in an intro stats course!), students are graded on a “Normal curve.” For example, students within + 0,5 standard deviations of the mean receive a C; between 0.5 and 1.0 standard deviations above the mean receive a C+; between 1.0 and 1.5 standard deviations above the mean receive a B-; between 1.5 and 2.0 standard deviations above the mean receive a B, ete. The class average on an exam was 60 with a standard deviation of 10. The bounds for a B- grade and the percent of students who will receive a B~ grade if the marks are actually Normally distributed are (a) (65, 75), 24.17% (b) (65, 75), 12.08% (©) (70, 75), 18.38% (@) (70, 75), 9.19% (e) (70, 75), 6.68% 8. The mean age (at inauguration) of all U.S. Presidents is approximately Normally distributed with a mean of $4.6. Barack Obama was 47 when he was inaugurated, which is the 11" percentile of the distribution. Which of the following is closest to the standard deviation of presidents’ ages? (a) -9.20 (b) 6.18 (©) 6.18 (d) 7.60 (©) 9.20 9. Which of the following is not true about all Normal distributions? (a) The mean and median are equal (b) The points at which the curvature changes from “up” to “down” (the points of inflection) are one standard deviation away from the mean on either side. (©) About 2.5% of the values the variable takes on are more than two standard deviations above the mean. (@) About 68% of the values of the variable are more than one standard deviation away from, the mean, (©) Z-scores of all the values of the variable have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 10. The 16" percentile of a Normally distributed variable has a value of 25 and the 97.5" percentile has a value of 40. Which of the following is the best estimate of the mean and standard deviation of the variable? (a) Mean ~ 32.5; Standard deviation = 2.5 (b) Mean ~ 32.5; Standard deviation = 5 (c) Mean ~ 32.5; Standard deviation ~ 10 (@) Mean ~ 30; Standard deviation = 2.5 (e) Mean ~ 30; Standard deviation = 5 © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 85Part 2: Free Response Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be graded on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations. Raw scores on behavioral tests are often transformed for easier comparison. A test of reading ability has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 10 when given to third-graders. Sixth- graders have a mean score of 82 and a standard deviation of 11 on the same test 11. David is a third-grade student who scores 78 on the test, Naney is a sixth-grade student who scores 81. Calculate the z-score for each student. Who scored higher within his or her grade? 12. Suppose that the distribution of scores in each grade is Normal, Determine the percentiles for David and Nancy. Interpret your results in context. 13. A scientist is weighing each of 30 fish. She obtains a mean of 30 g and a standard deviation of2g. After completing the weighing, she finds that the scale was misaligned and always, under reported every weight by 2 g that is, a fish that really weighed 26 g was reported to weigh 24 g. What is the mean and standard deviation after correcting for the error in the scale? 86 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW Publishers14. On the density curve below, draw two vertical lines where you think the median and the mean of the distribution are. Label each line, and describe in words what feature of the curve you are using to locate each measure. 15. Nitrates are organic compounds that are a substantial component of agricultural fertilizers. When those fertilizers run off into streams, the nitrates can have a toxic effect on animals that live in those streams. An ecologist studying nitrate pollution in two streams collects data on nitrate concentrations at 42 places on Stony Brook and 42 places on Mill Brook. The distribution for each stream is shown in the cumulative relative frequency graph below. Use this figure to compare the center and spread of nitrate concentrations in these two streams © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 87Test 24 Part 1 I. b_95% of the ages should be within 2 standard deviations of the mean, which is the interval 68 — 5 10 68 +5 or 63 to 73. Thus 5% are outside that interval 2. 70.5 is one standard deviation above the mean. Since 68% are within one standard deviation, the remaining 32% are evenly divided into the regions above and below that interval. 3. a The area under any density curve is equal to 1. This curve is skewed left, so it isn’t symmetric, Normal, or skewed right. 4. © Since the curve is skewed left, the mean will be “pulled down” by the values in the tail, making it less than the median. 5. © Percentile of z= 1.6 minus percentile of z ~~ 0.3 is 9452 ~ 3821 = .5631 6. © The distinct curve in the plot indicates that the distribution is strongly skewed (right). 7. The distribution z-scores is @ linear transformation, so it won’t change the shape of the distribution. (See explanation at Quiz 2.1) 8d Q,~55 and O, ~6.7, so IQR is approximately 1.2. 9. © AllNormal curves are symmetric and peak at the mean, but 95% of the area is within 2 standard deviations of the mean, not 1. _ 30-22 ete) 25% of the times are above that value. 10. © z, ).67 , which is the 75" percentile of the Standard Normal curve, so about Part2 ~(-0.198) 331 core for 1% was 11. In 2009, th 07 Os) =1.123. This means that 1% had a higher relative standing in 2010 than in 2009. (Percentiles for a 1% increase were 69.6% in 2009 and 86.9% in 2010.) =1-(-0.198) 2.331 days, 13. z for 19" percentile (from Table A) is -0.88. So -0,88(0.821) + 0.078 about a 0.64% decrease. 14, Mean = 36.5(1.8) + 32 = 97.7°F. Standard deviation 0.54°F. 18. z for 60 percentile is 0.25, and 0.69 + 0.25(0.16) =0.73 ounces. =0.514. In 2010, the z-score for 1% was 2. 34, percentile for ~.34 is 3669. 61 days x 3669 = 22.38, or about 22 644 or 0.3(1.8) = 16. = =1.94, which has a proportion of I — 0.9738 = .0262 letters above it requiring additional postage. 17. ‘The width of this region is 20 seconds, which is one-third the 60-second range of values. Hence the proportion is 0.33. See figure below. © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 91Test 2B Part1 1. The distribution is clearly symmetric, but the shape is non-Normal. 2. ¢ Whenever a distribution is symmetric, then mean and median are equal 3. © By the 68-95.99.7 rule, 68% of the scores are within 1 standard deviation from the mean. The area from 16.0 to 16.1 is exactly half of this area (just the half below the mean). 4. b 100-68 = 34% of the area is more than 1 standard deviation from the mean, and half of that is below I standard deviation, or below 16 02. d The rightmost points on this plot would have to be farther to the left—lower—in order for this Normal probability plot to be straight. Hence these values are closer to the mean than they would be in a Normal dis n, and the distribution is skewed right. 6. a Statement Lis true for all density curves, and statement II is true for all symmetric distributions. 68% of the scores (not 50%) are in the interval 4—o to w+. 7. a Percentile of z= 1.25 is 8944, so proportion above 1.25 is 1 ~ 8944 =.1056. 8. Using the graph, cumulative relative frequency for 2.15 is approximately 0.55, so 1 - 0.55 = 0.45 of the time were longer than 2.15. 9. The distribution z-scores is a linear transformation, so it won't change the shape of the distribution. Whenever a distribution is standardized with z scores, the mean becomes 0 and the standard deviation becomes 1 10-9 10. b 2, =0.40, which is the 65.54" percentile of the Standard Normal curve, so about 34.5% of the times are above that value. Part2 40 thousand miles is 4°68 9.94. 1'The = 17.82 ).26. This means that the 11, The z-score for a four-year-old car 30-33.33 12.70 three year old car had been driven more miles, relative to otier cars the same age. (The percentiles are about 17.5% for the four year old car with 40 thousand miles and 39.7% for the 4256.68 _ _0.¢9, which is the 20.61 17.82 percentile of the Standard Normal curve. About 80% of 30 cars—or 24 cars—have been driven more than 42 thousand miles. 13. z for 60" percentile = 0.25. 0.25(17.82) + 56.68 = 61.1 thousand miles. 14. Mean = 0.01(156 — 2) = 1.54 meters; standard deviation = 0.01(5) = 0.05 meters. 15. z for 33 percentile is -0.44, and 99.2 + (-0.44)(10.5) = 94.58 = 95 points per Se .24, which has a proportion of I - 0.5948 = .4052 of the scores above it. 17. The width of this region is 2 minutes, which is 2/5 of the range of values. Hence the proportion is 0.40. See figure below. score for a three-year-old car with 30 thousand miles is three year old car with 30 thousand miles.) 12. game. 16. 2 92 ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 © 2011 BFW PublishersTest 2C T. a Annual income in any company is likely to be skewed right, with upper level administrators on the right tail. The other four variables are more likely to be Normal. © Perey .75 is .2266, so proportion above that value is 1 —.2266 =.7734. 3. b (1.2~0.5)(.5) =.35 or 35% b By the 68-95-99.7 rule, 62 and 74 are both two standard deviations away from 68, so the standard devi mn must be 3. d_ By the 68-95-99.7 rule, about 2.5% of a Normal distribution is two standard deviations above the mean, and the standard deviation is 15. 2x 15 = 30 points above the mean is 875. 6. Median = 50" percentile, Qs = 75" percentile, so 60" is between them. 7. d Scores that are | to 1.5 standard deviations above the mean earn a B-, which means 10 to 15 points above 60, or 70 to 75. Area under the Standard Normal curve from z = | to z= 1.5 is .9332 - .8413 = 0919. 1.23, =1.23=47° 46 5 = 6.18, 9. About 68% of the values are less than one standard deviation away from the mean, not more. 10. e By the 68-95.99.7 rule, the 16" percentile is about 1 standard deviation below the mean and the 97.5" percentile is about 2 standard deviations above the mean. Hence the interval from 25 to 40 is three standard deviations, so the standard deviation is 5 and the mean is 25 + 5 = 30. 8. ¢ 11" percentile corresponds to Part2 78-75 _ 0.3: Nancy's z-score = a 0.09. David scored higher within his grade, 12. 2 = 0.3 has a percentile of 0.6179, so David scored better than about 62 percent of other third-graders. z= -0.09 has a percentile of 0.4641, so Nancy scored better than about 46 percent of other sixth-graders. 13. Mean = 30-+2=32.g.; the standard deviation is 2 gand is not affected by addition of a constant. 14. See below. The median (A) is located at a point such that there is an equal amount of area under the curve on each side. The mean (B) is located at the “balance point” of the curve. 15. Center of Mill Brook is higher: median for Mill Brook is about 8 mg/l and median for Stony Brook is about 5 mg/l. Mill Brook also has a greater spread than Stony Brook: IQR for Mill Brook is about 10 ~ 4 ~ 6 mg/l; IQR for Stony Brook is about 7.5 —3 = 4.5 mg/l. 11. David's z-score = © 2011 BFW Publishers ‘The Practice of Statistics, 4/e- Chapter 2 93