Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16 th -century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: there is no published edition with data suitable for this type of research. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing some commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices -low wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices -high wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained tendencies of development.
Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16th-century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: no published edition with data suitable for this type of research exists. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if... more The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today. At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multidisciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us. It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners.
Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. ... more Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. Die Analyse der einzelnen Münztypen, die meistens aus den Jahren 1267-1272 kommen, brachte eine Reihe von beachtenswerten Erkenntnissen, die die von František Cach geschafften und bisher benützten Typologie und Chronologie 3 korrigieren und präzisieren. Mit Hilfe von traditionellen Kriterien (die Struktur, geographische Lage und Umstände der Funden) und metrologischen Angaben von Gewicht, Feingehalt und Größe des Schrötlings und des Münzbildes wurden die einzelne Typen zur konkreten Münzstätten zugeordnet. Als das Hauptkriterium für die Gliederung der böhmischen und mährischen Brakteaten hat sich die Größe des Münzbildes erwiesen. Ihre vorübergehende Vergrößerung wurde kurz nach der Reform in Einklang mit der Änderungen von Gewicht und Feingehalt 4 durch die beständigen Reduktion abgelöst.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review), 2011
Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the conne... more Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Premysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278), and legal ...
Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis, Sep 6, 2018
This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in... more This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in Prague, which introduced a new integrated approach to the duties and competences of nurses and social workers in interwar Czechoslovakia. This unique institution was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Surprisingly, although education of knowledgeable nurses in public health and social work is a highly relevant subject, especially in connection with a growing role of home care, this school had as yet received little attention. The study is based on an analysis of Czechoslovak and US (Rockefeller Foundation) archival sources of institutional, legislative, and personal nature (correspondence and diaries). The authors take into account 1920s and 1930s discussions on the notion of a combined nurse and social worker; highlight problems which attended the establishment of Masaryk State School, and show how its profile and curriculum differed from other nursing schools in interwar Czechoslovakia.
Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Age, Sep 25, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
"The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal t... more "The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal transfer from Bohemia to Italy and to the role of gold and silver nominals of Bohemian origin in the money in circulation of late medieval Italy. The project is co-ordinated by Prof. Lucia Travaini (University of Milan) and follows in my previous analysis of the 13th century hoard of Fuchsenhof (Upper Austria). The first aim is to clarify what conditions preceded the long-distance trade development between Bohemia and Venice on the turn of the 14th century and to verify Peter Spufford´s presumption that Prague was the only East-Central European city which profited from the 13th century trade revolution. The paper is based on the confrontation of written documents, originated at the Prague royal court and in Venice (the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the Maggior Consiglio, the Zecca), with Italian and Islamic glass finds in Bohemia and Moravia. The analysis of these sources refers to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Přemysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278) and Duke of Austria (1251-1276), in the Czech and Alpine lands, and legal and administrative changes, carried out at the same time at the Zecca and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, as well as to Ottokar´s control of most important towns situated on the way to Venice (Aquileia, Cividale, Pordenone, Treviso, Feltre, Verona) as a background for the development of mutual trade contacts. The paper gives evidence of a close relationship between the Venetian mint production and the “German” silver supply, largely originated from the Iglau mine district. The second aim is to point to the fact that this long-distance trade had a cultural dimension. The archaeological finds from the Czech lands support a direct connection between exported silver bullion and imported Islamic and Italian glass, linked to a high dining culture focused on a wine consumption. This luxury glass, dated back to the 1280s – 1350s, is known not only from Prague but also from Brno (Brunn), Jihlava (Iglau) and from some other places. The role of the Italian community in the Czech lands seems to have been increased around 1300 when Bohemian silver started to be re-exported from Venice to Florence and when the Venetians were replaced by the Florentines in Central Europe, not only in Bohemia but also in Hungary. The confrontation of these findings with later merchant diaries proved that the model of trade contacts between Bohemia and Venice, established during the second half of the 13th century and characterized by a struggle of the Italian and South German merchants for the intermediary role in silver supply, has lasted almost two centuries. "
Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal.... more Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal. The complete data suitable for real wage calculation come from Moravia thanks to the initiative of Jaroslav Novotný. He excerpted data of this kind from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. Using these data, in combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for real wages calculation based on nominal wages and consumer price index defined by Robert Allen which serves as a deflator. In this way, the welfare ratio of laborers and craftsmen based in 1540-1620 in three Moravian royal towns of Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo was calculated. The paper offers a comparison of living standards with some other towns of Central and Western Europe (Vienna, Cracow, Amsterdam, and London). The paper explains why differences in real wages between Central and Western Europe deepened during the price revolution of the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries.
The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and pric... more The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and prices in the 15th and 16th centuries. It also pays attention to the social categories of town taxpayers and the social differentiation of craftsmen.
L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'arg... more L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'argent en circulation dans le triangle des relations commerciales entre l'Europe centrale, le nord de l'Italie et les Flandres du XIIIe au XVe siècle, tout en discutant le rôle de la curie romaine dans le processus de monétisation. Il ressort de l'analyse que les pièces d'or d'origine centrale européenne ont été utilisées en Rhénanie et en Bavière à une échelle beaucoup plus grande qu'en Italie.
This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in... more This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in Prague, which introduced a new integrated approach to the duties and competences of nurses and social workers in interwar Czechoslovakia. This unique institution was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Surprisingly, although education of knowledgeable nurses in public health and social work is a highly relevant subject, especially in connection with a growing role of home care, this school had as yet received little attention. The study is based on an analysis of Czechoslovak and US (Rockefeller Foundation) archival sources of institutional, legislative, and personal nature (correspondence and diaries). The authors take into account 1920s and 1930s discussions on the notion of a combined nurse and social worker; highlight problems which attended the establishment of Masaryk State School, and show how its profile and curriculum differed from other nursing schools in interwar Czechoslovakia.
The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if... more The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today. At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multidisciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us. It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome - Moyen Âge, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. ... more Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. Die Analyse der einzelnen Münztypen, die meistens aus den Jahren 1267-1272 kommen, brachte eine Reihe von beachtenswerten Erkenntnissen, die die von František Cach geschafften und bisher benützten Typologie und Chronologie 3 korrigieren und präzisieren. Mit Hilfe von traditionellen Kriterien (die Struktur, geographische Lage und Umstände der Funden) und metrologischen Angaben von Gewicht, Feingehalt und Größe des Schrötlings und des Münzbildes wurden die einzelne Typen zur konkreten Münzstätten zugeordnet. Als das Hauptkriterium für die Gliederung der böhmischen und mährischen Brakteaten hat sich die Größe des Münzbildes erwiesen. Ihre vorübergehende Vergrößerung wurde kurz nach der Reform in Einklang mit der Änderungen von Gewicht und Feingehalt 4 durch die beständigen Reduktion abgelöst.
Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16 th -century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: there is no published edition with data suitable for this type of research. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing some commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices -low wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices -high wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained tendencies of development.
Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16th-century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: no published edition with data suitable for this type of research exists. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if... more The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today. At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multidisciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us. It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners.
Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. ... more Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. Die Analyse der einzelnen Münztypen, die meistens aus den Jahren 1267-1272 kommen, brachte eine Reihe von beachtenswerten Erkenntnissen, die die von František Cach geschafften und bisher benützten Typologie und Chronologie 3 korrigieren und präzisieren. Mit Hilfe von traditionellen Kriterien (die Struktur, geographische Lage und Umstände der Funden) und metrologischen Angaben von Gewicht, Feingehalt und Größe des Schrötlings und des Münzbildes wurden die einzelne Typen zur konkreten Münzstätten zugeordnet. Als das Hauptkriterium für die Gliederung der böhmischen und mährischen Brakteaten hat sich die Größe des Münzbildes erwiesen. Ihre vorübergehende Vergrößerung wurde kurz nach der Reform in Einklang mit der Änderungen von Gewicht und Feingehalt 4 durch die beständigen Reduktion abgelöst.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review), 2011
Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the conne... more Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Premysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278), and legal ...
Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis, Sep 6, 2018
This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in... more This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in Prague, which introduced a new integrated approach to the duties and competences of nurses and social workers in interwar Czechoslovakia. This unique institution was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Surprisingly, although education of knowledgeable nurses in public health and social work is a highly relevant subject, especially in connection with a growing role of home care, this school had as yet received little attention. The study is based on an analysis of Czechoslovak and US (Rockefeller Foundation) archival sources of institutional, legislative, and personal nature (correspondence and diaries). The authors take into account 1920s and 1930s discussions on the notion of a combined nurse and social worker; highlight problems which attended the establishment of Masaryk State School, and show how its profile and curriculum differed from other nursing schools in interwar Czechoslovakia.
Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Age, Sep 25, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
"The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal t... more "The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal transfer from Bohemia to Italy and to the role of gold and silver nominals of Bohemian origin in the money in circulation of late medieval Italy. The project is co-ordinated by Prof. Lucia Travaini (University of Milan) and follows in my previous analysis of the 13th century hoard of Fuchsenhof (Upper Austria). The first aim is to clarify what conditions preceded the long-distance trade development between Bohemia and Venice on the turn of the 14th century and to verify Peter Spufford´s presumption that Prague was the only East-Central European city which profited from the 13th century trade revolution. The paper is based on the confrontation of written documents, originated at the Prague royal court and in Venice (the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the Maggior Consiglio, the Zecca), with Italian and Islamic glass finds in Bohemia and Moravia. The analysis of these sources refers to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Přemysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278) and Duke of Austria (1251-1276), in the Czech and Alpine lands, and legal and administrative changes, carried out at the same time at the Zecca and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, as well as to Ottokar´s control of most important towns situated on the way to Venice (Aquileia, Cividale, Pordenone, Treviso, Feltre, Verona) as a background for the development of mutual trade contacts. The paper gives evidence of a close relationship between the Venetian mint production and the “German” silver supply, largely originated from the Iglau mine district. The second aim is to point to the fact that this long-distance trade had a cultural dimension. The archaeological finds from the Czech lands support a direct connection between exported silver bullion and imported Islamic and Italian glass, linked to a high dining culture focused on a wine consumption. This luxury glass, dated back to the 1280s – 1350s, is known not only from Prague but also from Brno (Brunn), Jihlava (Iglau) and from some other places. The role of the Italian community in the Czech lands seems to have been increased around 1300 when Bohemian silver started to be re-exported from Venice to Florence and when the Venetians were replaced by the Florentines in Central Europe, not only in Bohemia but also in Hungary. The confrontation of these findings with later merchant diaries proved that the model of trade contacts between Bohemia and Venice, established during the second half of the 13th century and characterized by a struggle of the Italian and South German merchants for the intermediary role in silver supply, has lasted almost two centuries. "
Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal.... more Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal. The complete data suitable for real wage calculation come from Moravia thanks to the initiative of Jaroslav Novotný. He excerpted data of this kind from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. Using these data, in combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for real wages calculation based on nominal wages and consumer price index defined by Robert Allen which serves as a deflator. In this way, the welfare ratio of laborers and craftsmen based in 1540-1620 in three Moravian royal towns of Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo was calculated. The paper offers a comparison of living standards with some other towns of Central and Western Europe (Vienna, Cracow, Amsterdam, and London). The paper explains why differences in real wages between Central and Western Europe deepened during the price revolution of the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries.
The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and pric... more The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and prices in the 15th and 16th centuries. It also pays attention to the social categories of town taxpayers and the social differentiation of craftsmen.
L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'arg... more L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'argent en circulation dans le triangle des relations commerciales entre l'Europe centrale, le nord de l'Italie et les Flandres du XIIIe au XVe siècle, tout en discutant le rôle de la curie romaine dans le processus de monétisation. Il ressort de l'analyse que les pièces d'or d'origine centrale européenne ont été utilisées en Rhénanie et en Bavière à une échelle beaucoup plus grande qu'en Italie.
This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in... more This study focuses on the first three years (1936-1938) in the history of Masaryk State School in Prague, which introduced a new integrated approach to the duties and competences of nurses and social workers in interwar Czechoslovakia. This unique institution was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Surprisingly, although education of knowledgeable nurses in public health and social work is a highly relevant subject, especially in connection with a growing role of home care, this school had as yet received little attention. The study is based on an analysis of Czechoslovak and US (Rockefeller Foundation) archival sources of institutional, legislative, and personal nature (correspondence and diaries). The authors take into account 1920s and 1930s discussions on the notion of a combined nurse and social worker; highlight problems which attended the establishment of Masaryk State School, and show how its profile and curriculum differed from other nursing schools in interwar Czechoslovakia.
The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if... more The study of the history of financial institutions, markets, instruments and concepts is vital if we are to understand the role played by finance today. At the same time, the methodologies developed by finance academics can provide a new perspective for historical studies. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance is a multidisciplinary effort to emphasise the role played by finance in the past, and what lessons historical experiences have for us. It presents original research, in both authored monographs and edited collections, from historians, finance academics and economists, as well as financial practitioners.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome - Moyen Âge, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. ... more Währungsverhältnisse der böhmischen Länder im Zeitraum um die Maß-und Gewichtsreform von 1268 2. Die Analyse der einzelnen Münztypen, die meistens aus den Jahren 1267-1272 kommen, brachte eine Reihe von beachtenswerten Erkenntnissen, die die von František Cach geschafften und bisher benützten Typologie und Chronologie 3 korrigieren und präzisieren. Mit Hilfe von traditionellen Kriterien (die Struktur, geographische Lage und Umstände der Funden) und metrologischen Angaben von Gewicht, Feingehalt und Größe des Schrötlings und des Münzbildes wurden die einzelne Typen zur konkreten Münzstätten zugeordnet. Als das Hauptkriterium für die Gliederung der böhmischen und mährischen Brakteaten hat sich die Größe des Münzbildes erwiesen. Ihre vorübergehende Vergrößerung wurde kurz nach der Reform in Einklang mit der Änderungen von Gewicht und Feingehalt 4 durch die beständigen Reduktion abgelöst.
calls for papers to be presented at a two-day conference for financial historians, archivists, ec... more calls for papers to be presented at a two-day conference for financial historians, archivists, economists and numismatists. The purpose of the conference is to provide insights into questions connected with financial crises during the Middle Ages and early modern period. Historical, monetary, economic and demographic factors related to financial crises will be discussed. The focus will be on papers which use historical data to shed light on issues such as: currency depreciation and debasement, exchange rates, prices and wages, credit and the money supply, taxation system, assignment of debts, population and the market. The second aim of the conference is to contribute to the "little divergence" debate on long-term economic development, to deal with the reasons of economic growth and its deceleration and to explain why the economy of Central Europe has been behind with that of Western Europe since the early modern period. Papers proposing a comparative approach are therefore especially welcome. Confirmed speakers include Peter Spufford, University of Cambridge, who will be delivering the keynote speech.
Le molte facce di una moneta. Denaro e materialità nella Storia: saggi in onore di Lucia Travaini, 2025
Although it is generally accepted that Bohemian florins circulated more frequently abroad than in... more Although it is generally accepted that Bohemian florins circulated more frequently abroad than in the Czech lands, a more precise study depicting their use in the light of historical sources has been lacking until now. The author examines gold coin hoards in Italy and Germany and compares them with the evidence from written sources (the diaries of Italian merchants, the pilgrim's book of Siena, and papal registers relating to the collection of tithes and other papal revenues). The contribution aims to document various ways by which Bohemian florins penetrated abroad and to clarify what circumstances caused them, despite their high quality, to circulate in the Rhineland in larger quantities than in the Apennine Peninsula.
České země a Bavorsko. Konfrontace a paralely, 2018
Der Bayerische und der Böhmische Pfennig (Text auf Tschechisch)
Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereit... more Der Bayerische und der Böhmische Pfennig (Text auf Tschechisch) Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereits im Hochmittelalter sowohl durch intensive Handelsbeziehungen wie auch durch Migrationsprozessen eng miteinander verbunden. Die Phasen, Richtungen und Strömungen dieser Beziehungsgeschichte lassen sich am Beispiel des damals kursierenden Geldes rekonstruieren. Sie lassen auch Rückschlüsse auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse im Hochmittelalter zu. Im Folgenden werden daher die Rahmenbedingungen von handel und Verkehr nachgezeichnet, um anschließend die Herstellung und Verbreitung von Münzen zu analysieren, anhand deren sich unterschiedliche grenzüberschreitende Währungsräume erkennen lassen. Die Entstehung und der Wandel dieser Währungsräume gehen dabei einerseits auf die Migrations- Siedlungsgeschichte Böhmens zurück, andererseits auf strukturelle Bedingungen wie natürliche Ressourcen.
Nejen numismatik, ale téměř každý, kdo se zajímá o historii, si dříve nebo později položí otázku,... more Nejen numismatik, ale téměř každý, kdo se zajímá o historii, si dříve nebo později položí otázku, co bylo možno za mince ražené v té které době pořídit. Je to téma velmi rozsáhlé a nelze je na tomto místě probrat ze všech aspektů. Posviťme si tedy aspoň na dvě rozdílná období, na 13. století jako dobu ekonomického růstu a na 15. století jako období finanční krize a stagnace,-a ukažme si na nich, jaké cenové poměry v českých zemích tehdy panovaly.
České středověké mince neobíhaly pouze na území Českého knížectví nebo království. Obchod je mnoh... more České středověké mince neobíhaly pouze na území Českého knížectví nebo království. Obchod je mnohdy zanesl i do vzdálenějších zemí. Jeden dosud nepopsaný exemplář byl nalezen až v izraelském městě Akkonu.
The book presents an original review of past and present research of national historiographies on... more The book presents an original review of past and present research of national historiographies on medieval financial history from Central Europe. Covering material ranging from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, it explores the eastern regions of the Holy Roman Empire, including Bohemia, Silesia, Austria and Germany, and extending to Poland and Hungary. The authors firstly discuss the monetary policy of the Holy Roman emperors during the Middle Ages, before moving on to wider aspects of state finance, including credit mechanisms used by rulers. The book then investigates civic records and what they reveal about urban life and trade. It lastly examines the financial activities of the church, from papacy to the cathedral chapter in Prague. Using numismatic and documentary evidence, the book provides an invaluable point of comparison with the financial conditions in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Monetisation and Commercialisation in the Baltic Sea, 1050-1450 , 2021
The case study focused on the process of monetization in the Czech lands in the 13th and 14th cen... more The case study focused on the process of monetization in the Czech lands in the 13th and 14th centuries.
A History of the Credit Market in Central Europe, 2021
Theoretical concepts and the overview of the areas of research concerning the history of credit i... more Theoretical concepts and the overview of the areas of research concerning the history of credit in Central Europe
500 let jáchymovského tolaru 1520-2020 = 500 years of the Joachimsthaler 1520-2020 , 2020
The study pays attention to the spending power of the Joachimsthaler in relation to the spending ... more The study pays attention to the spending power of the Joachimsthaler in relation to the spending power of inhabitants during the price revolution (1540 - 1620) using the welfare index of unskilled workers.
Le Droit face à l’économie sans travail. Tome II L’approche internationale , 2020
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’écono... more TABLE DES MATIÈRES Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’économie sans travail. Finances, investissements et spéculation de l’Antiquité à nos jours »
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Papers by Roman Zaoral
On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereits im Hochmittelalter sowohl durch intensive Handelsbeziehungen wie auch durch Migrationsprozessen eng miteinander verbunden. Die Phasen, Richtungen und Strömungen dieser Beziehungsgeschichte lassen sich am Beispiel des damals kursierenden Geldes rekonstruieren. Sie lassen auch Rückschlüsse auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse im Hochmittelalter zu. Im Folgenden werden daher die Rahmenbedingungen von handel und Verkehr nachgezeichnet, um anschließend die Herstellung und Verbreitung von Münzen zu analysieren, anhand deren sich unterschiedliche grenzüberschreitende Währungsräume erkennen lassen. Die Entstehung und der Wandel dieser Währungsräume gehen dabei einerseits auf die Migrations- Siedlungsgeschichte Böhmens zurück, andererseits auf strukturelle Bedingungen wie natürliche Ressourcen.
Using numismatic and documentary evidence, the book provides an invaluable point of comparison with the financial conditions in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’économie sans travail. Finances, investissements et spéculation de l’Antiquité à nos jours »
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