Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is th... more Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is one of the most significant diseases of farmed channel catfish. Macrophages have a critical role in major defense mechanisms against bacterial infections by migrating to the site of infection, engulfing and killing pathogens, and priming adaptive immune responses. Vaccination of catfish with E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains increased the efficiency of phagocytosis and bacterial killing in catfish peritoneal macrophages compared in vitro with macrophages from non-vaccinated fish. Recently, our group developed several protective LAV strains from E. ictaluri. However, their effects on the antigen uptake and bacterial killing in catfish macrophages have not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages in the uptake of E. ictaluri wild-type (WT) and two LAV strains. We found that phagocytosis of LAV strains was significantly higher compared to their WT counterpart in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, the uptake of E. ictaluri opsonized with sera from vaccinated catfish was more efficient than when opsonized with sera from sham-vaccinated fish. Notably, catfish macrophages did not lose their phagocytic properties at 4 • C, as described previously in mammalian and zebrafish models. Also, opsonization of E. ictaluri with inactivated sera from vaccinated and sham-vaccinated catfish decreased significantly phagocytic uptake of bacteria at 32 • C, and virtually suppressed endocytosis at 4 • C, suggesting the important role of complement-dependent mechanisms in catfish macrophage phagocytosis. In conclusion, our data on enhanced phagocytic capacity and effective killing ability in macrophages of vaccine strains suggested the LAVs' advantage if processed and presented in the form of peptides to specific lymphocytes of an adaptive immune system and emphasize the importance of macrophage-mediated immunity against ESC. Furthermore, we showed the role of complement-dependent mechanisms in the phagocytic uptakes of E. ictaluri in catfish peritoneal macrophages at 4 and 32 • C. Finally, LAV vaccine-induced bacterial phagocytosis and killing properties of peritoneal macrophages emphasized the importance of the innate immune responses in ESC.
Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a... more Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth performance, some blood parameters, body composition, and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2) was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB (group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with those of control group. The best FCR values observed in SB plus Protexin-supplemented diets. The results revealed that, probiotic nonsignificantly increased blood glucose and intestinal glucose absorption while sodium butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium.
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds were utilized in some traditional medical remedies and ... more The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds were utilized in some traditional medical remedies and have been investigated for their possible health benefits. This proposed study wanted to assess the effect of date palm seeds (DPS) dietary supplementation in comparison to mannan-oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos®) and β-glucan over antioxidant and immunity events that have effect on growth and carcass performances of broilers. An aggregate of 180, one-day-old, chicks were raised in the wire-floored cages and allotted into control, Bio-Mos (0.1% Bio-Mos), β-glucan (0.1% β-glucan), DPS2 (2% date crushed seeds), DPS4 (4% date crushed seeds), and DPS6 (6% date crushed seeds) groups. Broilers in DPS2 and DPS4 groups showed significant variations (P < 0.05) in relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and efficiency of energy utilization in comparison to control group. Moreover, all DPS fed groups showed significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum reduced glutathione (GSH) value...
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein reduction with supplementation of lim... more Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein reduction with supplementation of limiting amino acids (AA, tryptophan, threonine, and valine) on growth performance, blood biochemical, immunity parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into three treatment groups, with five replicates per treatment and 20 broiler chickens per replicate. The three experimental diets were formulated with different dietary crude protein (CP) %, (control [CON] and CON with 1% [CP-1%] or 2% [CP-2%] less CP units) during the starter, grower, and finisher phases. The CP of the experimental diets were 22, 21, and 20% for the starting period (day 1-14); 20, 19, and 18% CP for the growing period (day 15-28); and 18, 17, and 16% CP for the finishing period (day 29-35) in CON, CP-1%, and CP-2%, respectively. The low-CP diets (CP-1% and CP-2%) were supplemented with combined AA, threonine+tryptophan+valin...
This study quantifies the effects of extruded linseed and soybean (ELS) dietary supplementation o... more This study quantifies the effects of extruded linseed and soybean (ELS) dietary supplementation on milk yield, composition, and fatty acid profiles, as well as first-service conception rate in Holstein dairy cows. Seventy-eight open Holstein dairy cows were divided into two groups: (1) a control, which received a basal diet; and (2) a test group, which received a basal diet supplemented with the ELS (650 g/kg of extruded linseed and 150 g/kg of extruded soybean) at a rate of 100 g/kg. In the ELS group, milk yield per day and solid not fat (SNF) yield increased by 3.26% and 0.88%, respectively, in relation to the control. Percentage milk fat decreased significantly by 1.4% in the ELS group when compared with the control. The ELS supplement resulted in a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and an increase in monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in milk. In conclusion, the supplementation of dairy cow feed with 100 g/kg of ELS increases milk yield and mi...
The current study was established to test the possibility of using exogenous digestive enzymes (E... more The current study was established to test the possibility of using exogenous digestive enzymes (EDE) in rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) diets. Five experimental diets containing 34% soybean meal were prepared and supplemented with EDE at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g kg-1 diet. Fish with average initial weight (± 1.1 g) were fed the test diets for 74 days. Rabbitfish offered the diets with EDE supplements exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher growth performance, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, protein gain, and protein retention over the basal diet. But, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in carcass composition and somatic parameters index with EDE supplementation. The physiological condition of fish fed diets with EDE showed that the hematocrit (%), total plasma protein and total plasma globulin were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish fed EDE than the control group. It can be concluded that the addition of EDE in rabbitfish diets improved the growth performance, feed efficiency and health condition.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs) that have a critical ... more Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs) that have a critical role in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. Dendritic cells have been characterized morphologically and functionally in the teleost fish models such as rainbow trout, salmonids, medaka, and zebrafish. The presence of DCs with remarkable similarities to human Langerhans cells (LCs) has been described in the spleen and anterior kidney of salmonids and rainbow trout. However, there is no evidence of the presence of DCs and their role in channel catfish immunity. In this study, we assessed DC-like cells in the immunocompetent tissues of channel catfish by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We identified Langerin/CD207(+) (L/CD207(+)) cells in the channel catfish anterior kidney, spleen and gill by IHC. Moreover, we described the cells that resembled mammal LC DCs containing Birbeck-like (BL) granules in channel catfish spleen, anterior and posterior kidneys and gill by TEM. Our data suggest that cells with DC-like morphology in the immune related organs of catfish may share morphological and functional properties with previously reported DCs in teleost fish and mammals. More detailed knowledge of the phenotype and the function of catfish DCs will not only help gain insight into the evolution of the vertebrate adaptive immune system but will also provide valuable information for development and optimization of immunotherapies and vaccination protocols for aquaculture use.
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of... more Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Successful vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires T cell priming by antigen presenting cells (APCs) that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. However, the evidence on immunological mechanisms that underscore E. ictaluri pathogenesis and the protective role of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is scarce. We assessed the expression of immune genes related to antigen presentation by real-time PCR and the distribution patterns of Langerhans-like (L/CD207 +) cells by immunohistochemistry in the immune-related tissues of channel catfish challenged with two novel E. ictaluri LAVs, Ei evpB, and ESC-NDKL1 and wild type (WT) strain. Our results indicated significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ gene in the anterior kidney (AK) and spleen of vaccinated catfish at the early stages of exposure, which correlated with increased numbers of L/CD207 + cells. In general, the ESC-NDKL1-induced IFN-γ gene expression patterns in the AK resembled that of the patterns induced by Ei evpB. However the MHCII gene expression patterns differed between the strains with significant increases at 6 h post-challenge (pc) with the Ei evpB and at 7 d pc with the ESC-NDKL1 strains, respectively. Significant increases in activity of T helper type polarization genes such as IFN-γ and T cell co-receptors after exposure to ESC-NDKL1, in combination with elevated numbers of L/CD207 + cells at 7 d pc with both LAVs compared to uninfected and the WT-exposed counterparts, were documented in the spleen. The dominant pro-inflammatory environment with dramatically overexpressed inflammatory genes in the AK and 7 d pc in the spleen in response to E. ictaluri was found in exposed catfish. In general, the pro-inflammatory gene expression profiles in the ESC-NDKL1 pc showed more similarities to the WT strain-induced gene profiles compared to the Ei evpB counterpart. In addition, E. ictaluri WT significantly decreased the numbers of Kordon et al. E. ictaluri LAV-Induced Immunity Langerhans-like L/CD207 + cells in the AK and spleen at 3 and 7 days pc. In conclusion, we report the differential framework of initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses between E. ictaluri strains with both LAVs having a potential of satisfying the stringent requirements for successful vaccines.
Experiment was conducted using 500 ducks of day-old (300 Muscovy and 200 Moulard) Sexing was done... more Experiment was conducted using 500 ducks of day-old (300 Muscovy and 200 Moulard) Sexing was done for ducks at the first day of age, then the experiment was completed on males only (180 Muscovy, 120 Moulard), where it was brought up in accordance with the principles of the French care for birds research and rearing of water fowls for fattening purposes until 12 weeks of age. At this age birds were divided within each breed according to feeding regime (forced feeding and ad libitum feeding group), and addition of L carnitine by 1000 mg \ kg of feed (L carnitine and non L carnitine group) making eight groups until the end of the study (at 14 weeks). The results of the experiment revealed that, forced feeding has a significant increase in body weight and absolute or relative weight gain (5954.33 g, 1421.03 g and 23.51%, respectively) than ad libitum feeding (4506.75 g, 411.05 g and 8.94%; respectively). Under the regime of force-feeding Moulard ducks had significantly increase in absol...
Canola meal (CM) is commonly used in poultry diets; however, its use is limited due to anti-nutri... more Canola meal (CM) is commonly used in poultry diets; however, its use is limited due to anti-nutritive factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various levels of canola meal (CM) with or without multi-enzyme supplement on broiler chickens. Four levels of CM (0, 5, 10 and 20%) were used with or without multi-enzyme (0 or 300 g/ton of diet) in a factorial design 4 × 2 in 8 dietary combinations. During the experimental period (0-42 d of age), inclusion of CM at a level of 5 and 10% without multi-enzyme and at a level of 20% with or without multi-enzyme decreased body weight gain and gain:feed ratio compared to control (CON; P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in the final body weight at day 42 of age between the groups. No differences were found in carcass characteristics between treatments. Inclusion of CM in broiler diet decreased serum antibody titer at 42 d of age compared to the control and enzyme-supplemented CM groups (P < 0.05). Inclusion of CM with multi-enzyme supplement decreased serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase compared to CON and enzyme-unsupplemented groups (P < 0.05). Diets supplemented with CM had higher serum creatinine than CON and enzyme-supplemented CM groups (P < 0.05). Lower serum triiodothyronine in broilers fed diet supplemented with 10 or 20% CM was noticed (P < 0.05). CM with multi-enzyme supplementation to broiler ration showed a slight increase in net revenue.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using graded levels of enzyme Serratiopeptida... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using graded levels of enzyme Serratiopeptidase, treatment on growth performance, immune response and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred twenty 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups; each group included 3 replicates of 10 birds. Birds were treated as the following group (1) birds were non infected and non treated used as control group. Group (2) birds were only infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age. While birds of group (3) were infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age and treated with Serrapeptase in drinking water at a dose of 2 g/liter for the first 3 days of each week. Group (4) birds were infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age and were treated with Serrapeptase in drinking water at a dose of 1 g / liter for the first 3 days of each week. The results showed significant im...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014
Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry produ... more Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry production. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feed supplemented with black pepper (Piper nigrum), turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and their combinations on the performance of broilers. A total of 210 (Cobb) one-d-old chicks were divided into seven groups of 30 birds each. The treatments were: a control group received no supplement, 0.5% black pepper (T1), 0.5% turmeric powder (T2), 2% coriander seeds (T3), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% turmeric powder (T4), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 2% coriander seed (T5), and a mixture of 0.5% black pepper, 0.5% turmeric powder and 2% coriander seeds (T6). Higher significant values of body weight gain during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) were observed in broilers on T1, T3, T5, and T6 compared to control. Dietary supplements with T1, T2, T3, and T6 improved the cumulative G:F of broilers during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) compared with control. The dressing percentage and edible giblets were not influenced by dietary supplements, while higher values of relative weight of the liver (p<0.05) were obtained in T5 and T6 compared to control. The addition of feed supplements in T5 and T6 significantly increased serum total protein and decreased serum glucose, triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared with the control group (p<0.05). Broilers on T6 showed significant decrease in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentration (p<0.05) compared to control. The broilers having T5 and T6 supplemented feed had relatively greater antibody titre (p<0.001) at 35 d of age than control. It is concluded that dietary supplements with black pepper or coriander seeds or their combinations enhanced the performance and health status of broiler chickens. (
Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings
were used to explain the effects of supplementing a... more Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth performance and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2) was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB (group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with those of control group. The results revealed that, sodium butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium.
Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry produ... more Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry production. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feed supplemented with black pepper (Piper nigrum), turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and their combinations on the performance of broilers. A total of 210 (Cobb) one-d-old chicks were divided into seven groups of 30 birds each. The treatments were: a control group received no supplement, 0.5% black pepper (T1), 0.5% turmeric powder (T2), 2% coriander seeds (T3), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% turmeric powder (T4), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 2% coriander seed (T5), and a mixture of 0.5% black pepper, 0.5% turmeric powder and 2% coriander seeds (T6). Higher significant values of body weight gain during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) were observed in broilers on T1, T3, T5, and T6 compared to control. Dietary supplements with T1, T2, T3, and T6 improved the cumulative G:F of broilers during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) compared with control. The dressing percentage and edible giblets were not influenced by dietary supplements, while higher values of relative weight of the liver (p<0.05) were obtained in T5 and T6 compared to control. The addition of feed supplements in T5 and T6 significantly increased serum total protein and decreased serum glucose, triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared with the control group (p<0.05). Broilers on T6 showed significant decrease in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentration (p<0.05) compared to control. The broilers having T5 and T6 supplemented feed had relatively greater antibody titre (p<0.001) at 35 d of age than control. It is concluded that dietary supplements with black pepper or coriander seeds or their combinations enhanced the performance and health status of broiler chickens. (
Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is th... more Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is one of the most significant diseases of farmed channel catfish. Macrophages have a critical role in major defense mechanisms against bacterial infections by migrating to the site of infection, engulfing and killing pathogens, and priming adaptive immune responses. Vaccination of catfish with E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains increased the efficiency of phagocytosis and bacterial killing in catfish peritoneal macrophages compared in vitro with macrophages from non-vaccinated fish. Recently, our group developed several protective LAV strains from E. ictaluri. However, their effects on the antigen uptake and bacterial killing in catfish macrophages have not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages in the uptake of E. ictaluri wild-type (WT) and two LAV strains. We found that phagocytosis of LAV strains was significantly higher compared to their WT counterpart in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, the uptake of E. ictaluri opsonized with sera from vaccinated catfish was more efficient than when opsonized with sera from sham-vaccinated fish. Notably, catfish macrophages did not lose their phagocytic properties at 4 • C, as described previously in mammalian and zebrafish models. Also, opsonization of E. ictaluri with inactivated sera from vaccinated and sham-vaccinated catfish decreased significantly phagocytic uptake of bacteria at 32 • C, and virtually suppressed endocytosis at 4 • C, suggesting the important role of complement-dependent mechanisms in catfish macrophage phagocytosis. In conclusion, our data on enhanced phagocytic capacity and effective killing ability in macrophages of vaccine strains suggested the LAVs' advantage if processed and presented in the form of peptides to specific lymphocytes of an adaptive immune system and emphasize the importance of macrophage-mediated immunity against ESC. Furthermore, we showed the role of complement-dependent mechanisms in the phagocytic uptakes of E. ictaluri in catfish peritoneal macrophages at 4 and 32 • C. Finally, LAV vaccine-induced bacterial phagocytosis and killing properties of peritoneal macrophages emphasized the importance of the innate immune responses in ESC.
Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a... more Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth performance, some blood parameters, body composition, and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2) was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB (group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with those of control group. The best FCR values observed in SB plus Protexin-supplemented diets. The results revealed that, probiotic nonsignificantly increased blood glucose and intestinal glucose absorption while sodium butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium.
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds were utilized in some traditional medical remedies and ... more The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds were utilized in some traditional medical remedies and have been investigated for their possible health benefits. This proposed study wanted to assess the effect of date palm seeds (DPS) dietary supplementation in comparison to mannan-oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos®) and β-glucan over antioxidant and immunity events that have effect on growth and carcass performances of broilers. An aggregate of 180, one-day-old, chicks were raised in the wire-floored cages and allotted into control, Bio-Mos (0.1% Bio-Mos), β-glucan (0.1% β-glucan), DPS2 (2% date crushed seeds), DPS4 (4% date crushed seeds), and DPS6 (6% date crushed seeds) groups. Broilers in DPS2 and DPS4 groups showed significant variations (P < 0.05) in relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and efficiency of energy utilization in comparison to control group. Moreover, all DPS fed groups showed significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum reduced glutathione (GSH) value...
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein reduction with supplementation of lim... more Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of protein reduction with supplementation of limiting amino acids (AA, tryptophan, threonine, and valine) on growth performance, blood biochemical, immunity parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into three treatment groups, with five replicates per treatment and 20 broiler chickens per replicate. The three experimental diets were formulated with different dietary crude protein (CP) %, (control [CON] and CON with 1% [CP-1%] or 2% [CP-2%] less CP units) during the starter, grower, and finisher phases. The CP of the experimental diets were 22, 21, and 20% for the starting period (day 1-14); 20, 19, and 18% CP for the growing period (day 15-28); and 18, 17, and 16% CP for the finishing period (day 29-35) in CON, CP-1%, and CP-2%, respectively. The low-CP diets (CP-1% and CP-2%) were supplemented with combined AA, threonine+tryptophan+valin...
This study quantifies the effects of extruded linseed and soybean (ELS) dietary supplementation o... more This study quantifies the effects of extruded linseed and soybean (ELS) dietary supplementation on milk yield, composition, and fatty acid profiles, as well as first-service conception rate in Holstein dairy cows. Seventy-eight open Holstein dairy cows were divided into two groups: (1) a control, which received a basal diet; and (2) a test group, which received a basal diet supplemented with the ELS (650 g/kg of extruded linseed and 150 g/kg of extruded soybean) at a rate of 100 g/kg. In the ELS group, milk yield per day and solid not fat (SNF) yield increased by 3.26% and 0.88%, respectively, in relation to the control. Percentage milk fat decreased significantly by 1.4% in the ELS group when compared with the control. The ELS supplement resulted in a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and an increase in monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in milk. In conclusion, the supplementation of dairy cow feed with 100 g/kg of ELS increases milk yield and mi...
The current study was established to test the possibility of using exogenous digestive enzymes (E... more The current study was established to test the possibility of using exogenous digestive enzymes (EDE) in rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) diets. Five experimental diets containing 34% soybean meal were prepared and supplemented with EDE at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g kg-1 diet. Fish with average initial weight (± 1.1 g) were fed the test diets for 74 days. Rabbitfish offered the diets with EDE supplements exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher growth performance, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, protein gain, and protein retention over the basal diet. But, no significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in carcass composition and somatic parameters index with EDE supplementation. The physiological condition of fish fed diets with EDE showed that the hematocrit (%), total plasma protein and total plasma globulin were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish fed EDE than the control group. It can be concluded that the addition of EDE in rabbitfish diets improved the growth performance, feed efficiency and health condition.
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs) that have a critical ... more Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs) that have a critical role in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. Dendritic cells have been characterized morphologically and functionally in the teleost fish models such as rainbow trout, salmonids, medaka, and zebrafish. The presence of DCs with remarkable similarities to human Langerhans cells (LCs) has been described in the spleen and anterior kidney of salmonids and rainbow trout. However, there is no evidence of the presence of DCs and their role in channel catfish immunity. In this study, we assessed DC-like cells in the immunocompetent tissues of channel catfish by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We identified Langerin/CD207(+) (L/CD207(+)) cells in the channel catfish anterior kidney, spleen and gill by IHC. Moreover, we described the cells that resembled mammal LC DCs containing Birbeck-like (BL) granules in channel catfish spleen, anterior and posterior kidneys and gill by TEM. Our data suggest that cells with DC-like morphology in the immune related organs of catfish may share morphological and functional properties with previously reported DCs in teleost fish and mammals. More detailed knowledge of the phenotype and the function of catfish DCs will not only help gain insight into the evolution of the vertebrate adaptive immune system but will also provide valuable information for development and optimization of immunotherapies and vaccination protocols for aquaculture use.
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of... more Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Successful vaccination against intracellular pathogens requires T cell priming by antigen presenting cells (APCs) that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. However, the evidence on immunological mechanisms that underscore E. ictaluri pathogenesis and the protective role of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is scarce. We assessed the expression of immune genes related to antigen presentation by real-time PCR and the distribution patterns of Langerhans-like (L/CD207 +) cells by immunohistochemistry in the immune-related tissues of channel catfish challenged with two novel E. ictaluri LAVs, Ei evpB, and ESC-NDKL1 and wild type (WT) strain. Our results indicated significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ gene in the anterior kidney (AK) and spleen of vaccinated catfish at the early stages of exposure, which correlated with increased numbers of L/CD207 + cells. In general, the ESC-NDKL1-induced IFN-γ gene expression patterns in the AK resembled that of the patterns induced by Ei evpB. However the MHCII gene expression patterns differed between the strains with significant increases at 6 h post-challenge (pc) with the Ei evpB and at 7 d pc with the ESC-NDKL1 strains, respectively. Significant increases in activity of T helper type polarization genes such as IFN-γ and T cell co-receptors after exposure to ESC-NDKL1, in combination with elevated numbers of L/CD207 + cells at 7 d pc with both LAVs compared to uninfected and the WT-exposed counterparts, were documented in the spleen. The dominant pro-inflammatory environment with dramatically overexpressed inflammatory genes in the AK and 7 d pc in the spleen in response to E. ictaluri was found in exposed catfish. In general, the pro-inflammatory gene expression profiles in the ESC-NDKL1 pc showed more similarities to the WT strain-induced gene profiles compared to the Ei evpB counterpart. In addition, E. ictaluri WT significantly decreased the numbers of Kordon et al. E. ictaluri LAV-Induced Immunity Langerhans-like L/CD207 + cells in the AK and spleen at 3 and 7 days pc. In conclusion, we report the differential framework of initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses between E. ictaluri strains with both LAVs having a potential of satisfying the stringent requirements for successful vaccines.
Experiment was conducted using 500 ducks of day-old (300 Muscovy and 200 Moulard) Sexing was done... more Experiment was conducted using 500 ducks of day-old (300 Muscovy and 200 Moulard) Sexing was done for ducks at the first day of age, then the experiment was completed on males only (180 Muscovy, 120 Moulard), where it was brought up in accordance with the principles of the French care for birds research and rearing of water fowls for fattening purposes until 12 weeks of age. At this age birds were divided within each breed according to feeding regime (forced feeding and ad libitum feeding group), and addition of L carnitine by 1000 mg \ kg of feed (L carnitine and non L carnitine group) making eight groups until the end of the study (at 14 weeks). The results of the experiment revealed that, forced feeding has a significant increase in body weight and absolute or relative weight gain (5954.33 g, 1421.03 g and 23.51%, respectively) than ad libitum feeding (4506.75 g, 411.05 g and 8.94%; respectively). Under the regime of force-feeding Moulard ducks had significantly increase in absol...
Canola meal (CM) is commonly used in poultry diets; however, its use is limited due to anti-nutri... more Canola meal (CM) is commonly used in poultry diets; however, its use is limited due to anti-nutritive factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various levels of canola meal (CM) with or without multi-enzyme supplement on broiler chickens. Four levels of CM (0, 5, 10 and 20%) were used with or without multi-enzyme (0 or 300 g/ton of diet) in a factorial design 4 × 2 in 8 dietary combinations. During the experimental period (0-42 d of age), inclusion of CM at a level of 5 and 10% without multi-enzyme and at a level of 20% with or without multi-enzyme decreased body weight gain and gain:feed ratio compared to control (CON; P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in the final body weight at day 42 of age between the groups. No differences were found in carcass characteristics between treatments. Inclusion of CM in broiler diet decreased serum antibody titer at 42 d of age compared to the control and enzyme-supplemented CM groups (P < 0.05). Inclusion of CM with multi-enzyme supplement decreased serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase compared to CON and enzyme-unsupplemented groups (P < 0.05). Diets supplemented with CM had higher serum creatinine than CON and enzyme-supplemented CM groups (P < 0.05). Lower serum triiodothyronine in broilers fed diet supplemented with 10 or 20% CM was noticed (P < 0.05). CM with multi-enzyme supplementation to broiler ration showed a slight increase in net revenue.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using graded levels of enzyme Serratiopeptida... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using graded levels of enzyme Serratiopeptidase, treatment on growth performance, immune response and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred twenty 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups; each group included 3 replicates of 10 birds. Birds were treated as the following group (1) birds were non infected and non treated used as control group. Group (2) birds were only infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age. While birds of group (3) were infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age and treated with Serrapeptase in drinking water at a dose of 2 g/liter for the first 3 days of each week. Group (4) birds were infected with E. coli and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) at 14th day of age and were treated with Serrapeptase in drinking water at a dose of 1 g / liter for the first 3 days of each week. The results showed significant im...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2014
Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry produ... more Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry production. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feed supplemented with black pepper (Piper nigrum), turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and their combinations on the performance of broilers. A total of 210 (Cobb) one-d-old chicks were divided into seven groups of 30 birds each. The treatments were: a control group received no supplement, 0.5% black pepper (T1), 0.5% turmeric powder (T2), 2% coriander seeds (T3), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% turmeric powder (T4), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 2% coriander seed (T5), and a mixture of 0.5% black pepper, 0.5% turmeric powder and 2% coriander seeds (T6). Higher significant values of body weight gain during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) were observed in broilers on T1, T3, T5, and T6 compared to control. Dietary supplements with T1, T2, T3, and T6 improved the cumulative G:F of broilers during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) compared with control. The dressing percentage and edible giblets were not influenced by dietary supplements, while higher values of relative weight of the liver (p<0.05) were obtained in T5 and T6 compared to control. The addition of feed supplements in T5 and T6 significantly increased serum total protein and decreased serum glucose, triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared with the control group (p<0.05). Broilers on T6 showed significant decrease in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentration (p<0.05) compared to control. The broilers having T5 and T6 supplemented feed had relatively greater antibody titre (p<0.001) at 35 d of age than control. It is concluded that dietary supplements with black pepper or coriander seeds or their combinations enhanced the performance and health status of broiler chickens. (
Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings
were used to explain the effects of supplementing a... more Two hundred Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth performance and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2) was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB (group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with those of control group. The results revealed that, sodium butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal epithelium.
Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry produ... more Different herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for various purposes in poultry production. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feed supplemented with black pepper (Piper nigrum), turmeric powder (Curcuma longa), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) and their combinations on the performance of broilers. A total of 210 (Cobb) one-d-old chicks were divided into seven groups of 30 birds each. The treatments were: a control group received no supplement, 0.5% black pepper (T1), 0.5% turmeric powder (T2), 2% coriander seeds (T3), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 0.5% turmeric powder (T4), a mixture of 0.5% black pepper and 2% coriander seed (T5), and a mixture of 0.5% black pepper, 0.5% turmeric powder and 2% coriander seeds (T6). Higher significant values of body weight gain during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) were observed in broilers on T1, T3, T5, and T6 compared to control. Dietary supplements with T1, T2, T3, and T6 improved the cumulative G:F of broilers during the whole period of 5 weeks (p<0.001) compared with control. The dressing percentage and edible giblets were not influenced by dietary supplements, while higher values of relative weight of the liver (p<0.05) were obtained in T5 and T6 compared to control. The addition of feed supplements in T5 and T6 significantly increased serum total protein and decreased serum glucose, triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase concentrations compared with the control group (p<0.05). Broilers on T6 showed significant decrease in the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase concentration (p<0.05) compared to control. The broilers having T5 and T6 supplemented feed had relatively greater antibody titre (p<0.001) at 35 d of age than control. It is concluded that dietary supplements with black pepper or coriander seeds or their combinations enhanced the performance and health status of broiler chickens. (
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Papers by hamada ahmed
were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet
with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth
performance and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus
fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The
control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2)
was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD
plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed
BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results
obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total
weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with
feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB
(group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with
those of control group. The results revealed that, sodium
butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal
glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB
supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver
functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and
enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using
of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good
performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial
effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal
epithelium.
were used to explain the effects of supplementing a basal diet
with sodium butyrate (SB) and / or protexin on the growth
performance and immune response. Oreochromis niloticus
fingerlings were allotted into 4 experimental groups. The
control group (1) was fed the basal diet (BD), while group (2)
was fed BD with SB at level 3 g/ 10 kg diet, group 3 fed BD
plus protexin (probiotic) 1 g/ 10 kg diet and group 4 was fed
BD with SB and protexin at 3 and 1 g/ 10 kg diet. Results
obtained showed that the highest growth (final weight, total
weight gain and SGR) of Nile tilapia were obtained with
feeding diet containing SB plus probiotics followed by SB
(group 2) supplemented diets (P<0.05) when compared with
those of control group. The results revealed that, sodium
butyrate significantly increased blood glucose level, intestinal
glucose absorption and both probiotic and SB
supplementation have no any adverse effects on liver
functions reflected in normal blood protein pattern and
enzymatic activity. We concluded from this study that using
of SB and SB plus probiotic is preferred for good
performance in tilapia fish production because the beneficial
effect of butyric acid on the proliferation of the intestinal
epithelium.