Epistocracy is the rule by the elite while democracy entails the rule of the people by the people... more Epistocracy is the rule by the elite while democracy entails the rule of the people by the people for the people. The common person is supposed to have space to determine how they wish to be governed. Kenya’s constitution provides that all sovereignty belongs to the people. And that such sovereignty can be exercised either directly or indirectly through elected representatives and established institutions. With respect to constitutional amendments, the people can participate through either a popular initiative or a parliamentary initiative. Both routes could eventually require the direct participation of the people through a referendum. In some other jurisdictions, amendment of the constitution is a preserve of the legislature. In others, reference is always made to the common person. In Kenya, the law is not clear on ‘who’ can initiate an amendment to the constitution through the popular initiative. The common person in Kenya is poor; can’t afford necessities of life like food and ...
This thesis is my own work and has not been presented for the award of degree, diploma or any oth... more This thesis is my own work and has not been presented for the award of degree, diploma or any other certificate in any university.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researcher... more The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end-users interested in generating, promoting and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 23 African countries, with an expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators, the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers' groups through publications, dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS) and the Technopolicy Briefs. Technopolicy Briefs Series are commissioned short papers written by experts from all over the world specifically to address current science and technology policy concerns and questions in Africa. The briefs are also summaries of technical papers published under our WPS, SPS and RPS written to highlight significant policy recommendations. These briefs are writen with the busy policymakers and non-specialists in mind. The materials are designed for general readership and help advance the advocacy and knwoledge brokerage roles of the ATPS.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by T.M.C. Asser Instit... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by T.M.C. Asser Instituut. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Injuries are common in all sports, including soccer. Most of these injuries can be prevented if t... more Injuries are common in all sports, including soccer. Most of these injuries can be prevented if their aetiology, mechanisms and predisposing actions are analyzed. There were a total of 32 injuries in the study period. The incidence of lesions was 1.78 per match or 1.1 per player. 43.75% were contusions, 31.25% overuse and 25% sprains. 34.38% of the injuries affected the groin/thigh, 28.13% the knee and 25% the ankle. The right side of the body (65.63%) suffered more injuries. The opponent (60%), ball (12%)and the ground (10%) were the major causes. The activities during injury were running/dribbling (43.8%), tackling (18.8%) and heading (9.4%). A similar study of longer duration is recommended.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researcher... more The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end-users interested in generating, promoting and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 23 African countries, with an expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators, the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers' groups through publications, dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS) and the Technopolicy Briefs. Technopolicy Briefs Series are commissioned short papers written by experts from all over the world specifically to address current science and technology policy concerns and questions in Africa. The briefs are also summaries of technical papers published under our WPS, SPS and RPS written to highlight significant policy recommendations. These briefs are writen with the busy policymakers and non-specialists in mind. The materials are designed for general readership and help advance the advocacy and knwoledge brokerage roles of the ATPS.
Unregulated biomedical research has previously caused untold suffering to humankind. History is f... more Unregulated biomedical research has previously caused untold suffering to humankind. History is full of examples of abuse of animal and human subjects for research. Several codes and instruments have been formulated to regulate biomedical research. In Kenya, the Science, Technology and Innovation Act, 2014, together with the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, provide a fairly robust legal framework. Possible challenges include capacity building, overlap of functions of institutions, monitoring and evaluation, scientific/technological advances, intellectual property rights, funding for research, and dispute resolution. It is hoped that the new legislation will adequately address these challenges.
The general position of the law on euthanasia worldwide is that all states recognise their duty t... more The general position of the law on euthanasia worldwide is that all states recognise their duty to preserve life. Courts in various jurisdictions have refused to interpret the 'right to life' or the 'right to dignity' to also include the 'right to die'. Instead, they have held that the state has a duty to protect life. Three categories can however be noted. At one extreme are those countries that have totally criminalised any appearance of euthanasia. In the middle are countries that prohibit what appears to be active euthanasia while at the same time tolerating 'dual-effect' treatment and withdrawal of artificial feeding. At the other extreme are countries that allow euthanasia. Even in this last category of countries, there are stringent guidelines embedded in the law to prevent a situation of 'free for all'. Anecdotal evidence, some empirical studies and case law seem to suggest that euthanasia goes on in many countries irrespective of the ...
Epistocracy is the rule by the elite while democracy entails the rule of the people by the people... more Epistocracy is the rule by the elite while democracy entails the rule of the people by the people for the people. The common person is supposed to have space to determine how they wish to be governed. Kenya’s constitution provides that all sovereignty belongs to the people. And that such sovereignty can be exercised either directly or indirectly through elected representatives and established institutions. With respect to constitutional amendments, the people can participate through either a popular initiative or a parliamentary initiative. Both routes could eventually require the direct participation of the people through a referendum. In some other jurisdictions, amendment of the constitution is a preserve of the legislature. In others, reference is always made to the common person. In Kenya, the law is not clear on ‘who’ can initiate an amendment to the constitution through the popular initiative. The common person in Kenya is poor; can’t afford necessities of life like food and ...
This thesis is my own work and has not been presented for the award of degree, diploma or any oth... more This thesis is my own work and has not been presented for the award of degree, diploma or any other certificate in any university.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researcher... more The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end-users interested in generating, promoting and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 23 African countries, with an expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators, the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers' groups through publications, dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS) and the Technopolicy Briefs. Technopolicy Briefs Series are commissioned short papers written by experts from all over the world specifically to address current science and technology policy concerns and questions in Africa. The briefs are also summaries of technical papers published under our WPS, SPS and RPS written to highlight significant policy recommendations. These briefs are writen with the busy policymakers and non-specialists in mind. The materials are designed for general readership and help advance the advocacy and knwoledge brokerage roles of the ATPS.
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by T.M.C. Asser Instit... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by T.M.C. Asser Instituut. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".
Injuries are common in all sports, including soccer. Most of these injuries can be prevented if t... more Injuries are common in all sports, including soccer. Most of these injuries can be prevented if their aetiology, mechanisms and predisposing actions are analyzed. There were a total of 32 injuries in the study period. The incidence of lesions was 1.78 per match or 1.1 per player. 43.75% were contusions, 31.25% overuse and 25% sprains. 34.38% of the injuries affected the groin/thigh, 28.13% the knee and 25% the ankle. The right side of the body (65.63%) suffered more injuries. The opponent (60%), ball (12%)and the ground (10%) were the major causes. The activities during injury were running/dribbling (43.8%), tackling (18.8%) and heading (9.4%). A similar study of longer duration is recommended.
The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researcher... more The African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) is a multidisciplinary network of researchers, policy makers, actors in the private sector and other end-users interested in generating, promoting and strengthening innovative science and technology policies in Africa. With a regional secretariat in Nairobi, the network operates through national chapters in 23 African countries, with an expansion plan to cover the entire sub-Saharan Africa. One of the objectives of the network is to disseminate research results to policy makers, legislators, the organized private sector, civil society, mass media and farmers' groups through publications, dialogue and advocacy. Among its range of publications are the Working Paper Series (WPS), Research Paper Series (RPS), Special Paper Series (SPS) and the Technopolicy Briefs. Technopolicy Briefs Series are commissioned short papers written by experts from all over the world specifically to address current science and technology policy concerns and questions in Africa. The briefs are also summaries of technical papers published under our WPS, SPS and RPS written to highlight significant policy recommendations. These briefs are writen with the busy policymakers and non-specialists in mind. The materials are designed for general readership and help advance the advocacy and knwoledge brokerage roles of the ATPS.
Unregulated biomedical research has previously caused untold suffering to humankind. History is f... more Unregulated biomedical research has previously caused untold suffering to humankind. History is full of examples of abuse of animal and human subjects for research. Several codes and instruments have been formulated to regulate biomedical research. In Kenya, the Science, Technology and Innovation Act, 2014, together with the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, provide a fairly robust legal framework. Possible challenges include capacity building, overlap of functions of institutions, monitoring and evaluation, scientific/technological advances, intellectual property rights, funding for research, and dispute resolution. It is hoped that the new legislation will adequately address these challenges.
The general position of the law on euthanasia worldwide is that all states recognise their duty t... more The general position of the law on euthanasia worldwide is that all states recognise their duty to preserve life. Courts in various jurisdictions have refused to interpret the 'right to life' or the 'right to dignity' to also include the 'right to die'. Instead, they have held that the state has a duty to protect life. Three categories can however be noted. At one extreme are those countries that have totally criminalised any appearance of euthanasia. In the middle are countries that prohibit what appears to be active euthanasia while at the same time tolerating 'dual-effect' treatment and withdrawal of artificial feeding. At the other extreme are countries that allow euthanasia. Even in this last category of countries, there are stringent guidelines embedded in the law to prevent a situation of 'free for all'. Anecdotal evidence, some empirical studies and case law seem to suggest that euthanasia goes on in many countries irrespective of the ...
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