Agriculture

Herbicides play a vital role in the reduction of crop yield losses by the use of effective weed control and weed interference capability, their ability to improving soil conservation practices. This review covering herbicide's resistance to specific weed and the mode of action of herbicides in the crops of agronomic fields. In most countries, input-intensive agriculture is adopted. For a better understanding, it is necessary to know about the mode of action of herbicides, management, organization, classification, and weed control capacity of herbicides. On other conditions, it also contributes insight into herbicide resistance; therefore it is a big problem of sustainable agricultural management. However, more use of herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides cause resistance among the weeds and it causing injury in plants and also removes beneficial plants in agricultural fields, industries, and management of lands. This review mainly focuses on the thorough determination of diff...

The practice of purposefully setting fire to the residue that remained after harvest of rice and wheat crop is increasing periodically.  Stubble burning has become one of the challenging issues in India in recent times. Government has been consistently instructing farmers not to burn the crop residues, instead asking them for in-situ management. Farmers are citing various complications in stubble management which pulling them to setting up fire to the stubble. Rice straw burning generates life threatening greenhouse gases which causes air pollution injury. Particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in the capital state of India (New Delhi) have been exceeded by 14 times than threshold level because of episodic agricultural fires in the neighbouring states namely Punjab, Haryana. A very limited study has been done so far on this complete issue despite of its importance. The present review tried to expose root cause, impacts on ecosystem and management strategies of stubble burning especially ...

In the present review paper, we assessed the utilization of nanotechnology-based items and its application in rice crop. Several researchers acknowledgment that traditional cultivating practices does not have the option to build any further productivity nor stop environmental problems due to this technology has cleared the pathway to utilization of nanotechnology in farming. Nanofertilizer alters the accessibility of nutrients by controlling the amount and quality which results in improvement of the nutritive quality of plants. Published written works with respect to the potential of nanofertilizer in upgrading these properties are uncommon. Therefore, this review is intended to clarify the conceivable impact of the utilization of nanofertilizer in rice cultivar. The review likewise assessed the impact of nanofertilizer on the development and improvement of rice. With the rise in populace and lack of healthy nutrients and diminishing farming terrains for crop cultivation, a new inve...

Organic manures are used traditionally to supply plant nutrients. The volume of organic fertilizers is high they are bulky in nature so, there are many problems in application of these fertilizes which forces farmers to use synthetic fertilizers. Using organic fertilizers helps to recycle the organic waste. The end product which is obtained from organic waste can provides nutrients in a efficient manner and also improves conditions of the soil. Because synthetic fertilizers which are currently in the use may not fulfil or maintain the quality of soil needs for sustainable agriculture. By applying all essential nutrients through synthetic fertilizers can degrades the quality and health of the soil which directly responsible for unsustainable yields. So, to improve the nutrient supply in integrated nutrient management system chemical fertilizers and organic manures should be combined together for best outputs. To maintain the soil fertility and proper soil health balanced application of organic and inorganic nutrient is required. Through integrated management sustainability in agricultural productivity should be achived. By using Integrated nutrient management on yield components of crops is very important for guarantee of food security. Integrated nutrient management or supply focus at maintening the fertility of soil and nutrient supply for plants to an optimum level in relation to sustain the desired crop productivity by optimizing the all sources of plant nutrients with the help of integrated nutrient management which can also includes other aspects like; maintainence or enhancement of soil productivity by using chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers in a balanced manner. Different types of organic materials such as bio compost, FYM, green manures, vermicompost, crop residues, industrial wastes, composts, animal manures.

This research is based on the effect of various herbicidal treatments on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) intercropping with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). This study investigated the effect of different herbicides treatments and hand weeding (once, twice and repeated) in comparison with weedy control and weedy check. In both growing season, data were collected on the density and dry weight of weed species, density of lentil, seed yield, total crop biomass, and harvest index of crop. Herbicides ability in controlling weeds depending on the weed species present. Application of [email protected]/ha as pre emergence herbicides demonstrated better for weeds control and gives high yield per unit area, effectively control weeds in lentil and chickpea. Prometryn and Metribuzin are inhibitors of photosynthesis and are generally used at pre emergence or sometimes used as a post emergence. When these herbicides are used as pre emergence, they are absorbed through the plant shoots while they are still underground and kill or injure the shoots before they rise from the soil surface. Yield losses of 40-80% have been observed due to weed infestation in lentil and also in chickpea weed have been notice one of the major factors as their losses ranged between 11 to 57%.In this study, the efficacy of some herbicides estimated in comparison with weedy control in lentil and chickpea and this research also carried out to study the effect of various herbicidal treatments, including chemicals such as Metribuzin and Sethoxydim, in controlling weeds in naturally infested fields of chickpea and lentil in Punjab.

Weeds are mainly responsible to cause competition with soybean crop resulting in reduction of the crop yield by mean of various type of crop weed competition. There are a number of methods employed for managing the weed problems in the crops. Among all the methods, chemical weed control method is more suitable and lower in cost. Number of herbicides are used in soybean crop for controlling the weeds. Imazethapyr, metribuzin and fluazifop-p-butyl are the more useful herbicides which reduce the weed population in field thus enhancing the yield of the crop.

A reviewed literature revealed that number of weed species are associated with soybean crop. These species may vary from places to places and time to time. Soybean is kharif season crop so it is mainly infested with weeds of same season. Mainly all type of weed flora (broad, grasses and sedges) Echinochloa colona (L.}, Echinochloa crussgalli (L.}, Cyperus difformis L., Euphorbia hirta L., Croton sparsiflorus, Digera arvensis Forsk Canadensis (L.), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus iria L, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.), Lepidium virginicum. Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Celosia argentia, Commelina benghalensis, Digera arvensis, Portulaca oleracea etc found in the crop. Keyword: Soybean, weed flora, Kharif season, Broad leaved, Narrow leaved and Sedges. Introduction Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) is kharif season crop popularly known as “wonder crop” of twenty first century is an important oilseed crop. It serves the dual pur...

The present review is undertaken with the view to see the production of bioethanol using broken and damaged rice grains. The reviewers found that the microorganisms for the amylase production were isolated from rice gain powder as substrate through SSF. Two different fungal isolates Aspergilus sp. were found. No bacterial isolate was found for being suitable for amylase production. The Pichea kudriavzevii (Issatchenkia orientalis) was used for the bioethanol production through SSCF. The rice contains 70% of the starch content and is considered as potential substrate for bioethanol production.

Weeds are plants that are not desirable in a particular place, time and area. There are around 250,000 plant species on the planet, with about 3% or 8000 species, acting as weeds. Of those most of the area known species infest non-cropped areas. Weed flora, including annual, biennial and perennial grasses, sedges, and broad-leaf weeds, infest non-cropped regions. Wastelands (48%) have the most species followed by cultivated fields (20%), roadsides (14%), and forests (8%). Weeds in non-cropped areas decrease the land value; Aquatic weeds can obstruct navigation and devastate fisheries. The major aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth and Salvinia, and others such as Alternanthera philoxiroides have recently gained prominence. Cannabis sativa (Marijuana/Indian hemp), Parthenium hysterophorus (canary grass), and Verbesina encelioides (Golden Crown beard) infest non-cropped areas and roadsides Effective Management of weeds is necessary to reduce the harmful impacts of weeds. Hand hoeing, soil solarization, deadly wilting with high heat, burning or chemical attack with herbicides are some of the methods used. Paraquat @ 2.2 L acre-1 , 2, 4-D @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 , and glyphosate @ 3.0 L ha-1 are non-selective herbicides which are used to control weeds of non-cropped areas. different methods by which weeds can be managed are given in this review.

In India Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most essential pulse crop. It is a key source of protein. It plays an important role in human nutrition for large population in the developing world but its productivity is relatively low. There are lots of reasons for low productivity. Weed is the basic problem in all cereals as well as pulses. Weed control is the basic requirement of crop at below the economic threshold level. Chickpea is poor competitive crop with weeds because slow growth rate and development. It has limited branches and low leaf area weed competition of chickpea up to 60 days after sowing (Singh and Singh, 2000). Chickpea is highly susceptible to weed competition and the weeds causes 75% of yield losses (Chaudhary et. al. 2005). Considering the losses caused due to weeds, it is essential to manage the weeds within their critical crop-weed competition period.

Alternaria is well known as a saprophyte or as an efficient phyto-pathogen. Occasional medical problems or allergies have been reported in humans by Alternaria spp or a component thereof. It has also been known to produce various myco-toxins. Recently, many Alternaria species were used against a number of agricultural pests, however the information about the purified anti-insect principal from Alternaria spp and detailed mechanistic studies pertaining to the nature of toxicity caused by it, are still lacking. The present review highlights the need of exploring new living systems like Alternaria spp as a potential bio-control agent against some major agricultural pests.