Trabajo presentado en el AGU Fall Meeting, celebrado en Nueva Orleans del 11 al 15 de diciembre d... more Trabajo presentado en el AGU Fall Meeting, celebrado en Nueva Orleans del 11 al 15 de diciembre de 2017.Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to atmospheric CO2 absorption, a phenomenon known as Ocean Acidification (OA) that has been documented in different ocean regions. Certain marine basins are more vulnerable to OA, such as the Mediterranean Sea (MS), which is attributed to particular water circulation processes and biogeochemical features. Considering previous studies on OA in Mediterranean and Atlantic water masses, the main aim of this work was to identify for the first time the natural and anthropogenic contribution to decadal pH variations. Therefore, an archetypal analysis was applied to pH measurements and other biogeochemical variables collected in the Strait of Gibraltar during 10 years. Our results reveal that the biological component of the pH change in the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) (ΔpHWMDW) represents around 56% of the total decadal pH decrease observed, highlighting the relevance of the remineralization occurring in the Alboran basin, where the WMDW resides before leaving the MS. On the other hand, neither natural nor anthropogenic forcing on the pH change in the Levantine Intermediate Water (ΔpHLIW) was detected, as pH variation was negligible. As for the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW), atmospheric CO2 uptake was responsible of 58% of the ΔpHNACW, likely related to permanent contact with the atmosphere. Additionally, estimations of the approximated ages of the NACW, LIW and WMDW in the SG of about 8, 34 and 32 years respectively have been obtained. Our results show that Mediterranean waters undergo changes in their biogeochemical characteristics during transit through the SG and gives insights on the main mechanisms affecting pH variations occurring from their formation sites to the SG.Peer reviewe
The decreasing seawater pH trend associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is ... more The decreasing seawater pH trend associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is an issue of concern due to possible negative consequences for marine organisms, especially calcifiers. Globally, coastal areas represent important transitional land-ocean zones with complex interactions between biological, physical and chemical processes. Here, we evaluated the pH variability at two sites in the coastal area of the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean). High resolution pH data along with temperature, salinity, and also dissolved oxygen were obtained with autonomous sensors from 2018 to 2021 in order to determine the temporal pH variability and the principal drivers involved. By using environmental datasets of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, Recurrent Neural Networks were trained to predict pH and fill data gaps. Longer environmental time series (2012–2021) were used to obtain the pH trend using reconstructed data. The best predictions show a rate of $$-\,0.002...
Trabajo presentado en la Goldschmidt Conference, celebrada en Yokohama del 26 de junio al 1 de ju... more Trabajo presentado en la Goldschmidt Conference, celebrada en Yokohama del 26 de junio al 1 de julio de 2016.The ocean has taken up about 28% of the CO2emitted by human activity over the last decade, representing the largest carbon reservoir on Earth. On the contrary, it behaves as a source of N2O to the atmosphere, accounting for by 35% of the total natural sources of this gas (IPCC 2014). In addition, although minor, marine CH4 emissions represent a net input that must be also accurately computed.Large oceanic areas have still little to no spatial GHGs data coverage, particularly for N2O and CH4, even though monitoring of these three radiatively active gases is crucial for global inventories andfeedbacks with the climate system. Currently, CO2, N2O and CH4 are being measured regularly only at afew marine time-series sites. One of such oceanic platforms is the Gibraltar Fixed Time Series (GIFT), where measurements started in 2005. It is located in the Strait that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, two different biogeochemical marine eco-regions. This work presents results of the GHGs monitoring program in the area, which have been used to compute the exchange of CO2, N2O and CH4 between the two adjacent basins. Data show that the Mediterranean supplies N2O to the North Atlantic and receives, in opposition, both Atlantic CH4 and anthropogenic CO2, which contributes to the process of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean, whose rate of pH decrease is also provided. Biogeochemical and physical processes behind gas exchange through the Strait are commented.Peer reviewe
Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Stud... more Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study), celebrada en Kiel (Alemania) del 7 al 11 de septiembre de 2015.N
Trabajo presentado en la Society Of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting (SWS 2017), celebrad en San... more Trabajo presentado en la Society Of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting (SWS 2017), celebrad en San Juan de Puerto Rico del 5 al 8 de junio de 2017.N
Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Stud... more Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study), celebrada en Kiel (Alemania) del 7 al 11 de septiembre de 2015.N
This data set includes data collected between 2008 and 2015 that have been used to estimate the e... more This data set includes data collected between 2008 and 2015 that have been used to estimate the exchange of dissolved organic carbon between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar (Long:-5.345, Lat: 36.137, Datum:WSG84) and to assess the seasonality of the fluxes.
16 17 The North Atlantic is the most important sink for atmospheric CO2 although there still 18 r... more 16 17 The North Atlantic is the most important sink for atmospheric CO2 although there still 18 remain uncertainties about the total amount stored by this region and the contribution of 19 the anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) that is exchanged between the Mediterranean Sea and the 20 Atlantic Ocean. During the P3A2 cruise performed in October 2008 throughout the 21 oceanic area covered by the Gulf of Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar, which channelizes 22 the water exchange between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, extensive 23 measurements of the carbon system parameters (pH, total alkalinity and total inorganic 24 carbon) and others related (dissolved oxygen and nutrients) were carried out to analyse 25 their distribution in the area. In order to study the CANT spatial variability, three 26 observational methods for CANT concentration assessment (φCTº, ∆C * and TrOCA) 27 were applied. The three water masses identified in the area, North Atlantic Central 28 Water (NACW), North Atlantic D...
Trabajo presentado en el 2nd Scientific Workshop PERSEUS, celebrado en Marrakesh del 2 al 4 de di... more Trabajo presentado en el 2nd Scientific Workshop PERSEUS, celebrado en Marrakesh del 2 al 4 de diciembre de 2014.
Abstract. The increasing rates of CO2 due to anthropogenic activities are causing important poten... more Abstract. The increasing rates of CO2 due to anthropogenic activities are causing important potential climate threats for the Mediterranean Sea: ocean acidification and warming. In this region, two seagrass species, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa can play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Through their metabolic activity, they can act as carbon sinks; buffer lowering pH values during the day and store carbon in the sediment underneath their meadows. In this study we analyse the metabolism synthesized from published data on seagrass community metabolism and from own results to evaluate trends through time of these two species comparing two methodologies: benthic chambers and multiparametric sensors. Furthermore, we analysed seasonal trends of both seagrass species´ metabolic rates and their variation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins, with no significant results despite the clear visual trends. Our analysis revealed that there are significant di...
Trabajo presentado en el PERSEUS 1st Scientific Workshop, celebrado los dias 29 y 30 de enero de ... more Trabajo presentado en el PERSEUS 1st Scientific Workshop, celebrado los dias 29 y 30 de enero de 2014 en Atenas (Grecia).
Using a model of experimental occlusal trauma in mice, we investigated cytological kinetics of pe... more Using a model of experimental occlusal trauma in mice, we investigated cytological kinetics of periodontal ligament by means of histopathological, immunohistochemical, and photographical analysis methods. Periodontal ligament cells at furcation areas of molar teeth in the experimental group on day 4 showed a proliferation tendency of periodontal ligament cells. The cells with a round-shaped nucleus deeply stained the hematoxylin and increased within the day 4 specimens. Ki67 positive nuclei showed a prominent increase in the group on days 4 and 7. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) positivity also revealed cell movement but was slightly slow compared to Ki67. It indicated that restoration of mechanism seemed conspicuous by osteoclasts and macrophages from bone-marrow-derived cells for the periodontal ligament at the furcation area. It was suggested that the remodeling of periodontal ligament with cell acceleration was evoked from the experiment for the group on day 4 and after day 7. Periodontal ligament at the furcation area of the molar teeth in this experimental model recovered using the cells in situ and the bone-marrow-derived cells.
El trabajo de investigacion recogido en esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en mejorar el entendimiento... more El trabajo de investigacion recogido en esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en mejorar el entendimiento de los procesos que regulan el ciclo del carbono en sistemas acuaticos singulares presentes en la cuenca Sur-Atlantico Iberica, tanto oceanicos, representados por el golfo de Cadiz o el estrecho de Gibraltar, como continentales entre cuyos exponentes se encuentran el estuario del Guadalquivir o los humedales de Donana. Asi, se han evaluado aspectos tales como el papel de estas regiones en la captura o emision de CO2 atmosferico, la fraccion del mismo de origen antropogenico que se incorpora, los elementos reguladores de la transferencia gaseosa y la principal consecuencia del aumento de CO2 en disolucion en agua de mar, es decir, la acidificacion oceanica. Los resultados obtenidos durante la realizacion de los trabajos recogidos en esta Tesis Doctoral suponen nuevas contribuciones cuantitativas a los inventarios especificos de carbono en esta region.
Trabajo presentado en la IMBeR Open Science Conference (Future Oceans: Research for marine sustai... more Trabajo presentado en la IMBeR Open Science Conference (Future Oceans: Research for marine sustainability: multiple stressors, drivers, challenges and solutions), celebrada en Bergen del 23 al 27 de junio de 2014.
Trabajo presentado en la ASLO 2015 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, celebrada en Granada del 22 al 27 de... more Trabajo presentado en la ASLO 2015 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, celebrada en Granada del 22 al 27 de febrero de 2015.
Seagrass species play a critical role in the mitigation of climate change by acting as valuable c... more Seagrass species play a critical role in the mitigation of climate change by acting as valuable carbon sinks and storage sites. Another important ecosystem service of this coastal vegetation is nutrient removal. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure of global warming and associated establishment of invasive species. To elucidate the respective contributions of seagrass species Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa and the non-native macroalga Halimeda incrassata as primary producers and nutrient sinks in coastal habitats we conducted in-situ incubations in the North-western Mediterranean Sea. Measured metabolic activity and nutrient removal as well as calcification rates in these habitats over a 24 h period in spring and summer confirmed that the endemic seagrass P. oceanica represents a valuable ecosystem with high O2 production and considerable carbon capture. The documented regression of P. oceanica meadows with higher temperatures and decline in autotrophy ...
Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located at the westernmost si... more Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located at the westernmost sill of the Strait of Gibraltar to monitor the Mediterranean outflow into the North Atlantic have been used to give some insights on changes that have been taking place in the Mediterranean basin. Velocity data indicate that the exchange through the Strait is submaximal (that is, greater values of the exchanged flows are possible) with a mean value of −0.847 ± 0.129 Sv and a slight trend to decrease in magnitude (+0.017 ± 0.003 Sv decade−1). Submaximal exchange promotes footprints in the Mediterranean outflow with little or no-time delay with regards to changes occurring in the basin. An astonishing warming trend of 0.339 ± 0.008°C decade−1 in the deepest layer of the outflow from 2013 onwards stands out among these changes, a trend that is an order of magnitude greater than any other reported so far in the water masses of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemical (pH) data display a negative ...
Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2, a phenomen... more Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). Biogeochemical processes occurring naturally in the ocean also change pH and hence, for an accurate assessment of OA, the contribution of the natural component to the total pH variation must be quantified. In this work, we used 11 years (2005–2015) of biogeochemical measurements collected at the Strait of Gibraltar to estimate decadal trends of pH in two major Mediterranean water masses, the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) and the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and assess the magnitude of natural and anthropogenic components on the total pH change. The assessment was also performed in the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) feeding the Mediterranean Sea. Our analysis revealed a significant human impact on all water masses in terms of accumulation of anthropogenic CO2. However, the decadal pH decline found in the WMDW and the NACW was mark...
Trabajo presentado en el AGU Fall Meeting, celebrado en Nueva Orleans del 11 al 15 de diciembre d... more Trabajo presentado en el AGU Fall Meeting, celebrado en Nueva Orleans del 11 al 15 de diciembre de 2017.Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to atmospheric CO2 absorption, a phenomenon known as Ocean Acidification (OA) that has been documented in different ocean regions. Certain marine basins are more vulnerable to OA, such as the Mediterranean Sea (MS), which is attributed to particular water circulation processes and biogeochemical features. Considering previous studies on OA in Mediterranean and Atlantic water masses, the main aim of this work was to identify for the first time the natural and anthropogenic contribution to decadal pH variations. Therefore, an archetypal analysis was applied to pH measurements and other biogeochemical variables collected in the Strait of Gibraltar during 10 years. Our results reveal that the biological component of the pH change in the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) (ΔpHWMDW) represents around 56% of the total decadal pH decrease observed, highlighting the relevance of the remineralization occurring in the Alboran basin, where the WMDW resides before leaving the MS. On the other hand, neither natural nor anthropogenic forcing on the pH change in the Levantine Intermediate Water (ΔpHLIW) was detected, as pH variation was negligible. As for the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW), atmospheric CO2 uptake was responsible of 58% of the ΔpHNACW, likely related to permanent contact with the atmosphere. Additionally, estimations of the approximated ages of the NACW, LIW and WMDW in the SG of about 8, 34 and 32 years respectively have been obtained. Our results show that Mediterranean waters undergo changes in their biogeochemical characteristics during transit through the SG and gives insights on the main mechanisms affecting pH variations occurring from their formation sites to the SG.Peer reviewe
The decreasing seawater pH trend associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is ... more The decreasing seawater pH trend associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is an issue of concern due to possible negative consequences for marine organisms, especially calcifiers. Globally, coastal areas represent important transitional land-ocean zones with complex interactions between biological, physical and chemical processes. Here, we evaluated the pH variability at two sites in the coastal area of the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean). High resolution pH data along with temperature, salinity, and also dissolved oxygen were obtained with autonomous sensors from 2018 to 2021 in order to determine the temporal pH variability and the principal drivers involved. By using environmental datasets of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, Recurrent Neural Networks were trained to predict pH and fill data gaps. Longer environmental time series (2012–2021) were used to obtain the pH trend using reconstructed data. The best predictions show a rate of $$-\,0.002...
Trabajo presentado en la Goldschmidt Conference, celebrada en Yokohama del 26 de junio al 1 de ju... more Trabajo presentado en la Goldschmidt Conference, celebrada en Yokohama del 26 de junio al 1 de julio de 2016.The ocean has taken up about 28% of the CO2emitted by human activity over the last decade, representing the largest carbon reservoir on Earth. On the contrary, it behaves as a source of N2O to the atmosphere, accounting for by 35% of the total natural sources of this gas (IPCC 2014). In addition, although minor, marine CH4 emissions represent a net input that must be also accurately computed.Large oceanic areas have still little to no spatial GHGs data coverage, particularly for N2O and CH4, even though monitoring of these three radiatively active gases is crucial for global inventories andfeedbacks with the climate system. Currently, CO2, N2O and CH4 are being measured regularly only at afew marine time-series sites. One of such oceanic platforms is the Gibraltar Fixed Time Series (GIFT), where measurements started in 2005. It is located in the Strait that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, two different biogeochemical marine eco-regions. This work presents results of the GHGs monitoring program in the area, which have been used to compute the exchange of CO2, N2O and CH4 between the two adjacent basins. Data show that the Mediterranean supplies N2O to the North Atlantic and receives, in opposition, both Atlantic CH4 and anthropogenic CO2, which contributes to the process of ocean acidification in the Mediterranean, whose rate of pH decrease is also provided. Biogeochemical and physical processes behind gas exchange through the Strait are commented.Peer reviewe
Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Stud... more Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study), celebrada en Kiel (Alemania) del 7 al 11 de septiembre de 2015.N
Trabajo presentado en la Society Of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting (SWS 2017), celebrad en San... more Trabajo presentado en la Society Of Wetland Scientists Annual Meeting (SWS 2017), celebrad en San Juan de Puerto Rico del 5 al 8 de junio de 2017.N
Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Stud... more Trabajo presentado en la Open Science Conference (SOLAS 2015, Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study), celebrada en Kiel (Alemania) del 7 al 11 de septiembre de 2015.N
This data set includes data collected between 2008 and 2015 that have been used to estimate the e... more This data set includes data collected between 2008 and 2015 that have been used to estimate the exchange of dissolved organic carbon between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar (Long:-5.345, Lat: 36.137, Datum:WSG84) and to assess the seasonality of the fluxes.
16 17 The North Atlantic is the most important sink for atmospheric CO2 although there still 18 r... more 16 17 The North Atlantic is the most important sink for atmospheric CO2 although there still 18 remain uncertainties about the total amount stored by this region and the contribution of 19 the anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) that is exchanged between the Mediterranean Sea and the 20 Atlantic Ocean. During the P3A2 cruise performed in October 2008 throughout the 21 oceanic area covered by the Gulf of Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar, which channelizes 22 the water exchange between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, extensive 23 measurements of the carbon system parameters (pH, total alkalinity and total inorganic 24 carbon) and others related (dissolved oxygen and nutrients) were carried out to analyse 25 their distribution in the area. In order to study the CANT spatial variability, three 26 observational methods for CANT concentration assessment (φCTº, ∆C * and TrOCA) 27 were applied. The three water masses identified in the area, North Atlantic Central 28 Water (NACW), North Atlantic D...
Trabajo presentado en el 2nd Scientific Workshop PERSEUS, celebrado en Marrakesh del 2 al 4 de di... more Trabajo presentado en el 2nd Scientific Workshop PERSEUS, celebrado en Marrakesh del 2 al 4 de diciembre de 2014.
Abstract. The increasing rates of CO2 due to anthropogenic activities are causing important poten... more Abstract. The increasing rates of CO2 due to anthropogenic activities are causing important potential climate threats for the Mediterranean Sea: ocean acidification and warming. In this region, two seagrass species, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa can play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Through their metabolic activity, they can act as carbon sinks; buffer lowering pH values during the day and store carbon in the sediment underneath their meadows. In this study we analyse the metabolism synthesized from published data on seagrass community metabolism and from own results to evaluate trends through time of these two species comparing two methodologies: benthic chambers and multiparametric sensors. Furthermore, we analysed seasonal trends of both seagrass species´ metabolic rates and their variation between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean basins, with no significant results despite the clear visual trends. Our analysis revealed that there are significant di...
Trabajo presentado en el PERSEUS 1st Scientific Workshop, celebrado los dias 29 y 30 de enero de ... more Trabajo presentado en el PERSEUS 1st Scientific Workshop, celebrado los dias 29 y 30 de enero de 2014 en Atenas (Grecia).
Using a model of experimental occlusal trauma in mice, we investigated cytological kinetics of pe... more Using a model of experimental occlusal trauma in mice, we investigated cytological kinetics of periodontal ligament by means of histopathological, immunohistochemical, and photographical analysis methods. Periodontal ligament cells at furcation areas of molar teeth in the experimental group on day 4 showed a proliferation tendency of periodontal ligament cells. The cells with a round-shaped nucleus deeply stained the hematoxylin and increased within the day 4 specimens. Ki67 positive nuclei showed a prominent increase in the group on days 4 and 7. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) positivity also revealed cell movement but was slightly slow compared to Ki67. It indicated that restoration of mechanism seemed conspicuous by osteoclasts and macrophages from bone-marrow-derived cells for the periodontal ligament at the furcation area. It was suggested that the remodeling of periodontal ligament with cell acceleration was evoked from the experiment for the group on day 4 and after day 7. Periodontal ligament at the furcation area of the molar teeth in this experimental model recovered using the cells in situ and the bone-marrow-derived cells.
El trabajo de investigacion recogido en esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en mejorar el entendimiento... more El trabajo de investigacion recogido en esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en mejorar el entendimiento de los procesos que regulan el ciclo del carbono en sistemas acuaticos singulares presentes en la cuenca Sur-Atlantico Iberica, tanto oceanicos, representados por el golfo de Cadiz o el estrecho de Gibraltar, como continentales entre cuyos exponentes se encuentran el estuario del Guadalquivir o los humedales de Donana. Asi, se han evaluado aspectos tales como el papel de estas regiones en la captura o emision de CO2 atmosferico, la fraccion del mismo de origen antropogenico que se incorpora, los elementos reguladores de la transferencia gaseosa y la principal consecuencia del aumento de CO2 en disolucion en agua de mar, es decir, la acidificacion oceanica. Los resultados obtenidos durante la realizacion de los trabajos recogidos en esta Tesis Doctoral suponen nuevas contribuciones cuantitativas a los inventarios especificos de carbono en esta region.
Trabajo presentado en la IMBeR Open Science Conference (Future Oceans: Research for marine sustai... more Trabajo presentado en la IMBeR Open Science Conference (Future Oceans: Research for marine sustainability: multiple stressors, drivers, challenges and solutions), celebrada en Bergen del 23 al 27 de junio de 2014.
Trabajo presentado en la ASLO 2015 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, celebrada en Granada del 22 al 27 de... more Trabajo presentado en la ASLO 2015 Aquatic Sciences Meeting, celebrada en Granada del 22 al 27 de febrero de 2015.
Seagrass species play a critical role in the mitigation of climate change by acting as valuable c... more Seagrass species play a critical role in the mitigation of climate change by acting as valuable carbon sinks and storage sites. Another important ecosystem service of this coastal vegetation is nutrient removal. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure of global warming and associated establishment of invasive species. To elucidate the respective contributions of seagrass species Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa and the non-native macroalga Halimeda incrassata as primary producers and nutrient sinks in coastal habitats we conducted in-situ incubations in the North-western Mediterranean Sea. Measured metabolic activity and nutrient removal as well as calcification rates in these habitats over a 24 h period in spring and summer confirmed that the endemic seagrass P. oceanica represents a valuable ecosystem with high O2 production and considerable carbon capture. The documented regression of P. oceanica meadows with higher temperatures and decline in autotrophy ...
Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located at the westernmost si... more Time series collected from 2004 to 2020 at an oceanographic station located at the westernmost sill of the Strait of Gibraltar to monitor the Mediterranean outflow into the North Atlantic have been used to give some insights on changes that have been taking place in the Mediterranean basin. Velocity data indicate that the exchange through the Strait is submaximal (that is, greater values of the exchanged flows are possible) with a mean value of −0.847 ± 0.129 Sv and a slight trend to decrease in magnitude (+0.017 ± 0.003 Sv decade−1). Submaximal exchange promotes footprints in the Mediterranean outflow with little or no-time delay with regards to changes occurring in the basin. An astonishing warming trend of 0.339 ± 0.008°C decade−1 in the deepest layer of the outflow from 2013 onwards stands out among these changes, a trend that is an order of magnitude greater than any other reported so far in the water masses of the Mediterranean Sea. Biogeochemical (pH) data display a negative ...
Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2, a phenomen... more Seawater pH is undergoing a decreasing trend due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification (OA). Biogeochemical processes occurring naturally in the ocean also change pH and hence, for an accurate assessment of OA, the contribution of the natural component to the total pH variation must be quantified. In this work, we used 11 years (2005–2015) of biogeochemical measurements collected at the Strait of Gibraltar to estimate decadal trends of pH in two major Mediterranean water masses, the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) and the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) and assess the magnitude of natural and anthropogenic components on the total pH change. The assessment was also performed in the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) feeding the Mediterranean Sea. Our analysis revealed a significant human impact on all water masses in terms of accumulation of anthropogenic CO2. However, the decadal pH decline found in the WMDW and the NACW was mark...
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