Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequat... more Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequate in achieving important goals for the urban water sector. It has been argued that new approaches need to be considered in order to cater for additional demand due to increasing population, changing climate, limited resource availability and a desire to protect ecosystems and build more livable cities. It has therefore been argued that providing additional capacity by using only conventional centralized systems is not economically or environmentally the best option. The use of decentralized water supply options such as rainwater tanks; storm water harvesting and reuse; and localized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems can help provide a sustainable solution to address these challenges by reducing the load on fresh water and decreasing the amount of wastewater to receiving environment. It is currently unknown how such technologies impact on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes. For instance, reuse of greywater reduces the wastewater flow and hence there will be more change of solid deposition in the sewerage system. A comprehensive literature review has identified several significant research gaps related to interactions between centralized and decentralized water supply services. One of the prominent gaps is the effects of such hybrid water supply systems (combination of centralized and decentralized systems) on changes in the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water of the existing system. Therefore, research is necessary to assess the feasibility of their implementation in conjunction with existing centralized systems. Prior to implementing these hybrid water supply systems (WSS), the interaction of these systems with the local environment needs to be understood.
Urban water managers around the world are adopting decentralized water supply
systems, often in c... more Urban water managers around the world are adopting decentralized water supply systems, often in combination with centralized systems. While increasing demand for water arising from population growth is one of the primary reasons for this increased adoption of alternative technologies, factors such as climate change, increased frequency of extreme weather events and rapid urbanization also contribute to an increased rate of adoption of these technologies. This combination of centralized-decentralized water systems approach is referred to as “hybrid water supply systems” and is based on the premise that the provision of alternative water sources at local scales can both extend the capacity of existing centralized water supply infrastructures, and improve resilience to variable climatic conditions. It is important to understand, however, that decentralized water production and reuse may change the flow and composition of wastewater and stormwater, thereby potentially also having negative impacts on its effectiveness and performance. This paper describes a framework to assess the interactions between decentralized water supply systems and existing centralized water servicing approaches using several analytical tools, including water balance modelling, contaminant balance modelling and multi-criteria decision analysis. The framework enables the evaluation of impacts due to change in quantity and quality of wastewater and stormwater on the existing centralized system arising from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems. The framework consists of two parts: (1) Physical system analysis for various potential scenarios and (2) Ranking of Scenarios. This paper includes the demonstration of the first part of the framework for an area of Melbourne, Australia by comparing centralized water supply scenario with a combination of centralized water supply and reuse of treated waste water supply scenario.
Pipe condition assessment can provide useful information to assist rehabilitation and replacement... more Pipe condition assessment can provide useful information to assist rehabilitation and replacement decisions. For those pipelines with only limited failure histories (such as critical mains) condition assessment can be used to quantify the level of deterioration and estimate the variation in failure probability over time. Interpretation of this failure probability will in turn allow selection of an appropriate rehabilitation strategy that will be capital cost effective, have minimal externality cost and be environmentally friendly. Whilst commercially available electromagnetic techniques and emerging technologies such as gamma ray back-scattering (using radioactive probes) provide direct information on pipe wall condition, geochemical and geophysical techniques provide condition information indirectly through measurement of surrounding soil properties. Alternative methods of condition assessment are being developed for non-metallic pipes, such as plastic and asbestos cement, which are generally incompatible with the techniques described above. As more techniques are developed, it is expected that procedures will be available to generate information on pipe condition for any type of underground pipe asset through trenchless, limited trench or minimal surface disruption techniques. For many techniques, assessment is limited to specific locations and high cost or difficult pipe access precludes continuous assessment over large pipeline areas. To address this limitation, this paper presents an overview of the condition assessment process, highlighting the importance of planning and statistical analysis of condition data and using data to forecast future failure rates. The paper examines a statistical basis for extrapolating pipe condition data from discrete sampling positions to estimate the condition of the longer pipeline. A technique is presented to extrapolate the Weibull distribution function based on the ratio between an initial sample area over which pipe condition data is obtained, and a larger target area, such as a pipe or pipeline length. Structural reliability methods are then used to illustrate how the statistical distribution of pipe condition can be used to estimate pipe failure probability. A practical example of a buried Mild Steel pipeline is analysed to illustrate the value of this approach. By including this analysis in the condition assessment process, a complete solution is proposed, which allows long-term pipe rehabilitation strategies to be developed based on a well-planned program of limited condition assessment.
The Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Project was a research initiative su... more The Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Project was a research initiative supported by an Alliance between the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Agency of International Development (AusAID) of Australia that focussed on how to bring sustainable urban development principles into practice, as an effective means of adapting to climate change. This report summarises the case study of the project in Can Tho City, Vietnam. The project investigated the use of Integrated Urban Water Management principles to improve the planning of urban water services, through which to enhance the resilience of the city's to climate change. The project demonstrated an approach that can build local capacity for communities in the Mekong Delta to adapt their water systems to a changing climate. This report provides a summary of major findings and achievements of the project. More detailed information can be found in the respective project publica...
Adoption of a systems perspective by water planners responsible for infrastructure and supply can... more Adoption of a systems perspective by water planners responsible for infrastructure and supply can provide considerable benefits, even though analysis of water systems can be a very daunting task. Furthermore, actors in the system are often subject to individual biases, cognitive limitations, and often have limited timelines and resources. In addition, a paucity of pertinent information and spatial and temporal data limitations are problematic to water resource decision makers who are subject to bounded rationality. To overcome some limitations inherent in water resource management decisions, the authors have used exploratory techniques combining actor engagement with data collection and analysis using the Water Needs Index (WNI). The WNI methodology is a structured approach to assess multiple dimensions of water needs of particular spatial environments. The WNI has been previously applied at different scales (national, regional, catchment and urban) and has been found to be of most use at catchment and urban scales. The WNI methodology applies a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches in case study settings. The process involves a review of several data sources (quantitative records and grey literature) for selection and compilation to calculate a WNI for a range of spatial locations. Qualitative research methods, such as workshops, have been used to investigate subjective opinions and incorporate local contextual knowledge. Workshops with key actors from urban water management case study areas have been found to be useful in facilitating dialogue and establishing dimensions, identifying useful and reliable data sources and adding insights and confirmation of appropriateness of data selection.
Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequat... more Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequate in achieving important goals for the urban water sector. It has been argued that new approaches need to be considered in order to cater for additional demand due to increasing population, changing climate, limited resource availability and a desire to protect ecosystems and build more livable cities. It has therefore been argued that providing additional capacity by using only conventional centralized systems is not economically or environmentally the best option. The use of decentralized water supply options such as rainwater tanks; storm water harvesting and reuse; and localized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems can help provide a sustainable solution to address these challenges by reducing the load on fresh water and decreasing the amount of wastewater to receiving environment. It is currently unknown how such technologies impact on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes. For instance, reuse of greywater reduces the wastewater flow and hence there will be more change of solid deposition in the sewerage system. A comprehensive literature review has identified several significant research gaps related to interactions between centralized and decentralized water supply services. One of the prominent gaps is the effects of such hybrid water supply systems (combination of centralized and decentralized systems) on changes in the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water of the existing system. Therefore, research is necessary to assess the feasibility of their implementation in conjunction with existing centralized systems. Prior to implementing these hybrid water supply systems (WSS), the interaction of these systems with the local environment needs to be understood. The interactions between centralized and decentralized systems are highly complex. Current practices do not consider the impacts of these systems on the existing infrastructure. Furthermore, implementation of these systems does not consider the external impacts on the rest of the water cycle. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework that focuses on the interactions between decentralized and centralized water supply systems while planning a well integrated hybrid water supply system. Such a system is expected to enhance the performance of water supply in terms of meeting increased water demand with less impact on other urban water cycle components including sewerage and drainage. In addition, it makes it possible to understand, predict and manage the various impacts on the urban water cycle components. However there is a paucity of research in the area of hybrid water supply systems. In order to fulfill this major research gap, this study presents a framework integrated with a number of analytical tools and modeling approaches to evaluate the hybrid water supply systems. The proposed framework would evaluate the impacts from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems on the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water in the existing centralized system. This generalized framework coupled with associated models and tools (i.e., water balance modeling, contaminant balance modeling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and uncertainty analysis) considers the varying nature of urban areas and is sufficiently generic to analyze the impacts of hybrid water supply systems in any type of urban developments. Hybrid water supply systems can be assessed based on volume and peak flow rates of wastewater and storm water; wastewater and storm water quality; and water supply reliability.
International governments continue to mobilize their resources to assist in attaining the United ... more International governments continue to mobilize their resources to assist in attaining the United Nations Millennium Development Goals targets. The Australian government is contributing to the goals of improving access to good quality water and sanitation for the world's poorest people through strategic planning for the allocation of financial and technical resources. Evidence-based information will assist in developing investment strategies where
This paper aims to help and guide the novice or experienced programmer during the development of ... more This paper aims to help and guide the novice or experienced programmer during the development of agent-based models. In particular, a bottom-up approach to building agent- based models is reviewed. The approach leverages current state-of-the-art techniques in software development and demonstrates a design methodology, known as the 'agile' approach. A case study of an agent-based simulation implementing a memetic social
Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequat... more Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequate in achieving important goals for the urban water sector. It has been argued that new approaches need to be considered in order to cater for additional demand due to increasing population, changing climate, limited resource availability and a desire to protect ecosystems and build more livable cities. It has therefore been argued that providing additional capacity by using only conventional centralized systems is not economically or environmentally the best option. The use of decentralized water supply options such as rainwater tanks; storm water harvesting and reuse; and localized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems can help provide a sustainable solution to address these challenges by reducing the load on fresh water and decreasing the amount of wastewater to receiving environment. It is currently unknown how such technologies impact on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes. For instance, reuse of greywater reduces the wastewater flow and hence there will be more change of solid deposition in the sewerage system. A comprehensive literature review has identified several significant research gaps related to interactions between centralized and decentralized water supply services. One of the prominent gaps is the effects of such hybrid water supply systems (combination of centralized and decentralized systems) on changes in the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water of the existing system. Therefore, research is necessary to assess the feasibility of their implementation in conjunction with existing centralized systems. Prior to implementing these hybrid water supply systems (WSS), the interaction of these systems with the local environment needs to be understood.
Urban water managers around the world are adopting decentralized water supply
systems, often in c... more Urban water managers around the world are adopting decentralized water supply systems, often in combination with centralized systems. While increasing demand for water arising from population growth is one of the primary reasons for this increased adoption of alternative technologies, factors such as climate change, increased frequency of extreme weather events and rapid urbanization also contribute to an increased rate of adoption of these technologies. This combination of centralized-decentralized water systems approach is referred to as “hybrid water supply systems” and is based on the premise that the provision of alternative water sources at local scales can both extend the capacity of existing centralized water supply infrastructures, and improve resilience to variable climatic conditions. It is important to understand, however, that decentralized water production and reuse may change the flow and composition of wastewater and stormwater, thereby potentially also having negative impacts on its effectiveness and performance. This paper describes a framework to assess the interactions between decentralized water supply systems and existing centralized water servicing approaches using several analytical tools, including water balance modelling, contaminant balance modelling and multi-criteria decision analysis. The framework enables the evaluation of impacts due to change in quantity and quality of wastewater and stormwater on the existing centralized system arising from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems. The framework consists of two parts: (1) Physical system analysis for various potential scenarios and (2) Ranking of Scenarios. This paper includes the demonstration of the first part of the framework for an area of Melbourne, Australia by comparing centralized water supply scenario with a combination of centralized water supply and reuse of treated waste water supply scenario.
Pipe condition assessment can provide useful information to assist rehabilitation and replacement... more Pipe condition assessment can provide useful information to assist rehabilitation and replacement decisions. For those pipelines with only limited failure histories (such as critical mains) condition assessment can be used to quantify the level of deterioration and estimate the variation in failure probability over time. Interpretation of this failure probability will in turn allow selection of an appropriate rehabilitation strategy that will be capital cost effective, have minimal externality cost and be environmentally friendly. Whilst commercially available electromagnetic techniques and emerging technologies such as gamma ray back-scattering (using radioactive probes) provide direct information on pipe wall condition, geochemical and geophysical techniques provide condition information indirectly through measurement of surrounding soil properties. Alternative methods of condition assessment are being developed for non-metallic pipes, such as plastic and asbestos cement, which are generally incompatible with the techniques described above. As more techniques are developed, it is expected that procedures will be available to generate information on pipe condition for any type of underground pipe asset through trenchless, limited trench or minimal surface disruption techniques. For many techniques, assessment is limited to specific locations and high cost or difficult pipe access precludes continuous assessment over large pipeline areas. To address this limitation, this paper presents an overview of the condition assessment process, highlighting the importance of planning and statistical analysis of condition data and using data to forecast future failure rates. The paper examines a statistical basis for extrapolating pipe condition data from discrete sampling positions to estimate the condition of the longer pipeline. A technique is presented to extrapolate the Weibull distribution function based on the ratio between an initial sample area over which pipe condition data is obtained, and a larger target area, such as a pipe or pipeline length. Structural reliability methods are then used to illustrate how the statistical distribution of pipe condition can be used to estimate pipe failure probability. A practical example of a buried Mild Steel pipeline is analysed to illustrate the value of this approach. By including this analysis in the condition assessment process, a complete solution is proposed, which allows long-term pipe rehabilitation strategies to be developed based on a well-planned program of limited condition assessment.
The Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Project was a research initiative su... more The Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development Project was a research initiative supported by an Alliance between the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Agency of International Development (AusAID) of Australia that focussed on how to bring sustainable urban development principles into practice, as an effective means of adapting to climate change. This report summarises the case study of the project in Can Tho City, Vietnam. The project investigated the use of Integrated Urban Water Management principles to improve the planning of urban water services, through which to enhance the resilience of the city's to climate change. The project demonstrated an approach that can build local capacity for communities in the Mekong Delta to adapt their water systems to a changing climate. This report provides a summary of major findings and achievements of the project. More detailed information can be found in the respective project publica...
Adoption of a systems perspective by water planners responsible for infrastructure and supply can... more Adoption of a systems perspective by water planners responsible for infrastructure and supply can provide considerable benefits, even though analysis of water systems can be a very daunting task. Furthermore, actors in the system are often subject to individual biases, cognitive limitations, and often have limited timelines and resources. In addition, a paucity of pertinent information and spatial and temporal data limitations are problematic to water resource decision makers who are subject to bounded rationality. To overcome some limitations inherent in water resource management decisions, the authors have used exploratory techniques combining actor engagement with data collection and analysis using the Water Needs Index (WNI). The WNI methodology is a structured approach to assess multiple dimensions of water needs of particular spatial environments. The WNI has been previously applied at different scales (national, regional, catchment and urban) and has been found to be of most use at catchment and urban scales. The WNI methodology applies a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches in case study settings. The process involves a review of several data sources (quantitative records and grey literature) for selection and compilation to calculate a WNI for a range of spatial locations. Qualitative research methods, such as workshops, have been used to investigate subjective opinions and incorporate local contextual knowledge. Workshops with key actors from urban water management case study areas have been found to be useful in facilitating dialogue and establishing dimensions, identifying useful and reliable data sources and adding insights and confirmation of appropriateness of data selection.
Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequat... more Centralized water services in many major cities are increasingly being considered to be inadequate in achieving important goals for the urban water sector. It has been argued that new approaches need to be considered in order to cater for additional demand due to increasing population, changing climate, limited resource availability and a desire to protect ecosystems and build more livable cities. It has therefore been argued that providing additional capacity by using only conventional centralized systems is not economically or environmentally the best option. The use of decentralized water supply options such as rainwater tanks; storm water harvesting and reuse; and localized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems can help provide a sustainable solution to address these challenges by reducing the load on fresh water and decreasing the amount of wastewater to receiving environment. It is currently unknown how such technologies impact on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes. For instance, reuse of greywater reduces the wastewater flow and hence there will be more change of solid deposition in the sewerage system. A comprehensive literature review has identified several significant research gaps related to interactions between centralized and decentralized water supply services. One of the prominent gaps is the effects of such hybrid water supply systems (combination of centralized and decentralized systems) on changes in the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water of the existing system. Therefore, research is necessary to assess the feasibility of their implementation in conjunction with existing centralized systems. Prior to implementing these hybrid water supply systems (WSS), the interaction of these systems with the local environment needs to be understood. The interactions between centralized and decentralized systems are highly complex. Current practices do not consider the impacts of these systems on the existing infrastructure. Furthermore, implementation of these systems does not consider the external impacts on the rest of the water cycle. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework that focuses on the interactions between decentralized and centralized water supply systems while planning a well integrated hybrid water supply system. Such a system is expected to enhance the performance of water supply in terms of meeting increased water demand with less impact on other urban water cycle components including sewerage and drainage. In addition, it makes it possible to understand, predict and manage the various impacts on the urban water cycle components. However there is a paucity of research in the area of hybrid water supply systems. In order to fulfill this major research gap, this study presents a framework integrated with a number of analytical tools and modeling approaches to evaluate the hybrid water supply systems. The proposed framework would evaluate the impacts from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems on the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water in the existing centralized system. This generalized framework coupled with associated models and tools (i.e., water balance modeling, contaminant balance modeling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and uncertainty analysis) considers the varying nature of urban areas and is sufficiently generic to analyze the impacts of hybrid water supply systems in any type of urban developments. Hybrid water supply systems can be assessed based on volume and peak flow rates of wastewater and storm water; wastewater and storm water quality; and water supply reliability.
International governments continue to mobilize their resources to assist in attaining the United ... more International governments continue to mobilize their resources to assist in attaining the United Nations Millennium Development Goals targets. The Australian government is contributing to the goals of improving access to good quality water and sanitation for the world's poorest people through strategic planning for the allocation of financial and technical resources. Evidence-based information will assist in developing investment strategies where
This paper aims to help and guide the novice or experienced programmer during the development of ... more This paper aims to help and guide the novice or experienced programmer during the development of agent-based models. In particular, a bottom-up approach to building agent- based models is reviewed. The approach leverages current state-of-the-art techniques in software development and demonstrates a design methodology, known as the 'agile' approach. A case study of an agent-based simulation implementing a memetic social
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Papers by Magnus Moglia
systems, often in combination with centralized systems. While increasing demand for water
arising from population growth is one of the primary reasons for this increased adoption of
alternative technologies, factors such as climate change, increased frequency of extreme weather
events and rapid urbanization also contribute to an increased rate of adoption of these technologies.
This combination of centralized-decentralized water systems approach is referred to as “hybrid
water supply systems” and is based on the premise that the provision of alternative water sources
at local scales can both extend the capacity of existing centralized water supply infrastructures,
and improve resilience to variable climatic conditions. It is important to understand, however,
that decentralized water production and reuse may change the flow and composition of wastewater
and stormwater, thereby potentially also having negative impacts on its effectiveness and
performance. This paper describes a framework to assess the interactions between decentralized
water supply systems and existing centralized water servicing approaches using several analytical
tools, including water balance modelling, contaminant balance modelling and multi-criteria
decision analysis. The framework enables the evaluation of impacts due to change in quantity
and quality of wastewater and stormwater on the existing centralized system arising from the
implementation of hybrid water supply systems. The framework consists of two parts: (1) Physical
system analysis for various potential scenarios and (2) Ranking of Scenarios. This paper includes the
demonstration of the first part of the framework for an area of Melbourne, Australia by comparing
centralized water supply scenario with a combination of centralized water supply and reuse of
treated waste water supply scenario.
The interactions between centralized and decentralized systems are highly complex. Current practices do not consider the impacts of these systems on the existing infrastructure. Furthermore, implementation of these systems does not consider the external impacts on the rest of the water cycle. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework that focuses on the interactions between decentralized and centralized water supply systems while planning a well integrated hybrid water supply system. Such a system is expected to enhance the performance of water supply in terms of meeting increased water demand with less impact on other urban water cycle components including sewerage and drainage. In addition, it makes it possible to understand, predict and manage the various impacts on the urban water cycle components. However there is a paucity of research in the area of hybrid water supply systems. In order to fulfill this major research gap, this study presents a framework integrated with a number of analytical tools and modeling approaches to evaluate the hybrid water supply systems.
The proposed framework would evaluate the impacts from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems on the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water in the existing centralized system. This generalized framework coupled with associated models and tools (i.e., water balance modeling, contaminant balance modeling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and uncertainty analysis) considers the varying nature of urban areas and is sufficiently generic to analyze the impacts of hybrid water supply systems in any type of urban developments. Hybrid water supply systems can be assessed based on volume and peak flow rates of wastewater and storm water; wastewater and storm water quality; and water supply reliability.
systems, often in combination with centralized systems. While increasing demand for water
arising from population growth is one of the primary reasons for this increased adoption of
alternative technologies, factors such as climate change, increased frequency of extreme weather
events and rapid urbanization also contribute to an increased rate of adoption of these technologies.
This combination of centralized-decentralized water systems approach is referred to as “hybrid
water supply systems” and is based on the premise that the provision of alternative water sources
at local scales can both extend the capacity of existing centralized water supply infrastructures,
and improve resilience to variable climatic conditions. It is important to understand, however,
that decentralized water production and reuse may change the flow and composition of wastewater
and stormwater, thereby potentially also having negative impacts on its effectiveness and
performance. This paper describes a framework to assess the interactions between decentralized
water supply systems and existing centralized water servicing approaches using several analytical
tools, including water balance modelling, contaminant balance modelling and multi-criteria
decision analysis. The framework enables the evaluation of impacts due to change in quantity
and quality of wastewater and stormwater on the existing centralized system arising from the
implementation of hybrid water supply systems. The framework consists of two parts: (1) Physical
system analysis for various potential scenarios and (2) Ranking of Scenarios. This paper includes the
demonstration of the first part of the framework for an area of Melbourne, Australia by comparing
centralized water supply scenario with a combination of centralized water supply and reuse of
treated waste water supply scenario.
The interactions between centralized and decentralized systems are highly complex. Current practices do not consider the impacts of these systems on the existing infrastructure. Furthermore, implementation of these systems does not consider the external impacts on the rest of the water cycle. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework that focuses on the interactions between decentralized and centralized water supply systems while planning a well integrated hybrid water supply system. Such a system is expected to enhance the performance of water supply in terms of meeting increased water demand with less impact on other urban water cycle components including sewerage and drainage. In addition, it makes it possible to understand, predict and manage the various impacts on the urban water cycle components. However there is a paucity of research in the area of hybrid water supply systems. In order to fulfill this major research gap, this study presents a framework integrated with a number of analytical tools and modeling approaches to evaluate the hybrid water supply systems.
The proposed framework would evaluate the impacts from the implementation of hybrid water supply systems on the quantity and quality of wastewater and storm water in the existing centralized system. This generalized framework coupled with associated models and tools (i.e., water balance modeling, contaminant balance modeling, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and uncertainty analysis) considers the varying nature of urban areas and is sufficiently generic to analyze the impacts of hybrid water supply systems in any type of urban developments. Hybrid water supply systems can be assessed based on volume and peak flow rates of wastewater and storm water; wastewater and storm water quality; and water supply reliability.