COMPUTER SCIENCE

The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems, and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the market have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation. Many prophetic visions have appeared in the literature presenting 4G as the ultimate boundary of wireless mobile communication without any limit to its potential, but in practical terms not giving any design rules and thus any definition of it. In this article we give a pragmatic definition of 4G derived from a new user-centric methodology that considers the user as the "cornerstone" of the design. In this way, we devise fundamental user scenarios that implicitly reveal the key features of 4G, which are then expressed explicitly in a new framework -the "user-centric" system -that describes the various level of interdependency among them. This approach consequently contributes to the identification of the real technical step-up of 4G with respect to 3G. Finally, an example of a potential 4G application is also given in order to demonstrate the validity of the overall methodology.

User requirements are growing faster than ever and the limitations of the current mobile communication systems have forced the researchers to come up with more advanced and efficient technologies. 4G mobile technology is the next step in this direction. 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will totally replace 3G networks. It is supposed to provide its customers with better speed and all IP based multimedia services. 4G is all about an integrated, global network that will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis. At present we have many technologies each capable of performing functions like supporting voice traffic using voice over IP (VoIP), broadband data access in mobile environment etc., but there is a great need of deploying such technologies that can integrate all these systems into a single unified system. 4G presents a solution of this problem as it is all about seamlessly integrating the terminals, networks and applications. The race to implement 4G is accelerating as well as quite challenging. The aim of this paper is to highlight the benefits, challenges in deployment and scope of 4G technologies.

Within the wide range of issues related to 4G energy efficient wireless networks and QoS management wireless networks, due to the scope of the ISSTA conference, in will be also in the focus of research. Due to limited space, this presentation we highlight some segments of wireless and a specific profile of ISSSTA conference, in this networks that will be based on spread spectrum (including presentation we will comment on some of the issues listed UWB) physical layer and mainly discuss only network above. For a variety of other issues the reader is referred to adaptability and reconfigurability issues.

Fourth Generation (4G) is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace third Generation (3G) networks sometimes in future. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services for video, data and Voice (VoIP).4G is all about an integrated, global network that's based on an open system approach. At the moment we have several technologies each capable of performing some of the functions like broadband data access in mobile or nomadic environments, supporting voice traffic using voice over IP (VoIP) etc. But what we really need is a deployment of new technologies that allow merging, bridging and integrating all these separate systems into an information delivery system of the twenty first century. The emerging IEEE 802.16 BWA technology WiMAX (World wide interoperability for Microwave Access) allows interoperability and combines the benefits that other wireless networking technologies offer individually and leads a path towards 4G and become the 4G wireless technology in the future. The 4G/WiMAX spectrum will be used for voice, video and data --all considered broadband wireless access (BWA) applications. This paper will evaluate the potential of WiMAX as 4G technology, provide a very strong comparison between WiMAX and Wi-Fi IP based technologies, deployment of various architectures like (i) Wi-Fi / WiMAX (Wi-Fi with WiMAX can be called as migration path to 4G when both are viewed as complementary to one another [5]), (ii) Mobile WiMAX that can provide users with connectivity wherever they are and deliver the promise of 4G.

Indian Mobile Network Operators (MNO) are in preparation to launch a major scale up of the mobile money services (MMS) following the policy recommendations by the Mobile Money Association of India (MMAI) through the leadership of Dr. Nachiket Mor. This has led to drastic changes in mobile money service regulations, setting a level playing ground for the MNOs. Enabling regulations, well-developed mobile network, and a huge customer base is an opportunity for the Indian MMS to grow to the level of Mpesa in Kenya. However, research indicates that many mobile money launches rarely meet the set targets. They project their growth based on the existing mobile phone subscribers and on the Mpesa's strategy in Kenya. This leads to dismal performance in the first twelve months. To mitigate the potential investment losses, management team of the MNOs need to understand the factors that may hinder rapid uptake of mobile money services. This paper presents the findings of a survey on behavior influence on usage and acceptance of mobile money services both in India and in Kenya.