CCFM

The social and economic gap between the welfare of the rural population in developed European countries and that of Romania has always been great, but never like this. A great scholar of the nation said, years ago, that civilization of the Romanian people was born in the villages. A sociologist or economist of the past 50 years, paraphrasing the great Lucian Blaga, must painfully recognize that poverty was born but still perpetuated in the villages. Few were the moments of some welfare for the Romanian peasant during this period. This work is based on this reality and try to synthesize all the ideas of scientists, specialists and those who are at the head of the rural society, able to remove the Romanian village from this state of decline. Once we entered the EU community, willingly or not, the Romanian authorities of any political orientation would be required to submit new principles and rules governing the course of economic activity.

More increasingly we are concerned about a real problem, that of economic and social gap between the welfare of the rural population in developed European countries and in Romania. This has always been a big problem, but never the number of those in poverty was so great like today-about 5.6 million people. The article is based on this reality and attempts to synthesize the ideas of those who are at the forefront of rural society and who are able to save the Romanian village of this state of decline. Once integrated in the EU, Romanian authorities should present new principles and rules in order to adjust the Romanian legislation with EU legislation. Social inclusion and financial progress are the results of digitization trend of the financial sector, with a major impact on financial and non-banking institutions. Creating new distribution models (networks of external agents, banks without branch network), the emergence of new opportunities for customer access and management of back-office are just some of the challenges that microfinance sector has passed through on a continue process of innovation and adaptation.

Each of us have had or go through the situation of being unable to access the credit necessary to meet unexpected expenses or trying to develop small businesses. The impossibility of accessing microfinance pushes people into poverty, increasing the number of social assistance. What makes the situation can be different, how do we prevent increasing poverty? The answer is found in the current microfinance policy directed especially to those who are financially excluded. But the access to credit as they are too expensive could also contribute to indebtedness and impoverishment of individual levels. They have serious macroeconomic consequences, as the crisis in 2007 proves. Therefore, poverty and social exclusion can be fueled by the inability to access credit and access to inappropriate forms of financing. Such difficulties are undermining economic growth and social cohesion. Instead, poverty and financial difficulties are supporting social exclusion.

ABSTRACT
The paper aims to present some important aspects of life and work of George Tasca, an outstanding personality of political and academic life in Romania. A significant part of his work has in the center the rural area and farming In Romania. As a working method for the elaboration of the paper were  techniques, tools and procedures of scientific investigation and interpretation, documentation, rational method, observation method, all of them carried out systematically and analytically. The research results reveal the role and importance of the work of George Tasca in the understanding and definition of  the rural area.

Keywords: rural, finance, economics, capitalism, cooperative.

JEL classification:
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
Q0 - -Q01 gender - Sustainable Development
Q1 - Agriculture Q14 - Agricultural Finance

The overall goal of European Union and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is to reposition family farming at the center of agricultural, environmental, and social policies in the national agendas by identifying gaps and opportunities to promote a shift towards a more equal and balanced development. They want to promote directions in order to generate discussion and cooperation at the local, national, regional, and global levels; increase awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by smallholders; and help to identify efficient ways to support family farmers. This paper presents some information on the status and evolution of Romanian agriculture small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and it presents a model for determining the founds needs to support family farmers.

In the EU tourism sector in 2012-2013 represent over 5% of GDP, providing over 7 million jobs. As a universally accepted definition, rural tourism is a type of travel practiced in rural areas. Buildings have low capacity, usually presenting architectural interest, being decorated in a reminiscent style of traditional homes. It pays special attention to traditional local gastronomy and most often are conducted in a family system. "Rural tourism is a concept that includes tourist activity organized and led by the local population, based on a close connection with the environment, natural and human" (Barbu, I. " Approach to the concept of rural tourism " , Agricultural Management/Lucrări Științifice Seria I, Management Agricol, 2013). Tourism in rural areas was always practiced, but was shaped, appreciated and requested the evolvement of civilization amid the higher phenomena of industrialization and urbanization. The rural tourism in its pure form, should be: located in rural areas; functional in a rural point of view; at a lower scale, both in terms of construction and settlements; traditionally, of different types (representing the complex model of the environment, economy, history and location).

Each of us have had or go through the situation of being unable to access the credit necessary to meet unexpected expenses or trying to develop small businesses. The impossibility of accessing microfinance pushes people into poverty, increasing the number of social assistance. What makes the situation can be different, how do we prevent increasing poverty? The answer is found in the current microfinance policy directed especially to those who are financially excluded. But the access to credit as they are too expensive could also contribute to indebtedness and impoverishment of individual levels. They have serious macroeconomic consequences, as the crisis in 2007 proves.

The concept of microfinance in Europe occurred in the 1800s when they developed several microfinance institutions in rural and poor urban areas. Microfinance represents that type of funding directed towards the real needs of the customer with the ultimate aim needs its (well-being) and not profit microfinance institution (credit cooperatives, NGOs, NBFIs, credit unions, popular banks, etc.). In the current context of sustainable development, microfinance is an active tool in fighting poverty worldwide top as the financing instrument closest to meeting the needs of the poor. Currently result of the numerous challenges facing them, we are witnessing a new assignment of the concept of microfinance from structure products of microfinance, continuing with mode planning (distribution), it's for those in need (micro-finance digitization of M-Pesa system as), promote and how innovative users of information and not least microfinance cost (price). However compose 4Ps of marketing mix microfinance in the current context of sustainable development. From courses of action presented for the next 15 years the UN General Assembly and corroborating our needs local, consider that for every microfinance granted decider microfinance should reflect the extent to which destination microfinance granted respond to the 4 pillars of humanity " 1. People-we have determined to end poverty and hunger, in all forms and their dimensions, and all human beings that not enough of can fulfil their potential in dignity and in a healthy environment and equality; determined 2.Planet-we have to protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainable natural resources and managing its taking urgent action on climate change, so it can that needs support the present and future of the generations; 3.Prosperity determined not enough-we have all human beings that can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling that lives and economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature; 4.Peace-we have determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies free from fear and which is violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable development. "

In the European Union, rural development represents a major component of the financial support allocated to the Member States through the Common Agricultural Policy. Taking into account this reality, the analysis undertaken in the present paper aims to assess the benefits of these bottom-up policies for financing rural development through the central element of the local communities (most specific, through local action groups – LAGs and operational groups). In order to achieve this objective, our analysis will base its assumptions on a series of case studies taking into account the LEADER experience during 2007-2013 and the available European statistics regarding LEADER. We will also emphasize some of the pros and cons related to the LEADER experience in Romania, through a qualitative analysis based on the national MADR (Romanian Minister for Agriculture and Rural Development) data, including those referring to the members of National Federation of LAGs (FNGAL). In the final part of our research, we will highlight some conclusions that might be helpful for designing the future rural development strategies of the Member States during the current financial framework (2014-2020), taking into account the most important challenges regarding global poverty and sustainable development at the European level.

More increasingly we are concerned about a real problem, that of economic and social gap between the welfare of the rural population in developed European countries and in Romania. This has always been a big problem, but never the number of those in poverty was so great like today-about 5.6 million people. The article is based on this reality and attempts to synthesize the ideas of those who are at the forefront of rural society and who are able to save the Romanian village of this state of decline. Once integrated in the EU, the Romanian authorities should present new principles and rules in order to adjust the Romanian legislation with EU legislation. Social inclusion and financial progress are the results of digitization trend of the financial sector, with a major impact on financial and non-banking institutions. Creating new distribution models (networks of external agents, banks without branch network), the emergence of new opportunities for customer access and management of back-office are just some of the challenges that microfinance sector has passed through on a continue process of innovation and adaptation.

Lucrarea î i propune să prezinte aspecte importante din via a i opera lui Gheorghe că, personalitate ș ț ș ș marcantă a vie ii politice i universitare din România. O parte importantă din activitatea sa a avut în ț ș centrul aten iei zona rurală i agricultura. Ca metode de lucru pentru eleborarea lucrării au fost abordate ț ș tehnici, instrumente şi proceduri ştiinţifice de investigare şi interpretare precum documentarea, metoda raţională, metoda observaţiei, desfăşurate sistematic şi analitic. Rezultatele cercetării relevă rolul i ș importan a activită ii lui Gheorghe Ta că în în elegerea i definirea spa iului rural autohton. ț ț ș ț ș ț Cuvinte cheie: rural, finan are, economie, capitalism, coopera ie. ț ț

Abstract:
Madgearu Virgil was born on December 27, 1887 in Galati. He attended primary and high school in his hometown, and after high school graduation exam in 1907, he went to study in Germany where he was enrolled at the University of Leipzig, by specializing in economic sciences. In 1911 he successfully argued ("summa cum laude") doctoral dissertation on "The industrial development of Romania" (Zur Entwicklung Industriellen Rumäniens). University of Leipzig archive preserves a series of testimonials of his doctoral thesis and seminar work.
About his diploma of doctor, he did not speak to anyone as he lived. It was found after death, in a bookshelf of his library and revealed a fact unknown until then: that "Virgilius Madgearum galantiensis" was appointed doctor of philosophy and "bonarum artium magister" qualified superlative «summa cum laude». After finishing his university studies, he left for a year in England to improve knowledge of English and followed a specialized training in a bank. Returned to the country in 1912, Madgearu settled in Bucharest, where he was employed as head of department at the Central House of trades and insurance for workers and helped set up a desk study of the House and editing a magazine ("The monitor of insurance for the workers '), acting as editor for several years. The year 1914 places a special importance for the peasant issues, publishing specialized studies on agricultural cooperatives and participating in various meetings on these issues. From this period dates his close friendship with Ion Mihalache, which at the time successfully experience at Topoloveni these forms of the peasant exploitation. After a century of economic thinking, many of the concepts and programs that period is reconfirming today.

Key words:
economy, agriculture, cooperatives, rural development, microfinance

JEL classification:
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
Q0 - Genera -Q01 - Sustainable Development
Q1 - Agriculture Q14 - Agricultural Finance

ABSTRACT
The paper aims to present some important aspects of life and work of George Tasca, an outstanding personality of political and academic life in Romania. A significant part of his work has in the center the rural area and farming In Romania. As a working method for the elaboration of the paper were  techniques, tools and procedures of scientific investigation and interpretation, documentation, rational method, observation method, all of them carried out systematically and analytically. The research results reveal the role and importance of the work of George Tasca in the understanding and definition of  the rural area.

Keywords: rural, finance, economics, capitalism, cooperative.

JEL classification:
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
Q0 - -Q01 gender - Sustainable Development
Q1 - Agriculture Q14 - Agricultural Finance

In line with Jean Monnet's functional conception, economic integration still constitutes the core of the European project. Nevertheless, the EU institutions increasingly face old and new challenges: from the Eurozone debt crisis to the structural divides among the member economies, from the position in the international trade flows to the elaboration of common policies in crucial sectors. These challenges address the need to deepen the analysis of the internal and external factors affecting the European economies in order to devise strong and adequate strategies. In this section, EUE aims to provide valuable and in-depth insights on relevant economic issues that lie at the heart of EU system functioning and implementation. Therefore, we welcome the publication of high-quality reports and analyses.

With the rise of globalization and mass communication, the world is becoming a smaller place. The financial sector must navigate the choppy waters of a complex global economy by understanding the major demographic, technological and societal shifts. It is obvious that the global trends also affect human resources role. The continuous evolving financial sector will face several challenges from both the future workforce and from the changing nature of work itself. Technology transforms workforce composition and culture by eroding physical barriers in the workplace. An increasing number of jobs may be conducted virtually (save on the costs of premises) with direct impact on job creation. Employees may work from a place of their own, making their physical presence less important: the growing phenomenon of crowdsourcing-" the human cloud " – where employees possessing a wide range of skills and expertise, take advantage of technology to perform a variety of tasks. Sweeping demographic changes across both the developed and developing world will place greater pressure on both the government and private sector to initiate and implement creative solutions to educate, integrate and retain a rapidly changing and diverse working population. In this context, training in banking services and finance as well as in financing rural activities is a very important tool. Banks are there to make money, but not in a risky way, and they require a different profile for success. The financial sector is looking for different leadership qualities. It's about how the business interacts with customers rather than innovation with products.

TAIEX is the Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument of the European Commission. TAIEX supports public administrations with regard to the approximation, application and enforcement of EU legislation as well as facilitating the sharing of EU best practices. It is largely needs-driven and delivers appropriate tailor-made expertise to address issues at short notice in three ways:  workshops - EU Member State experts present specific areas of EU legislation in workshops to a large number of beneficiary officials; expert missions - EU Member States experts are sent to the beneficiary administration to provide in-depth advice on the transposition, implementation or enforcement of a specific part of EU legislation; study visits - a group of three practitioners from a beneficiary administration take part in a study visit to an EU Member State’s administration.  The TAIEX  mission is to provide institution building support in all areas of the EU acquis with the view to support efforts in alignment, application and enforcement of legislation of the acquis in the Beneficiary Countries. The TAIEX mandate to provide assistance covers: Turkey, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo*; Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of Cyprus; Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. All countries covered by the Partnership Instrument; EU Member States in the framework of the administrative cooperation within the policies managed by DG for Regional and Urban Policy. TAIEX assistance is open to: Civil servants working in central public administrations; Judiciary and law enforcement authorities;  Parliaments and civil servants working in Parliaments and Legislative Councils; Representatives of social partners, trade unions and employers’ associations; TAIEX does not provide direct support to civil society, private citizens or to individual companies. This year 2016 marks the 20th anniversary of the launch of TAIEX, the Commission’s instrument of technical assistance and information exchange. An occasion not only to celebrate, but to both look back and into the future.

Key words: European Union,  program, legislation, business.
JEL classification:
O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
O1 Economic Development
Q0 - -Q01 gender - Sustainable Development
P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
P33International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid

Microfinance in Europe is gradually being consolidated as an essential tool of social policy, for the promotion of self-employment, microenterprise support and the fight against social and financial exclusion. This is demonstrated by the renovation of the initiatives in support for the sector by the European Commission in the framework of the Program for Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) 2014-2020. This work is intended to present the main characteristics of the European microfinance sector and how the provision of financial and non-financial services could help entrepreneurs to overcome the challenges to rural development, thereby supporting their businesses and boosting the local economy. In this regard, microfinance often targets unemployed or people excluded from the traditional banking system who wish to start their own business, significantly contributing to self-employment and job creation.

Agriculture is a business. As a business it is critical to understand who your market is and what they want as well as how economic forces will affect your business. Moreover, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), agribusiness includes the supply of agricultural inputs, the production and transformation of agricultural products and their distribution to final consumers making agribusiness one of the main generators of employment and income worldwide. This paper aims to answer questions related to agribusiness marketing in agriculture.

The directions of adaptation of the taxation regarding the stimulation and favoring of the stability and the competitiveness of the Romanian companies start on the one hand from the strategic objectives of the European Union, as they were defined in terms of competitiveness, and on the other hand from our national objectives. mentioned both in the government programs, but especially in the competitiveness strategies realized by the relevant institutions. The key factor in achieving real convergence is competitiveness. A faster increase in competitiveness can lead to a reduction in the economic gaps. The efficiency of the markets of goods, labor and capital that must take into account social imperatives (inclusive economic growth) would favor a higher degree of business value and the promotion of endogenous economic growth engines-greater investments in innovation, research and development and human capital. Romania needs a healthy economic growth, a growth that will not generate unbalances difficult to control. Therefore, in this paper we aim to address elements of fiscal influence at national and European level, such as: increasing tax revenues in order to reduce the disparities compared to EU Member States; supporting research and innovation in the field of finance; fiscal compliance and fiscal predictability; fiscal policies, unitary cost of labor force; aspects regarding the underground economy.

State interventionism in the context of crises has represented and represents a pillar of society and the protection of citizens and the national real economy. Moreover, in addition to state interventionism at national level and supported by the Constitution, the Treaty on European Union constitutes the reference instrument on state measures taken in emergency situations and in the context of crises. Articles 2 and 21 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) make it very clear that solidarity is the fundamental value of the European Union; moreover, Article 3 TEU states that the Union seeks to promote its values, namely economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity between Member States, as well as the well-being of its citizens. In this paper we propose to present the state interventionism in the context of crises and possible measures to reduce the effects of crises.