Papers by Dr. RAGHVENDRA K U M A R MISHRA
Hybrid nanocomposites integrating nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) ... more Hybrid nanocomposites integrating nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with designed heterostructures possess exceptional optical and electronic properties. These properties hold immense potential for advancements across diverse scientific and technological fields. This review article investigates the synthesis, properties, and applications of ZnO-CQD heterostructure nanocomposites. Recent breakthroughs in fabrication methods are examined, including hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and eco-friendly techniques. Key preparation methods such as sol-gel, co-precipitation, and electrochemical deposition are discussed, emphasizing their role in controlling heterostructure formation. This review analyses the impact of heterostructures on optical and electronic properties, such as fluorescence, photoluminescence, and photocatalytic activity. Synergistic interactions between ZnO and CQDs within heterostructures are highlighted, demonstrating how they lead to substantial performance improvements. Applications of ZnO-CQD heterostructures span solar cells, LEDs, photodetectors, water purification, antimicrobial treatments, gas sensing, catalysis, biomedical imaging, drug delivery, environmental sensing, and energy storage. Insights are provided into refining synthesis methods, enhancing characterisation techniques, and broadening the application landscape. Challenges like stability are addressed, along with strategies for optimised performance and practical implementation. This comprehensive review offers a thorough understanding of ZnO-CQD heterostructure nanocomposites, emphasising their significance within materials science and engineering. By addressing core concepts and future directions, it lays a foundation for continued innovation in this dynamic field.
Conclusions
Zinc oxide-carbon quantum dot (ZnO-CQD) nanocomposites offer a promising approach to address challenges in energy storage and conversion. Synthesised through techniques such as hydrothermal treatment, thermal treatment, and electrospinning, these nanocomposites demonstrate superior properties due to their well-dispersed structures. Control over size, morphology, and composition directly impacts their performance, with advanced characterisation techniques like spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemical analysis playing a crucial role in understanding structural, optical, and electrochemical interactions between ZnO and CQDs. Such insights inform the optimisation of composite properties for targeted energy applications. These nanocomposites provide significant advantages in seasonal energy storage, integrating seamlessly into devices like lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and photocatalytic systems to enhance energy and power density, facilitating long-term energy storage solutions. Notably, the utilisation of nitrogen and sulfur-doped CQDs helps mitigate the light-soaking effect in organic solar cells, thereby improving efficiency. Moreover, optimising hybrid solar cell parameters underscores the potential of ZnO-CQD nanocomposites as alternative energy sources. Beyond photovoltaics, these nanocomposites show promise in synergistic catalysis for hydrogen production, paving the way for clean energy generation. Both zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) hold significant potential for energy storage applications due to their unique properties and tunability. CQDs, with their potential for high specific capacitance, energy density, and long-term durability, offer valuable avenues for enhancing supercapacitor performance. On the other hand, doping ZnO nanoparticles, such as with chromium, has shown potential in improving energy storage device performance. Tailoring ZnO through doping offers various benefits depending on the specific battery technology employed. Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs) stand out for large-scale energy storage due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and robust electrochemical performance. Integrating ZnO and CQDs holds promise in further enhancing ZIB performance by optimising factors like conductivity and ion diffusion. The versatility of ZnO and CQDs lies in their customisable properties through synthesis, doping, and composite formation, enabling researchers to explore diverse energy storage solutions with enhanced performance characteristics. Continuous multidisciplinary research efforts are poised to yield further breakthroughs, driving the widespread adoption of these materials for sustainable energy solutions.
Defects in nanomaterials have emerged as a pivotal aspect influencing their properties and divers... more Defects in nanomaterials have emerged as a pivotal aspect influencing their properties and diverse applications across numerous industries. This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between defects, primarily in carbon nanotubes and graphene, and their implications across a spectrum of applications. Beginning with an introduction delving into the significance and types of defects, the review elucidates their multifaceted impact on the mechanical, electrical, and environmental characteristics of these nanomaterials. It presents detailed analyses of studies exploring defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene, shedding light on their effects on mechanical and electrical properties, alongside characterizing methods. The paper meticulously examines the extensive array of applications involving carbon nanotubes and graphene, encompassing electronics, biomedical advancements, and considerations for environmental sustainability. Furthermore, it systematically incorporates studies highlighting the implications of defects on these applications. This review precisely examines defect engineering in nanomaterials across various industries, emphasizing the nuanced role of defects in tailoring properties for specific applications. It concludes by summarizing the integral role defects play in shaping the future of nanomaterial applications in diverse industries.
Highlights
•Graphene, carbon nanotubes and their defects have been presented.
•Defect research on mechanical and electrical properties and Characterization technique has been highlighted.
•Defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene and their biomedical, electronics and environmental application have been presented.
Conclusion
Controlling defects within carbon nanotubes and graphene is crucial for realizing their full potential. Defects like vacancies, dislocations, and surface irregularities present both challenges and opportunities for customizing these nanomaterials. In the context of mechanical properties, defects directly influence strength, flexibility, and the material responds to stress. For electrical applications, defects impact conductivity, band structure, and carrier mobility – factors essential for use in electronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. Researchers use various techniques, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational modeling, to study and characterize these defects. Gaining deeper insights into defect types and distribution will aid in the development of tailored carbon nanomaterials for specific applications. Defect engineering offers a powerful tool for tailoring the properties and functions of carbon nanotubes and graphene, expanding their potential in diverse industries. By intentionally introducing or modifying defects, researchers can customize these nanomaterials for specific applications. It is important to acknowledge the potential environmental impact and health hazards associated with these materials and actively incorporate safety considerations. Research dedicated to investigating both the benefits and risks of carbon-based nanomaterials provides a balanced understanding essential for their responsible deployment in various sectors. Ultimately, defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene can be harnessed as powerful levers for material property enhancements rather than mere imperfections. Characterizing and strategically manipulating these defects will contribute to safely realizing the full potential of these nanomaterials across numerous industries.
The micro-light emitting diode (µLED) technology is poised to revolutionise display applications ... more The micro-light emitting diode (µLED) technology is poised to revolutionise display applications through the introduction of nanomaterials and Group III-nitride nanostructures. This review charts state-of-the-art in this important area of micro-LEDs by highlighting their key roles, progress and concerns. The review encompasses details from various types of nanomaterials to the complexity of gallium nitride (GaN) and III nitride nanostructures. The necessity to integrate nanomaterials with III-nitride structures to create effective displays that could disrupt industries was emphasised in this review. Commercialisation challenges and the economic enhancement of micro-LED integration into display applications using monolithic integrated devices have also been discussed. Furthermore, different approaches in micro-LED development are discussed from top-down and bottom-up approaches. The last part of the review focuses on nanomaterials employed in the production of micro-LED displays. It also highlights the combination of III-V LEDs with silicon LCDs and perovskite-based micro-LED displays. There is evidence that efficiency and performance have improved significantly since the inception of the use of nanomaterials in manufacturing these.
Highlights
•Micro-light Emitting Diode (μLED) technology incorporating nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures was charted.
•Micro-LEDs are mainly prepared from combinations of nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures.
•Nanomaterials and Group III-nitride nanostructures enable the creation of highly efficient micro-LED displays.
•Highlighted among various strategies for enhancing economic viability, the development of specific strategies holds promise in overcoming challenges and fostering broader adoption of micro-LED displays.
Concluding remarks
The paper reviews advanced display techniques and explores the opportunities prevalent in this area. In the realm of micro-LED displays, the incorporation of nanomaterials, particularly focusing on nanocrystals and quantum dots, represents a significant leap in display efficiency, color accuracy, and resolution. This advancement holds potential benefits for industries such as electronics, healthcare, and automotive. The integration of III-nitride nanostructures into micro-LEDs contributes to high brightness levels and low energy consumption rates. However, successful commercialisation faces challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and standardisation. Another approach to consolidating multiple functions into one chip, simplifying system configuration and reducing space requirements, is through Monolithic Integrated Device (MID) technology. Pervasive use of MID technology can be seen in areas like consumer electronics, healthcare, and industrial control systems. The latest developments concern top-down and bottom-up approaches to micro-LED integration, allowing the merging of III-V LEDs with Silicon Thin Film Transistors (TFTs), well-known for leading towards the most recent improvements in high-performance multifunctional devices with high efficiency. However, some attention must be paid to steps that are necessary for understanding manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-effectiveness in order to have better products. Manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-efficiencies are required before these technologies can fully deliver on their promises. This may eventually bring about a world where markets rely on displays that are not just of high quality but also flexible and power-saving.
Key Highlights
•
MXenes are a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or ca... more Key Highlights
•
MXenes are a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides.
•
They efficiently catalyze diverse chemical reactions, promoting sustainability.
•
Excel in supercapacitors and batteries for high energy and fast charging.
•
Ideal for sensitive, selective gas and biomolecule sensors.
Abstract
MXenes, a rapidly growing family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides (Mn+1XnTx, where M is a transition metal, X is carbon, nitrogen, or both, and T represents surface functional groups), have captured the scientific community's interest due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and diverse technological applications. This comprehensive review explores the latest breakthroughs in MXene synthesis and characterisation, emphasising their multifaceted applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and other cutting-edge domains. This review examines the most widely used MXene synthesis strategies, including selective etching and delamination, and highlight recent advancements in controlling surface terminations, composition, and morphology. The influence of these synthetic parameters on MXene properties is discussed in detail. Characterisation techniques, ranging from spectroscopic methods to electron microscopy, are essential for elucidating MXenes' structure-property relationships. Research into energy storage leverages MXenes' high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and chemical tunability. This has led to significant progress in the field. This paper presents research efforts focused on optimising MXenes for both battery and supercapacitor applications. Additionally, the catalytic prowess of MXenes, particularly in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, is explored, emphasising their role in green energy technologies and environmental remediation. MXenes' remarkable sensitivity and selectivity make them promising candidates for sensing various gases, biomolecules, and ions, offering exciting possibilities in healthcare and environmental monitoring. Importantly, this review underscores the need for continued optimisation of MXene synthesis protocols to achieve large-scale production, enhanced stability, and precise control over properties across various fields.
Conclusion and future prospect
The study of MXenes reveals exciting advancements in materials science, with applications in energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Careful attention is given to the crucial selective etching process, which shapes MXenes with tailored structures and properties. Researchers explore safer alternatives to hazardous etchants like HF, including NH4HF2, tetrabutylammonium fluoride [(C4H9)4NF], NaF, KF, CsF, and CaF2 with HCl or H2SO4. Optimal MXene synthesis depends on understanding the intended purpose, desired qualities, and necessary components. One detailed process involved using powdered Ti3AlC2, LiF, and HCl solutions to produce a specific MXene variant (Ti3C2Tx). This process yielded flakes with improved lateral dimensions and eliminated nanoscale flaws compared to materials etched with HF. Researchers are actively refining selective etching processes to further enhance the yield, purity, and properties of MXene materials. Recent research investigates MXenes in various fields, including flexible electronics, water purification, and biomedicine. Their exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength position them as promising candidates for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, MXenes' high surface area and chemical stability make them well-suited for catalysis and water purification applications. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability also enable promising exploration in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable research interest due to their precise... more Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable research interest due to their precisely defined properties and versatile applications. In this realm, borophene - a single atomic sheet of boron atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice - has emerged as a promising candidate. While borophenes were theoretically predicted to have unique structural, optical, and electronic properties, the experimental synthesis of crystalline borophene sheets was first demonstrated on metal substrates in 2015, marking a crucial milestone. Since then, research efforts have focused on controlling the synthesis of semiconducting borophene polymorphs and exploring their novel physical characteristics. This review aims to explore the potential of 2D materials, specifically borophene, in various technological fields such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and more. The analysis emphasises meticulous scrutiny of synthesis techniques due to their fundamental importance in realising borophene's properties. Specifically, the high carrier mobilities, tuneable bandgaps, and exceptional thermal conductivity of borophene are highlighted. By providing a comprehensive outlook on the significance of borophene in advancing materials science and technologies, this review contributes to shaping the landscape of 2D material research.
Conclusions and outlooks
Borophene, a 2D honeycomb lattice of boron atoms, has emerged as a revolutionary material with the potential to transform various scientific and technological fields. Its unique properties have sparked excitement and research interest across diverse industries. This article delves into the significance of borophene and its implications for future innovations. One of the most compelling aspects of borophene is its high carrier mobility and tuneable bandgap. These properties make it highly attractive for the development of faster and more efficient transistors and logic gates. By leveraging borophene's electronic properties, researchers aim to revolutionise electronics, paving the way for advancements in computing power and data processing. Furthermore, borophene holds promise for spintronics applications, offering opportunities for breakthroughs in data storage and manipulation. Beyond electronics, borophene's exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and thermal stability make it an intriguing candidate for aerospace applications. Lightweight yet robust, borophene-based materials could revolutionise the design of aerospace structures and components, leading to more fuel-efficient aircraft and spacecraft. Additionally, borophene's sensitivity to various stimuli positions it as a valuable material for gas sensors and environmental monitoring devices. Its ability to detect and respond to different gases could enhance air quality monitoring systems and contribute to pollution control efforts. Moreover, borophene's optical transparency and tunability open up exciting possibilities for advanced solar cells and innovative lighting systems. By incorporating borophene into these technologies, researchers aim to improve energy efficiency and explore new avenues for sustainable energy generation. Furthermore, borophene's potential for quantum applications is gaining attention. Its unique properties make it suitable for tasks such as radiation shielding and precise measurements in Earth sciences. As researchers delve deeper into borophene's quantum properties, they may uncover new avenues for exploration in fundamental physics and quantum technology. In conclusion, borophene's remarkable properties hold immense potential for a wide range of applications, spanning from electronics to aerospace, environmental monitoring, energy, and quantum technology. As research in this field continues to advance, we can anticipate even greater innovations and breakthroughs driven by this extraordinary 2D material. The future of borophene is bright, and it is poised to leave a lasting impact on science and technology.
Few layers Black phosphorus (BP) and phosphorene are two-dimensional (2D) materials renowned for ... more Few layers Black phosphorus (BP) and phosphorene are two-dimensional (2D) materials renowned for their adjustable bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and anisotropic conductivity, which make them highly promising for applications in the visible and infrared spectrum. The incorporation of these materials into polymer matrices has led to significant advancements in material science, resulting in nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. This article provides a thorough analysis of BP/phosphorene polymer nanocomposites, including synthesis techniques (such as exfoliation methods) and manufacturing approaches. Advanced characterisation techniques are utilised to assess the structure, morphology, and properties of these composites. The article highlights the potential applications of these materials in energy storage (e.g., high-capacity batteries), flexible electronics (e.g., bendable displays), environmental sensing, and emerging biomedical fields such as targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the article discusses potential solutions to tackle the challenges associated with the scalable, cost-effective production and ambient stability of BP/phosphorene, leveraging recent advancements in engineering research. The conclusion outlines future research directions, emphasising the importance of addressing persistent challenges through technological breakthroughs and exploring potential avenues for further advancement.
Magnetic Oxides and Composites II, 2020
Metal oxides and their nanocomposites are used in various technological applications. Biofabricat... more Metal oxides and their nanocomposites are used in various technological applications. Biofabrication of carbon-based metal oxide nanocomposites preparation using plants, microbes, cell cultures and enzymes are the most attractive technique because of nontoxic nature, and sustainable process. Phytochemicals play important role in size lessening of the particles by performing as structure-directing, capping and reducing agents. In this chapter, we shed light on eco-friendly, money-spinning, and phytosynthesis of carbon based nanomaterials (CNMs) like graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and metal doped-rGO nanocomposites using green reducers. Moreover, electrochemical, photocatalytical and biological applications of CNMs and their nanocomposites with metal oxides are discussed.
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 2021
RSC Advances, 2019
An efficient one-pot multicomponent protocol was developed for the synthesis of arylbenzodioxy xa... more An efficient one-pot multicomponent protocol was developed for the synthesis of arylbenzodioxy xanthenedione scaffolds using mesoporous PbO nanoparticles as reusable catalyst under solvent-free ball milling conditions.
Advanced Materials Letters, 2019
The present work portray the Aspidopterys Cordata (AC) leaf extract-assisted fabrication of zinc ... more The present work portray the Aspidopterys Cordata (AC) leaf extract-assisted fabrication of zinc oxide nanospheres (ZnO NSs) using an eco-friendly approach for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. As fabricated ZnO NSs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fouriertransform infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX), UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for authenticate the structure, shape, size, chemical state, and morphological facet. XRD pattern showed the strong and intense diffraction peaks indicating the formation of crystalline ZnO NSs with hexagonal phase. Further, EDX revealed the formation of highly pure ZnO with signals of Zn and O elements. UV-DRS reveals absorption band at 370 nm, assigned to the intrinsic band-gap absorption of ZnO, owing to the electron transitions from valence band to conduction band. TEM images inveterate the formations of ZnO NSs with mean particle size of 11.6 nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NSs was examined against grampositive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia) human pathogenic bacteria using ZnO NSs by agar-well diffusion method. Furthermore, ZnO NSs exhibited significant antioxidant activity against scavenging 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals.
Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018
Electrospinning has attracted a worldwide interest as a technique for the production of nanofibro... more Electrospinning has attracted a worldwide interest as a technique for the production of nanofibrous membranes with diameter ranging 2 nm to several microscales using natural and synthetic polymers. The electrospun nanofibres have advantages such as high surface area, easy surface modification, functionalization of polymeric chains, inexpensive and tunable thermomechanical properties. Moreover, electrospinning is one of the simplest techniques for the incorporation of nanofillers into polymeric nanofibres. Herein, we review the preparation and applications of natural and polymer-based nanofibrous membranes. We focus on applications of the electrospun membrane for energy storage, water purification and biomedical. Furthermore, we show surface morphologies of nanofibrous membranes using fast emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and micrographs.
The present article reports a facile approach to fabrication of mesoporous octahedron-shaped tric... more The present article reports a facile approach to fabrication of mesoporous octahedron-shaped tricobalt tetroxide nanoparticles (Co 3 O 4 NPs) with a very narrow size distribution for eco-friendly remediation of toxic dyes. Co 3 O 4 NPs were fabricated by a sol−gel process using cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl 2 • 6H 2 O) and monosodium succinate (C 4 H 5 O 4 Na) as a chelating/ structure-directing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant. Moreover, the phase structure, elemental composition, and thermal and morphological facets of Co 3 O 4 NPs were investigated using XRD, FT-IR, EDS, Raman, XPS, TGA, SEM, and TEM techniques. The face-centered cubic spinel crystalline structure of the Co 3 O 4 NPs was confirmed by XRD and SEM, and TEM analysis revealed their octahedron morphology with a smooth surface. Moreover, the narrow pore size distribution and the mesoporous nature of the Co 3 O 4 NPs were confirmed by Brunauer−Emmett−Teller measurements. The photocatalytic activity of Co 3 O 4 NPs for degradation of methyl red (MR), Eriochrome Black-T (EBT), bromophenol blue (BPB), and malachite green (MG) was examined under visible light irradiation, and the kinetics of the dye degradation was pseudo-zero-order with the rate constant in the order of MR > EBT > MG > BPB. Furthermore, the mechanism of photo-disintegration mechanism of the dye was examined by a scavenging test using liquid chromatography−mass chromatography, and its excellent photodegradation activities were attributed to the photogenerated holes (h +), superoxide (O 2 −) anions, and hydroxyl (• OH) radicals. Finally, the synergistic effect of the nano-interconnected channels with octahedron geometry, mesoporous nature, and charge transfer properties along with photogenerated charge separations leads to an enhanced Co 3 O 4 photocatalytic activity.
MISHRA, R. K., LOGANATHAN, S., JACOB, J., SAHA, P., & THOMAS, S. Progress in Polymer Nanocomposit... more MISHRA, R. K., LOGANATHAN, S., JACOB, J., SAHA, P., & THOMAS, S. Progress in Polymer Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Shielding Application.
Book
Modern Physical Chemistry: Engineering Models, Materials, and Methods with Applications
Edition1st Edition
First Published2018
Imprint Apple Academic Press
Pages68
eBook ISBN
ACS Nano, 2009
The three-dimensional network of TiO(2) hollow nanoribbons designed from a peptide assembly using... more The three-dimensional network of TiO(2) hollow nanoribbons designed from a peptide assembly using atomic layer deposition is demonstrated as a promising Li secondary battery electrode in this study. The nanoribbon network ensures effective transport of electrons and Li ions due to (i) a well-connected network of nanoribbons and (ii) the hollow structure of each nanoribbon itself, into which Li ions in the electrolyte can readily diffuse. The improved specific capacity, rate capability, and cyclability of the nanonetwork show that the utilization of a nanonetwork of individual hollow ribbons can serve as a promising strategy toward the development of high-performance electrode for Li secondary batteries.
Tribological Performance of Polymer Composite Materials, 2022
Improving the tribological properties of the mating surfaces gained more attention in recent days... more Improving the tribological properties of the mating surfaces gained more attention in recent days on considering the factor conservation of energy. Polymer composites are used as structural materials in aerospace, automobile, and medical fields to enhance the friction and wear properties especially in the areas where the fluid lubricants cannot be used. Over the decades, the research was focused on the factors affecting the tribological performance by incorporating fillers. In this chapter, we studied the factors affecting the tribological performance of the mating polymer surfaces. The role of nature and size of the fillers were examined here in detail. Moreover, the advanced polymer nanocomposites which can be used for future tribological applications were discussed here.
Inorganic Polymers as Flame-Retardant Materials, 2019
Electromagnetic interference shielding materials for aerospace application: a state of the art, 2018
Electromagnetic interference is a critical problem that originates from either outside (ground-ba... more Electromagnetic interference is a critical problem that originates from either outside (ground-based transmitters) or inside (personal electronic devices) an airplane or space vehi cles. In addition, EMI is an undesirable electromagnetic wave that makes trouble for electronic devices, disturbing their operation. Electronic apparatus and electrical systems such as sensors, power and power subsystem units, batteries, payload of rocket, communication units, remote sensing instruments, data handling units, televisions and mobile phones, computers, under ground transformers, various medical devices, military plane, space systems and externally located units of spacecraft, and commercial airplanes are troubled by undesirable electromag netic interference (EMI) [1-8]. This EMI also arises from self-regulating phenomena such as thunder, solar flares, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) and further occurs from separate elec tronic gadgets that radiate electromagnetic waves as signals, etc. Initially, the trouble arising from EMI could be shortened out by Faraday's cage mechanism. However, it is difficult to construct and manufacture materials that have unique properties such as high electromagnetic shielding performance, chemical resistance, anticorrosive ability, high density, flexibility, tunable morphology, simple processing, and cheap in cost, etc. The demand, though, for these materials has increased with the rapid advancement of modern society and the associated electronic devices and communication systems. These materials need to be well suitable as electromagnetic shielding for personal computers, mobile phones, integrated circuits, satellite, and plane components. In the history of development technology, EMI shielding materials and their detailed analysis have been thought to be of key interest at both academic and industrial levels. The need to make modern vibration damping, wear resistance, superhydrophobic, fire retardant, good electrical conducting, and EMI shielding composites materials is the prime reason for such research. These materials can show the better electromagnetic shielding performance for the various applications, including equipment and devices in various field such as aerospace-aeronautic, electrical, electronics, military, communication, and home appliances. They also have increased
Nanostructured Epoxy/Block co polymer Blends:Characterization of micro and nanostructure by Atomic force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, 2018
This chapter mainly focuses on the toughening of epoxy. These areas are typically concentrated by... more This chapter mainly focuses on the toughening of epoxy. These areas are typically concentrated by the incorporation of different block copolymers as toughening agents employed in epoxy. The general objective of this chapter is to investigate and identify the toughening mechanisms of the modified epoxies and also to understand the relationship between the micro and nanostructures and the resulting properties of the modified epoxies. The specific problems and objectives involved in the toughening of epoxies by various toughening agents are discussed briefly.
Nanostructured biomimetic, bioresponsive, and bioactive biomaterials, 2018
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE POLYMERS COMPOSITES, 2018
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Papers by Dr. RAGHVENDRA K U M A R MISHRA
Conclusions
Zinc oxide-carbon quantum dot (ZnO-CQD) nanocomposites offer a promising approach to address challenges in energy storage and conversion. Synthesised through techniques such as hydrothermal treatment, thermal treatment, and electrospinning, these nanocomposites demonstrate superior properties due to their well-dispersed structures. Control over size, morphology, and composition directly impacts their performance, with advanced characterisation techniques like spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemical analysis playing a crucial role in understanding structural, optical, and electrochemical interactions between ZnO and CQDs. Such insights inform the optimisation of composite properties for targeted energy applications. These nanocomposites provide significant advantages in seasonal energy storage, integrating seamlessly into devices like lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and photocatalytic systems to enhance energy and power density, facilitating long-term energy storage solutions. Notably, the utilisation of nitrogen and sulfur-doped CQDs helps mitigate the light-soaking effect in organic solar cells, thereby improving efficiency. Moreover, optimising hybrid solar cell parameters underscores the potential of ZnO-CQD nanocomposites as alternative energy sources. Beyond photovoltaics, these nanocomposites show promise in synergistic catalysis for hydrogen production, paving the way for clean energy generation. Both zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) hold significant potential for energy storage applications due to their unique properties and tunability. CQDs, with their potential for high specific capacitance, energy density, and long-term durability, offer valuable avenues for enhancing supercapacitor performance. On the other hand, doping ZnO nanoparticles, such as with chromium, has shown potential in improving energy storage device performance. Tailoring ZnO through doping offers various benefits depending on the specific battery technology employed. Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs) stand out for large-scale energy storage due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and robust electrochemical performance. Integrating ZnO and CQDs holds promise in further enhancing ZIB performance by optimising factors like conductivity and ion diffusion. The versatility of ZnO and CQDs lies in their customisable properties through synthesis, doping, and composite formation, enabling researchers to explore diverse energy storage solutions with enhanced performance characteristics. Continuous multidisciplinary research efforts are poised to yield further breakthroughs, driving the widespread adoption of these materials for sustainable energy solutions.
Highlights
•Graphene, carbon nanotubes and their defects have been presented.
•Defect research on mechanical and electrical properties and Characterization technique has been highlighted.
•Defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene and their biomedical, electronics and environmental application have been presented.
Conclusion
Controlling defects within carbon nanotubes and graphene is crucial for realizing their full potential. Defects like vacancies, dislocations, and surface irregularities present both challenges and opportunities for customizing these nanomaterials. In the context of mechanical properties, defects directly influence strength, flexibility, and the material responds to stress. For electrical applications, defects impact conductivity, band structure, and carrier mobility – factors essential for use in electronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. Researchers use various techniques, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational modeling, to study and characterize these defects. Gaining deeper insights into defect types and distribution will aid in the development of tailored carbon nanomaterials for specific applications. Defect engineering offers a powerful tool for tailoring the properties and functions of carbon nanotubes and graphene, expanding their potential in diverse industries. By intentionally introducing or modifying defects, researchers can customize these nanomaterials for specific applications. It is important to acknowledge the potential environmental impact and health hazards associated with these materials and actively incorporate safety considerations. Research dedicated to investigating both the benefits and risks of carbon-based nanomaterials provides a balanced understanding essential for their responsible deployment in various sectors. Ultimately, defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene can be harnessed as powerful levers for material property enhancements rather than mere imperfections. Characterizing and strategically manipulating these defects will contribute to safely realizing the full potential of these nanomaterials across numerous industries.
Highlights
•Micro-light Emitting Diode (μLED) technology incorporating nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures was charted.
•Micro-LEDs are mainly prepared from combinations of nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures.
•Nanomaterials and Group III-nitride nanostructures enable the creation of highly efficient micro-LED displays.
•Highlighted among various strategies for enhancing economic viability, the development of specific strategies holds promise in overcoming challenges and fostering broader adoption of micro-LED displays.
Concluding remarks
The paper reviews advanced display techniques and explores the opportunities prevalent in this area. In the realm of micro-LED displays, the incorporation of nanomaterials, particularly focusing on nanocrystals and quantum dots, represents a significant leap in display efficiency, color accuracy, and resolution. This advancement holds potential benefits for industries such as electronics, healthcare, and automotive. The integration of III-nitride nanostructures into micro-LEDs contributes to high brightness levels and low energy consumption rates. However, successful commercialisation faces challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and standardisation. Another approach to consolidating multiple functions into one chip, simplifying system configuration and reducing space requirements, is through Monolithic Integrated Device (MID) technology. Pervasive use of MID technology can be seen in areas like consumer electronics, healthcare, and industrial control systems. The latest developments concern top-down and bottom-up approaches to micro-LED integration, allowing the merging of III-V LEDs with Silicon Thin Film Transistors (TFTs), well-known for leading towards the most recent improvements in high-performance multifunctional devices with high efficiency. However, some attention must be paid to steps that are necessary for understanding manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-effectiveness in order to have better products. Manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-efficiencies are required before these technologies can fully deliver on their promises. This may eventually bring about a world where markets rely on displays that are not just of high quality but also flexible and power-saving.
•
MXenes are a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides.
•
They efficiently catalyze diverse chemical reactions, promoting sustainability.
•
Excel in supercapacitors and batteries for high energy and fast charging.
•
Ideal for sensitive, selective gas and biomolecule sensors.
Abstract
MXenes, a rapidly growing family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides (Mn+1XnTx, where M is a transition metal, X is carbon, nitrogen, or both, and T represents surface functional groups), have captured the scientific community's interest due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and diverse technological applications. This comprehensive review explores the latest breakthroughs in MXene synthesis and characterisation, emphasising their multifaceted applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and other cutting-edge domains. This review examines the most widely used MXene synthesis strategies, including selective etching and delamination, and highlight recent advancements in controlling surface terminations, composition, and morphology. The influence of these synthetic parameters on MXene properties is discussed in detail. Characterisation techniques, ranging from spectroscopic methods to electron microscopy, are essential for elucidating MXenes' structure-property relationships. Research into energy storage leverages MXenes' high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and chemical tunability. This has led to significant progress in the field. This paper presents research efforts focused on optimising MXenes for both battery and supercapacitor applications. Additionally, the catalytic prowess of MXenes, particularly in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, is explored, emphasising their role in green energy technologies and environmental remediation. MXenes' remarkable sensitivity and selectivity make them promising candidates for sensing various gases, biomolecules, and ions, offering exciting possibilities in healthcare and environmental monitoring. Importantly, this review underscores the need for continued optimisation of MXene synthesis protocols to achieve large-scale production, enhanced stability, and precise control over properties across various fields.
Conclusion and future prospect
The study of MXenes reveals exciting advancements in materials science, with applications in energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Careful attention is given to the crucial selective etching process, which shapes MXenes with tailored structures and properties. Researchers explore safer alternatives to hazardous etchants like HF, including NH4HF2, tetrabutylammonium fluoride [(C4H9)4NF], NaF, KF, CsF, and CaF2 with HCl or H2SO4. Optimal MXene synthesis depends on understanding the intended purpose, desired qualities, and necessary components. One detailed process involved using powdered Ti3AlC2, LiF, and HCl solutions to produce a specific MXene variant (Ti3C2Tx). This process yielded flakes with improved lateral dimensions and eliminated nanoscale flaws compared to materials etched with HF. Researchers are actively refining selective etching processes to further enhance the yield, purity, and properties of MXene materials. Recent research investigates MXenes in various fields, including flexible electronics, water purification, and biomedicine. Their exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength position them as promising candidates for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, MXenes' high surface area and chemical stability make them well-suited for catalysis and water purification applications. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability also enable promising exploration in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Conclusions and outlooks
Borophene, a 2D honeycomb lattice of boron atoms, has emerged as a revolutionary material with the potential to transform various scientific and technological fields. Its unique properties have sparked excitement and research interest across diverse industries. This article delves into the significance of borophene and its implications for future innovations. One of the most compelling aspects of borophene is its high carrier mobility and tuneable bandgap. These properties make it highly attractive for the development of faster and more efficient transistors and logic gates. By leveraging borophene's electronic properties, researchers aim to revolutionise electronics, paving the way for advancements in computing power and data processing. Furthermore, borophene holds promise for spintronics applications, offering opportunities for breakthroughs in data storage and manipulation. Beyond electronics, borophene's exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and thermal stability make it an intriguing candidate for aerospace applications. Lightweight yet robust, borophene-based materials could revolutionise the design of aerospace structures and components, leading to more fuel-efficient aircraft and spacecraft. Additionally, borophene's sensitivity to various stimuli positions it as a valuable material for gas sensors and environmental monitoring devices. Its ability to detect and respond to different gases could enhance air quality monitoring systems and contribute to pollution control efforts. Moreover, borophene's optical transparency and tunability open up exciting possibilities for advanced solar cells and innovative lighting systems. By incorporating borophene into these technologies, researchers aim to improve energy efficiency and explore new avenues for sustainable energy generation. Furthermore, borophene's potential for quantum applications is gaining attention. Its unique properties make it suitable for tasks such as radiation shielding and precise measurements in Earth sciences. As researchers delve deeper into borophene's quantum properties, they may uncover new avenues for exploration in fundamental physics and quantum technology. In conclusion, borophene's remarkable properties hold immense potential for a wide range of applications, spanning from electronics to aerospace, environmental monitoring, energy, and quantum technology. As research in this field continues to advance, we can anticipate even greater innovations and breakthroughs driven by this extraordinary 2D material. The future of borophene is bright, and it is poised to leave a lasting impact on science and technology.
Book
Modern Physical Chemistry: Engineering Models, Materials, and Methods with Applications
Edition1st Edition
First Published2018
Imprint Apple Academic Press
Pages68
eBook ISBN
Conclusions
Zinc oxide-carbon quantum dot (ZnO-CQD) nanocomposites offer a promising approach to address challenges in energy storage and conversion. Synthesised through techniques such as hydrothermal treatment, thermal treatment, and electrospinning, these nanocomposites demonstrate superior properties due to their well-dispersed structures. Control over size, morphology, and composition directly impacts their performance, with advanced characterisation techniques like spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemical analysis playing a crucial role in understanding structural, optical, and electrochemical interactions between ZnO and CQDs. Such insights inform the optimisation of composite properties for targeted energy applications. These nanocomposites provide significant advantages in seasonal energy storage, integrating seamlessly into devices like lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and photocatalytic systems to enhance energy and power density, facilitating long-term energy storage solutions. Notably, the utilisation of nitrogen and sulfur-doped CQDs helps mitigate the light-soaking effect in organic solar cells, thereby improving efficiency. Moreover, optimising hybrid solar cell parameters underscores the potential of ZnO-CQD nanocomposites as alternative energy sources. Beyond photovoltaics, these nanocomposites show promise in synergistic catalysis for hydrogen production, paving the way for clean energy generation. Both zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) hold significant potential for energy storage applications due to their unique properties and tunability. CQDs, with their potential for high specific capacitance, energy density, and long-term durability, offer valuable avenues for enhancing supercapacitor performance. On the other hand, doping ZnO nanoparticles, such as with chromium, has shown potential in improving energy storage device performance. Tailoring ZnO through doping offers various benefits depending on the specific battery technology employed. Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs) stand out for large-scale energy storage due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and robust electrochemical performance. Integrating ZnO and CQDs holds promise in further enhancing ZIB performance by optimising factors like conductivity and ion diffusion. The versatility of ZnO and CQDs lies in their customisable properties through synthesis, doping, and composite formation, enabling researchers to explore diverse energy storage solutions with enhanced performance characteristics. Continuous multidisciplinary research efforts are poised to yield further breakthroughs, driving the widespread adoption of these materials for sustainable energy solutions.
Highlights
•Graphene, carbon nanotubes and their defects have been presented.
•Defect research on mechanical and electrical properties and Characterization technique has been highlighted.
•Defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene and their biomedical, electronics and environmental application have been presented.
Conclusion
Controlling defects within carbon nanotubes and graphene is crucial for realizing their full potential. Defects like vacancies, dislocations, and surface irregularities present both challenges and opportunities for customizing these nanomaterials. In the context of mechanical properties, defects directly influence strength, flexibility, and the material responds to stress. For electrical applications, defects impact conductivity, band structure, and carrier mobility – factors essential for use in electronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. Researchers use various techniques, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and computational modeling, to study and characterize these defects. Gaining deeper insights into defect types and distribution will aid in the development of tailored carbon nanomaterials for specific applications. Defect engineering offers a powerful tool for tailoring the properties and functions of carbon nanotubes and graphene, expanding their potential in diverse industries. By intentionally introducing or modifying defects, researchers can customize these nanomaterials for specific applications. It is important to acknowledge the potential environmental impact and health hazards associated with these materials and actively incorporate safety considerations. Research dedicated to investigating both the benefits and risks of carbon-based nanomaterials provides a balanced understanding essential for their responsible deployment in various sectors. Ultimately, defects in carbon nanotubes and graphene can be harnessed as powerful levers for material property enhancements rather than mere imperfections. Characterizing and strategically manipulating these defects will contribute to safely realizing the full potential of these nanomaterials across numerous industries.
Highlights
•Micro-light Emitting Diode (μLED) technology incorporating nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures was charted.
•Micro-LEDs are mainly prepared from combinations of nanomaterials and III-nitride nanostructures.
•Nanomaterials and Group III-nitride nanostructures enable the creation of highly efficient micro-LED displays.
•Highlighted among various strategies for enhancing economic viability, the development of specific strategies holds promise in overcoming challenges and fostering broader adoption of micro-LED displays.
Concluding remarks
The paper reviews advanced display techniques and explores the opportunities prevalent in this area. In the realm of micro-LED displays, the incorporation of nanomaterials, particularly focusing on nanocrystals and quantum dots, represents a significant leap in display efficiency, color accuracy, and resolution. This advancement holds potential benefits for industries such as electronics, healthcare, and automotive. The integration of III-nitride nanostructures into micro-LEDs contributes to high brightness levels and low energy consumption rates. However, successful commercialisation faces challenges related to scalability, cost-effectiveness, and standardisation. Another approach to consolidating multiple functions into one chip, simplifying system configuration and reducing space requirements, is through Monolithic Integrated Device (MID) technology. Pervasive use of MID technology can be seen in areas like consumer electronics, healthcare, and industrial control systems. The latest developments concern top-down and bottom-up approaches to micro-LED integration, allowing the merging of III-V LEDs with Silicon Thin Film Transistors (TFTs), well-known for leading towards the most recent improvements in high-performance multifunctional devices with high efficiency. However, some attention must be paid to steps that are necessary for understanding manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-effectiveness in order to have better products. Manufacturing complexity, uniformity, and cost-efficiencies are required before these technologies can fully deliver on their promises. This may eventually bring about a world where markets rely on displays that are not just of high quality but also flexible and power-saving.
•
MXenes are a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides.
•
They efficiently catalyze diverse chemical reactions, promoting sustainability.
•
Excel in supercapacitors and batteries for high energy and fast charging.
•
Ideal for sensitive, selective gas and biomolecule sensors.
Abstract
MXenes, a rapidly growing family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides (Mn+1XnTx, where M is a transition metal, X is carbon, nitrogen, or both, and T represents surface functional groups), have captured the scientific community's interest due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and diverse technological applications. This comprehensive review explores the latest breakthroughs in MXene synthesis and characterisation, emphasising their multifaceted applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and other cutting-edge domains. This review examines the most widely used MXene synthesis strategies, including selective etching and delamination, and highlight recent advancements in controlling surface terminations, composition, and morphology. The influence of these synthetic parameters on MXene properties is discussed in detail. Characterisation techniques, ranging from spectroscopic methods to electron microscopy, are essential for elucidating MXenes' structure-property relationships. Research into energy storage leverages MXenes' high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and chemical tunability. This has led to significant progress in the field. This paper presents research efforts focused on optimising MXenes for both battery and supercapacitor applications. Additionally, the catalytic prowess of MXenes, particularly in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, is explored, emphasising their role in green energy technologies and environmental remediation. MXenes' remarkable sensitivity and selectivity make them promising candidates for sensing various gases, biomolecules, and ions, offering exciting possibilities in healthcare and environmental monitoring. Importantly, this review underscores the need for continued optimisation of MXene synthesis protocols to achieve large-scale production, enhanced stability, and precise control over properties across various fields.
Conclusion and future prospect
The study of MXenes reveals exciting advancements in materials science, with applications in energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Careful attention is given to the crucial selective etching process, which shapes MXenes with tailored structures and properties. Researchers explore safer alternatives to hazardous etchants like HF, including NH4HF2, tetrabutylammonium fluoride [(C4H9)4NF], NaF, KF, CsF, and CaF2 with HCl or H2SO4. Optimal MXene synthesis depends on understanding the intended purpose, desired qualities, and necessary components. One detailed process involved using powdered Ti3AlC2, LiF, and HCl solutions to produce a specific MXene variant (Ti3C2Tx). This process yielded flakes with improved lateral dimensions and eliminated nanoscale flaws compared to materials etched with HF. Researchers are actively refining selective etching processes to further enhance the yield, purity, and properties of MXene materials. Recent research investigates MXenes in various fields, including flexible electronics, water purification, and biomedicine. Their exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength position them as promising candidates for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, MXenes' high surface area and chemical stability make them well-suited for catalysis and water purification applications. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability also enable promising exploration in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Conclusions and outlooks
Borophene, a 2D honeycomb lattice of boron atoms, has emerged as a revolutionary material with the potential to transform various scientific and technological fields. Its unique properties have sparked excitement and research interest across diverse industries. This article delves into the significance of borophene and its implications for future innovations. One of the most compelling aspects of borophene is its high carrier mobility and tuneable bandgap. These properties make it highly attractive for the development of faster and more efficient transistors and logic gates. By leveraging borophene's electronic properties, researchers aim to revolutionise electronics, paving the way for advancements in computing power and data processing. Furthermore, borophene holds promise for spintronics applications, offering opportunities for breakthroughs in data storage and manipulation. Beyond electronics, borophene's exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and thermal stability make it an intriguing candidate for aerospace applications. Lightweight yet robust, borophene-based materials could revolutionise the design of aerospace structures and components, leading to more fuel-efficient aircraft and spacecraft. Additionally, borophene's sensitivity to various stimuli positions it as a valuable material for gas sensors and environmental monitoring devices. Its ability to detect and respond to different gases could enhance air quality monitoring systems and contribute to pollution control efforts. Moreover, borophene's optical transparency and tunability open up exciting possibilities for advanced solar cells and innovative lighting systems. By incorporating borophene into these technologies, researchers aim to improve energy efficiency and explore new avenues for sustainable energy generation. Furthermore, borophene's potential for quantum applications is gaining attention. Its unique properties make it suitable for tasks such as radiation shielding and precise measurements in Earth sciences. As researchers delve deeper into borophene's quantum properties, they may uncover new avenues for exploration in fundamental physics and quantum technology. In conclusion, borophene's remarkable properties hold immense potential for a wide range of applications, spanning from electronics to aerospace, environmental monitoring, energy, and quantum technology. As research in this field continues to advance, we can anticipate even greater innovations and breakthroughs driven by this extraordinary 2D material. The future of borophene is bright, and it is poised to leave a lasting impact on science and technology.
Book
Modern Physical Chemistry: Engineering Models, Materials, and Methods with Applications
Edition1st Edition
First Published2018
Imprint Apple Academic Press
Pages68
eBook ISBN