This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/No... more This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/NoGo task. Fifteen, habitually active (9 females and 6 males aged 28 ± 5 years) agreed to participate in the study and cognitive performance was measured in three sessions lasting 10 min each, performed at three different exercise intensities: rest, moderate and high. Results indicated significant exercise intensity main effects for reaction time (RT) (p = 0.01), the omission error rate (p = 0.027) and the decision error rate (p = 0.011), with significantly longer RTs during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.039) and rest (p = 0.023). Mean ± SE of RT (ms) was 395.8 ± 9.1, 396.3 ± 9.1 and 433.5 ± 16.1 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. This pattern was replicated for the error rate with a significantly higher omission error and decision error rate during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.003) and rest (p = 0.001). Mean ± SE of omission errors (%) was 0.88 ± 0.23, 0.8 ± 0.23 and 1.8 ± 0.46% for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. Likewise, mean ± SE of decision errors (%) was 0.73 ± 0.24, 0.73 ± 0.21 and 1.8 ± 0.31 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. The present study's results suggest that 10 min workout at high intensity impairs RT performances in habitually active adults compared to rest or moderate intensity exercise.
The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of changes in physiological arousal on ti... more The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of changes in physiological arousal on timing performance can be accurately predicted by the catastrophe model. Eighteen young adults (8 males, 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethical approval. After familiarisation, coincidence anticipation was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer under four incremental exercise conditions: Increasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety, increasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety, decreasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety and decreasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety. Incremental exercise was performed on a treadmill at intensities of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% heart rate reserve (HRR) respectively. Ratings of cognitive anxiety were taken at each intensity using the Mental Readiness Form 3 (MRF3) followed by performance of coincidence anticipation trials at speeds of 3 and 8 mph. Results indicated significant condition × intensity interactions for absolute error (AE; p = .0001) and MRF cognitive anxiety intensity scores (p = .05). Post hoc analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in AE across exercise intensities in low-cognitive anxiety conditions. In high-cognitive anxiety conditions, timing performance AE was significantly poorer and cognitive anxiety higher at 90% HRR, compared to the other exercise intensities. There was no difference in timing responses at 90% HRR during competitive trials, irrespective of whether exercise intensity was increasing or decreasing. This study suggests that anticipation timing performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety are high.
Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling... more Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling technique following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (Gabbett, 2008: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (2), 625-632). A fundamental component of the tackling technique is agility as players are required to accelerate forward and make rapid lateral changes in direction. Whilst studies have assessed agility within Rugby League players, no study to date has investigated the effect of fatigue on agility within this population. Purpose: To investigate the effect of game-specific fatigue on agility in Rugby League players. Methods: Twelve Rugby League players (mean s; age 21 ± 1 years; height 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass 85.33 ± 11.28 kg) participated in this study following ethical approval and informed consent. Players performed the L-run Agility Test at rest and following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (corresponding to moderate, high, and very high intensity) in ord...
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014
The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), he... more The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and mood state responses in primary school children of moderate intensity cycling whilst viewing a green environment compared to exercise alone. Following ethics approval and parental informed consent, 14 children (seven boys, seven girls, Mean age ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook two, 15 min bouts of cycling at a moderate exercise intensity in a counterbalanced order. In one bout they cycled whilst viewing a film of cycling in a forest setting. In the other condition participants cycled with no visual stimulus. Pre-, immediately post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise, BP, HR and Mood state were assessed. Analysis of variance, indicated significant condition X time interaction for SBP (p = 0.04). Bonferroni post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that systolic blood pressure (SBP) 15 min post exercise was significantly lower following green exercise compared to the control condition (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (all p > 0.05). HR immediately post exercise was significantly higher than HR pre exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (p = 0.001). Mood scores for fatigue were significantly higher and scores for vigor lower 15 min post exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (both p = 0.0001). Gender was not significant in any analyses (p > 0.05). Thus, the present study identifies an augmented post exercise hypotensive effect for children following green exercise compared to exercise alone.
Background: Water polo is a popular and highly demanding sport (Farajian et al. 2005: European Jo... more Background: Water polo is a popular and highly demanding sport (Farajian et al. 2005: European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 35-41). Despite this, few studies have been published concerning the physical and physiological attributes required to achieve world-class performance. Potential changes in body composition with water polo training and the relevance of an individual’s body size and composition to water polo performance have not been well studied (Smith, 1998: Sports Medicine, 26, 317-334). Although body composition significantly differs among athletes of different specializations even at a young age, body composition is not always significantly related to performance of various movements (Ugarkovic et al, 2002: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16, 227-230). An athlete’s anthropometric and physical characteristics may represent important prerequisites for successful participation. Knowledge of such anthropometric characteristics of elite level water polo play...
The 2011 English Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) stipulates training volumes that could put ... more The 2011 English Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) stipulates training volumes that could put elite youth players at high risk of non-functional overreaching. The aim of the study was to assess player perceptions of well-being and physical performance to these high training loads. Fourteen academy football players (mean ± SD: age 17 ± 1 years; stature 179 ± 6 cm; body mass 70.8 ± 8.6 kg, at pre-season) completed a perception of well-being questionnaire 1-4 times per week throughout each training block (pre-season, in-season 1, 2, 3). Physical performance tests were carried out at the end of each training block. Increases in training exposure (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.52) and moderate to large deteriorations in perceptions of well-being (motivation, sleep quality, recovery, appetite, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.30-0.53) were evident as the season progressed. A moderate decrease in 30 m sprint performance (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.48), a large improvement in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.93) and small decreases in countermovement jump (P > 0.05; η 2 P = 0.18) and arrowhead agility (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.24) performance were evident as the season progressed. The present findings show an imbalance between stress and recovery in English elite youth players even when players experience lower training exposure than stipulated by the EPPP.
Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical an... more Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical and cognitive performance in younger adults. However, few studies have assessed the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance, particularly functional performance in older adults. The present study aims to assess the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in older adults. METHODS:
19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort. RESULTS:
A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexterity was also improved in the presence of caffeine (P = .001). RTIME increased (P = .015) pre to post ingestion in the caffeine condition but not in the placebo condition. There were no significant main effects or interactions for RTIPE or gender in any analysis (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study suggest that acute caffeine ingestion positively enhances functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in apparently healthy older adults.
Rhodiola Rosea (R.Rosea) is a herb that grows in mountainous regions of North America, Europe and... more Rhodiola Rosea (R.Rosea) is a herb that grows in mountainous regions of North America, Europe and Asia and has been identified as a possible ergogenic aid (Walker and Robergs, 2006). However, the impact of R.Rosea ingestion on exercise performance in humans is equivocal. Research has suggested R.Rosea ingestion has no ergogenic effect on exercise performance (Earnest et al 2004) whilst other recent research by Noreen et al (2013) reported that ingestion of R.Rosea (3 mg·kg -1 body mass) significantly decreased submaximal exercise heart rate, reduced RPE and improved 6 mile cycling time trial performance in 18 active women. The present study sought to assess the effect of acute R.Rosea ingestion on 5km running performance in active adults. Eleven habitually active males (aged 19-35; Mean age ± SD = 24±6years; Mean body mass ± SD = 71.4±8.43kg) performed a 5km treadmill-based time trial post ingestion of R.Rosea (3mg*kg -1 ) or placebo (Maltodextrin), in powder form and diluted into 250ml of artificially sweetened water, in a randomised order. Time trial performance was completed blind (i.e., participants did not have access to and feedback relating to distance, speed or time). Every 1km of the time trial Heart rate (HR), rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), using the Borg 6-20 scale (Borg, 1982) and blood lactate (Bla), using a fingertip capillary sample, (Lactate Pro, Arkray Inc, Japan). A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated no significant effect of substance ingested on 5km performance time (P = 0.56) or on pacing per Km of the trial (P = 0.50). There was no significant substance effect for exercise HR (P = 0.56) or Bla (P = 0.91). However both HR (P < 0.01) and Bla (P < 0.01) increased significantly each km of the time trial. RPE was however lower in the presence of R.Rosea compared to placebo (P = 0.02). There was also a significant time main effect for RPE (P < 0 .01) where RPE increased with every KM increase in the time trial. The results of this study suggest that acute R.Rosea ingestion does not enhance 5km running performance but may positively impact on RPE during exercise.
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
Journal of sports medicine (Hindawi Publishing Corporation), 2014
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) ingestion on s... more The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) ingestion on substrate utilisation, mood state, RPE, and exercise affect. Ten males (mean age ± S.D. = 26 ± 6 years) completed two 30-minute cycling trials at an intensity of 70% of [Formula: see text] following ingestion of either 3 mg·kg(-1) body mass of R. rosea or placebo using a double-blind, crossover design. During exercise, heart rate and RPE were recorded. Participants completed measures of mood state and exercise affect before and after exercise. Expired air samples were taken during exercise to determine substrate utilisation. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that RPE was significantly lower at 30 minutes into exercise versus placebo (P = 0.003). Perceptions of arousal (P = 0.05) and pleasure were significantly higher after exercise with R. rosea compared to placebo (P = 0.003). Mood state scores for vigor were also higher in R. rosea condition compared to placebo (P = 0.008...
Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling... more Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling technique following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (Gabbett, 2008: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (2), 625-632). A fundamental component of the tackling technique is agility as players are required to accelerate forward and make rapid lateral changes in direction. Whilst studies have assessed agility within Rugby League players, no study to date has investigated the effect of fatigue on agility within this population. Purpose: To investigate the effect of game-specific fatigue on agility in Rugby League players. Methods: Twelve Rugby League players (mean s; age 21 ± 1 years; height 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass 85.33 ± 11.28 kg) participated in this study following ethical approval and informed consent. Players performed the L-run Agility Test at rest and following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (corresponding to moderate, high, and very high intensity) in ord...
A total of 77 children (34 boys, 43 girls, mean age ± standard deviation = 9 ± 1 years) participa... more A total of 77 children (34 boys, 43 girls, mean age ± standard deviation = 9 ± 1 years) participated in this study; 46 children (intervention) undertook a 12-week school gardening programme and 31 children acted as controls. Measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and fruit and vegetable consumption were taken pre- and post-intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the intervention group increased daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased intentions, attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control related to fruit and vegetable consumption. Attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control significantly predicted changes in fruit and vegetable consumption.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015
Word Count: 248 Text-Only Word Count: 3646 "Effect of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Ingestion on Badm... more Word Count: 248 Text-Only Word Count: 3646 "Effect of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Ingestion on Badminton Performance" by Clarke ND, Duncan MJ International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Abstract Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to investigate the effect of ingesting carbohydrate and caffeine solutions on measures that are central to success in badminton. Methods: Twelve male badminton players performed a badminton serve accuracy test, coincidence anticipation timing (CAT) and a choice reaction time sprint test 60 min before exercise. Participants then consumed 7 ml·kg body mass -1 of either water (PLA), 6.4% carbohydrate solution (CHO), a solution containing a caffeine dose of 4 mg·kg -1 (CAF) or 6.4% carbohydrate and 4 mg·kg -1 caffeine (C+C). All solutions were flavoured with orangeflavoured concentrate. During the 33 min fatigue protocol, participants were provided with an additional 3 ml·kg body mass -1 of solution, which was ingested before the end of the protocol. As soon as the 33 min fatigue protocol was completed, all measures were recorded again. Results: Short serve accuracy was improved following the ingestion of CHO and C+C compared with PLA (P=0.001; 2 P =0.50). Long serve accuracy was improved following the ingestion of C+C compared with PLA (P<0.001; 2 P =0.53). Absolute error in CAT demonstrated smaller deteriorations following the ingestion of C+C compared with PLA (P<0.05; Slow: 2 P =0.41; Fast: 2 P =0.31). Choice reaction time improved in all trials with the exception of PLA, which demonstrated a reduction (P<0.001; 2 P =0.85), although C+C was faster than all trials (P<0.001; 2 P =0.76). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the ingestion of a caffeinated carbohydrate solution before and during a badminton match can maintain serve accuracy, anticipation timing and sprinting actions around the court.
Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical an... more Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical and cognitive performance in younger adults. However, few studies have assessed the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance, particularly functional performance in older adults. The present study aims to assess the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in older adults. 19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort. A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexter...
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014
The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), he... more The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and mood state responses in primary school children of moderate intensity cycling whilst viewing a green environment compared to exercise alone. Following ethics approval and parental informed consent, 14 children (seven boys, seven girls, Mean age ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook two, 15 min bouts of cycling at a moderate exercise intensity in a counterbalanced order. In one bout they cycled whilst viewing a film of cycling in a forest setting. In the other condition participants cycled with no visual stimulus. Pre-, immediately post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise, BP, HR and Mood state were assessed. Analysis of variance, indicated significant condition X time interaction for SBP (p = 0.04). Bonferroni post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that systolic blood pressure (SBP) 15 min post exercise was significantly lower following green exercise compared to the control condition (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (all p > 0.05). HR immediately post exercise was significantly higher than HR pre exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (p = 0.001). Mood scores for fatigue were significantly higher and scores for vigor lower 15 min post exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (both p = 0.0001). Gender was not significant in any analyses (p > 0.05). Thus, the present study identifies an augmented post exercise hypotensive effect for children following green exercise compared to exercise alone.
This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/No... more This study examined the effect of short duration, moderate and high-intensity exercise on a Go/NoGo task. Fifteen, habitually active (9 females and 6 males aged 28 ± 5 years) agreed to participate in the study and cognitive performance was measured in three sessions lasting 10 min each, performed at three different exercise intensities: rest, moderate and high. Results indicated significant exercise intensity main effects for reaction time (RT) (p = 0.01), the omission error rate (p = 0.027) and the decision error rate (p = 0.011), with significantly longer RTs during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.039) and rest (p = 0.023). Mean ± SE of RT (ms) was 395.8 ± 9.1, 396.3 ± 9.1 and 433.5 ± 16.1 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. This pattern was replicated for the error rate with a significantly higher omission error and decision error rate during high intensity exercise compared to moderate intensity exercise (p = 0.003) and rest (p = 0.001). Mean ± SE of omission errors (%) was 0.88 ± 0.23, 0.8 ± 0.23 and 1.8 ± 0.46% for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. Likewise, mean ± SE of decision errors (%) was 0.73 ± 0.24, 0.73 ± 0.21 and 1.8 ± 0.31 for rest, moderate and high intensity exercise, respectively. The present study's results suggest that 10 min workout at high intensity impairs RT performances in habitually active adults compared to rest or moderate intensity exercise.
The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of changes in physiological arousal on ti... more The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of changes in physiological arousal on timing performance can be accurately predicted by the catastrophe model. Eighteen young adults (8 males, 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethical approval. After familiarisation, coincidence anticipation was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer under four incremental exercise conditions: Increasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety, increasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety, decreasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety and decreasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety. Incremental exercise was performed on a treadmill at intensities of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% heart rate reserve (HRR) respectively. Ratings of cognitive anxiety were taken at each intensity using the Mental Readiness Form 3 (MRF3) followed by performance of coincidence anticipation trials at speeds of 3 and 8 mph. Results indicated significant condition × intensity interactions for absolute error (AE; p = .0001) and MRF cognitive anxiety intensity scores (p = .05). Post hoc analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in AE across exercise intensities in low-cognitive anxiety conditions. In high-cognitive anxiety conditions, timing performance AE was significantly poorer and cognitive anxiety higher at 90% HRR, compared to the other exercise intensities. There was no difference in timing responses at 90% HRR during competitive trials, irrespective of whether exercise intensity was increasing or decreasing. This study suggests that anticipation timing performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety are high.
Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling... more Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling technique following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (Gabbett, 2008: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (2), 625-632). A fundamental component of the tackling technique is agility as players are required to accelerate forward and make rapid lateral changes in direction. Whilst studies have assessed agility within Rugby League players, no study to date has investigated the effect of fatigue on agility within this population. Purpose: To investigate the effect of game-specific fatigue on agility in Rugby League players. Methods: Twelve Rugby League players (mean s; age 21 ± 1 years; height 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass 85.33 ± 11.28 kg) participated in this study following ethical approval and informed consent. Players performed the L-run Agility Test at rest and following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (corresponding to moderate, high, and very high intensity) in ord...
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014
The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), he... more The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and mood state responses in primary school children of moderate intensity cycling whilst viewing a green environment compared to exercise alone. Following ethics approval and parental informed consent, 14 children (seven boys, seven girls, Mean age ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook two, 15 min bouts of cycling at a moderate exercise intensity in a counterbalanced order. In one bout they cycled whilst viewing a film of cycling in a forest setting. In the other condition participants cycled with no visual stimulus. Pre-, immediately post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise, BP, HR and Mood state were assessed. Analysis of variance, indicated significant condition X time interaction for SBP (p = 0.04). Bonferroni post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that systolic blood pressure (SBP) 15 min post exercise was significantly lower following green exercise compared to the control condition (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (all p > 0.05). HR immediately post exercise was significantly higher than HR pre exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (p = 0.001). Mood scores for fatigue were significantly higher and scores for vigor lower 15 min post exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (both p = 0.0001). Gender was not significant in any analyses (p > 0.05). Thus, the present study identifies an augmented post exercise hypotensive effect for children following green exercise compared to exercise alone.
Background: Water polo is a popular and highly demanding sport (Farajian et al. 2005: European Jo... more Background: Water polo is a popular and highly demanding sport (Farajian et al. 2005: European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95, 35-41). Despite this, few studies have been published concerning the physical and physiological attributes required to achieve world-class performance. Potential changes in body composition with water polo training and the relevance of an individual’s body size and composition to water polo performance have not been well studied (Smith, 1998: Sports Medicine, 26, 317-334). Although body composition significantly differs among athletes of different specializations even at a young age, body composition is not always significantly related to performance of various movements (Ugarkovic et al, 2002: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16, 227-230). An athlete’s anthropometric and physical characteristics may represent important prerequisites for successful participation. Knowledge of such anthropometric characteristics of elite level water polo play...
The 2011 English Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) stipulates training volumes that could put ... more The 2011 English Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) stipulates training volumes that could put elite youth players at high risk of non-functional overreaching. The aim of the study was to assess player perceptions of well-being and physical performance to these high training loads. Fourteen academy football players (mean ± SD: age 17 ± 1 years; stature 179 ± 6 cm; body mass 70.8 ± 8.6 kg, at pre-season) completed a perception of well-being questionnaire 1-4 times per week throughout each training block (pre-season, in-season 1, 2, 3). Physical performance tests were carried out at the end of each training block. Increases in training exposure (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.52) and moderate to large deteriorations in perceptions of well-being (motivation, sleep quality, recovery, appetite, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.30-0.53) were evident as the season progressed. A moderate decrease in 30 m sprint performance (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.48), a large improvement in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.93) and small decreases in countermovement jump (P > 0.05; η 2 P = 0.18) and arrowhead agility (P < 0.05; η 2 P = 0.24) performance were evident as the season progressed. The present findings show an imbalance between stress and recovery in English elite youth players even when players experience lower training exposure than stipulated by the EPPP.
Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical an... more Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical and cognitive performance in younger adults. However, few studies have assessed the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance, particularly functional performance in older adults. The present study aims to assess the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in older adults. METHODS:
19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort. RESULTS:
A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexterity was also improved in the presence of caffeine (P = .001). RTIME increased (P = .015) pre to post ingestion in the caffeine condition but not in the placebo condition. There were no significant main effects or interactions for RTIPE or gender in any analysis (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study suggest that acute caffeine ingestion positively enhances functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in apparently healthy older adults.
Rhodiola Rosea (R.Rosea) is a herb that grows in mountainous regions of North America, Europe and... more Rhodiola Rosea (R.Rosea) is a herb that grows in mountainous regions of North America, Europe and Asia and has been identified as a possible ergogenic aid (Walker and Robergs, 2006). However, the impact of R.Rosea ingestion on exercise performance in humans is equivocal. Research has suggested R.Rosea ingestion has no ergogenic effect on exercise performance (Earnest et al 2004) whilst other recent research by Noreen et al (2013) reported that ingestion of R.Rosea (3 mg·kg -1 body mass) significantly decreased submaximal exercise heart rate, reduced RPE and improved 6 mile cycling time trial performance in 18 active women. The present study sought to assess the effect of acute R.Rosea ingestion on 5km running performance in active adults. Eleven habitually active males (aged 19-35; Mean age ± SD = 24±6years; Mean body mass ± SD = 71.4±8.43kg) performed a 5km treadmill-based time trial post ingestion of R.Rosea (3mg*kg -1 ) or placebo (Maltodextrin), in powder form and diluted into 250ml of artificially sweetened water, in a randomised order. Time trial performance was completed blind (i.e., participants did not have access to and feedback relating to distance, speed or time). Every 1km of the time trial Heart rate (HR), rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), using the Borg 6-20 scale (Borg, 1982) and blood lactate (Bla), using a fingertip capillary sample, (Lactate Pro, Arkray Inc, Japan). A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated no significant effect of substance ingested on 5km performance time (P = 0.56) or on pacing per Km of the trial (P = 0.50). There was no significant substance effect for exercise HR (P = 0.56) or Bla (P = 0.91). However both HR (P < 0.01) and Bla (P < 0.01) increased significantly each km of the time trial. RPE was however lower in the presence of R.Rosea compared to placebo (P = 0.02). There was also a significant time main effect for RPE (P < 0 .01) where RPE increased with every KM increase in the time trial. The results of this study suggest that acute R.Rosea ingestion does not enhance 5km running performance but may positively impact on RPE during exercise.
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
Journal of sports medicine (Hindawi Publishing Corporation), 2014
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) ingestion on s... more The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acute Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) ingestion on substrate utilisation, mood state, RPE, and exercise affect. Ten males (mean age ± S.D. = 26 ± 6 years) completed two 30-minute cycling trials at an intensity of 70% of [Formula: see text] following ingestion of either 3 mg·kg(-1) body mass of R. rosea or placebo using a double-blind, crossover design. During exercise, heart rate and RPE were recorded. Participants completed measures of mood state and exercise affect before and after exercise. Expired air samples were taken during exercise to determine substrate utilisation. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that RPE was significantly lower at 30 minutes into exercise versus placebo (P = 0.003). Perceptions of arousal (P = 0.05) and pleasure were significantly higher after exercise with R. rosea compared to placebo (P = 0.003). Mood state scores for vigor were also higher in R. rosea condition compared to placebo (P = 0.008...
Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling... more Background: Previous research in Rugby League has highlighted a progressive reduction in tackling technique following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (Gabbett, 2008: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (2), 625-632). A fundamental component of the tackling technique is agility as players are required to accelerate forward and make rapid lateral changes in direction. Whilst studies have assessed agility within Rugby League players, no study to date has investigated the effect of fatigue on agility within this population. Purpose: To investigate the effect of game-specific fatigue on agility in Rugby League players. Methods: Twelve Rugby League players (mean s; age 21 ± 1 years; height 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass 85.33 ± 11.28 kg) participated in this study following ethical approval and informed consent. Players performed the L-run Agility Test at rest and following game-specific repeated-effort exercise (corresponding to moderate, high, and very high intensity) in ord...
A total of 77 children (34 boys, 43 girls, mean age ± standard deviation = 9 ± 1 years) participa... more A total of 77 children (34 boys, 43 girls, mean age ± standard deviation = 9 ± 1 years) participated in this study; 46 children (intervention) undertook a 12-week school gardening programme and 31 children acted as controls. Measures of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and fruit and vegetable consumption were taken pre- and post-intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the intervention group increased daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased intentions, attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioural control related to fruit and vegetable consumption. Attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control significantly predicted changes in fruit and vegetable consumption.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2015
Word Count: 248 Text-Only Word Count: 3646 "Effect of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Ingestion on Badm... more Word Count: 248 Text-Only Word Count: 3646 "Effect of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Ingestion on Badminton Performance" by Clarke ND, Duncan MJ International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Abstract Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to investigate the effect of ingesting carbohydrate and caffeine solutions on measures that are central to success in badminton. Methods: Twelve male badminton players performed a badminton serve accuracy test, coincidence anticipation timing (CAT) and a choice reaction time sprint test 60 min before exercise. Participants then consumed 7 ml·kg body mass -1 of either water (PLA), 6.4% carbohydrate solution (CHO), a solution containing a caffeine dose of 4 mg·kg -1 (CAF) or 6.4% carbohydrate and 4 mg·kg -1 caffeine (C+C). All solutions were flavoured with orangeflavoured concentrate. During the 33 min fatigue protocol, participants were provided with an additional 3 ml·kg body mass -1 of solution, which was ingested before the end of the protocol. As soon as the 33 min fatigue protocol was completed, all measures were recorded again. Results: Short serve accuracy was improved following the ingestion of CHO and C+C compared with PLA (P=0.001; 2 P =0.50). Long serve accuracy was improved following the ingestion of C+C compared with PLA (P<0.001; 2 P =0.53). Absolute error in CAT demonstrated smaller deteriorations following the ingestion of C+C compared with PLA (P<0.05; Slow: 2 P =0.41; Fast: 2 P =0.31). Choice reaction time improved in all trials with the exception of PLA, which demonstrated a reduction (P<0.001; 2 P =0.85), although C+C was faster than all trials (P<0.001; 2 P =0.76). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the ingestion of a caffeinated carbohydrate solution before and during a badminton match can maintain serve accuracy, anticipation timing and sprinting actions around the court.
Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical an... more Caffeine is a widely used nutritional supplement which has been shown to enhance both physical and cognitive performance in younger adults. However, few studies have assessed the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance, particularly functional performance in older adults. The present study aims to assess the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in older adults. 19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort. A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexter...
A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water ... more A comparison of peak power prediction equations with actual peak power in elite adolescent water polo players
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2014
The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), he... more The aim of this study was exploratory and sought to examine the effect on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and mood state responses in primary school children of moderate intensity cycling whilst viewing a green environment compared to exercise alone. Following ethics approval and parental informed consent, 14 children (seven boys, seven girls, Mean age ± SD = 10 ± 1 years) undertook two, 15 min bouts of cycling at a moderate exercise intensity in a counterbalanced order. In one bout they cycled whilst viewing a film of cycling in a forest setting. In the other condition participants cycled with no visual stimulus. Pre-, immediately post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise, BP, HR and Mood state were assessed. Analysis of variance, indicated significant condition X time interaction for SBP (p = 0.04). Bonferroni post-hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that systolic blood pressure (SBP) 15 min post exercise was significantly lower following green exercise compared to the control condition (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (all p > 0.05). HR immediately post exercise was significantly higher than HR pre exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (p = 0.001). Mood scores for fatigue were significantly higher and scores for vigor lower 15 min post exercise irrespective of green exercise or control condition (both p = 0.0001). Gender was not significant in any analyses (p > 0.05). Thus, the present study identifies an augmented post exercise hypotensive effect for children following green exercise compared to exercise alone.
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Papers by Neil Clarke
METHODS:
19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort.
RESULTS:
A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexterity was also improved in the presence of caffeine (P = .001). RTIME increased (P = .015) pre to post ingestion in the caffeine condition but not in the placebo condition. There were no significant main effects or interactions for RTIPE or gender in any analysis (all P > .05).
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study suggest that acute caffeine ingestion positively enhances functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in apparently healthy older adults.
METHODS:
19 apparently healthy, volunteers (10 females and 9 males aged 61-79; 66 ± 2 years) performed tests of functional fitness and manual dexterity post ingestion of caffeine (3mg*kg-1) or placebo in a randomised order. Pre and 60 minutes post ingestion, participants also completed measures of readiness to invest physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort.
RESULTS:
A series of repeated measures ANOVAS indicated enhanced performance in the following functional fitness tests; arm curls (P = .04), 8 foot up and go (P = .007), six minute walk (P = .016). Manual dexterity was also improved in the presence of caffeine (P = .001). RTIME increased (P = .015) pre to post ingestion in the caffeine condition but not in the placebo condition. There were no significant main effects or interactions for RTIPE or gender in any analysis (all P > .05).
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study suggest that acute caffeine ingestion positively enhances functional performance, manual dexterity and readiness to invest effort in apparently healthy older adults.