Dr. Angela O Akanwa
Dr Angela Oyilieze Akanwa is a researcher/Scientist, an author, consultant and a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Environmental Management, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU) Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria. She specialises in coastal climate change impacts and adaptation, extractive industry, sand sustainability and governance, floods/erosion, ecosocial and community health impacts, interdisciplinary, mixed methods and community –based research approaches, marginalized populations including women and children. She has contributed/consulted to World Bank/NEWMAP Gully Erosion Projects and Jospong Group of Companies (JGC), Ghana. She is a member of the Professional bodies (EMAN), (NES) and (NCEHR). She has 78 publications including I edited book, 28 peer reviewed journals, 14 peer reviewed chapters, 9 non-peer reviewed publications, 15 conference presentations and 11 invited presentations and over Research Interest Score of 318, reads are 36,505, 173 citations and 151 recommendations ( https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angela-Akanwa-2). 850 mentions in Academia while (h-index 7, i10-index is 5, citations 206) in 2023 (https://scholar/google.com/citations?h). She speaks and trains in climate change, policy and advocacy. She has taught a variety of courses/ supervised studies at under graduate and postgraduate levels. She has worked in committees, held several leadership positions in professional, volunteer faith-based organisations and community projects both within and outside the university. She is the President of Spirit Filled Women International - a Humanitarian non- governmental organization focused on helping women and the girl child in education, skill development and research involvement and more.
Address: Chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university,Uli, PMB 02, Anambra State, Nigeria
Address: Chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university,Uli, PMB 02, Anambra State, Nigeria
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developing world’s contribution to global warming and the resulting consequences of climate change with focus on Nigeria. This purposive approach adopted an analysis of secondary data related to climate information. The findings from the paper affirmed that impacts of climate change in developing countries include loss in agriculture/forestry resources, water shortage, food insecurity, biodiversity loss,
health risks among others. Finally, it identified the major factors that exacerbate climate crisis, the human actions that trigger global warming and adaptive and mitigation approaches to minimize climate change related disasters.
Keywords: climate change, human actions, environment, acclimatization options, GHG emission and Nigeria
developing world’s contribution to global warming and the resulting consequences of climate change with focus on Nigeria. This purposive approach adopted an analysis of secondary data related to climate information. The findings from the paper affirmed that impacts of climate change in developing countries include loss in agriculture/forestry resources, water shortage, food insecurity, biodiversity loss,
health risks among others. Finally, it identified the major factors that exacerbate climate crisis, the human actions that trigger global warming and adaptive and mitigation approaches to minimize climate change related disasters.
Keywords: climate change, human actions, environment, acclimatization options, GHG emission and Nigeria
removal is largely practiced all over world and it covers over 80% all natural resource exploration. It is estimated that the sand industry is worth over 4.0 billion dollars with a fast increasing rate of about 6% annually. In Nigeria, sands and aggregates are the most common and easily withdrawn natural resources even above the extraction rates of crude oil. It is cheap, readily available and easily extracted from using a simple shovel in remote areas in global South regions and its transition to the world’s largest multinational mining companies in global North countries. The most desired sands are sand removed from river beds
and coast due to their ability to bind with concrete for construction purposes. This has placed the natural environment especially river resources in danger since it underpins the economy and sustains life in most developing countries specially fishing, irrigating agricultural lands and other domestic uses. River mining has gained global attention due to high consumption levels that by far outweighs the levels of sand renewal as a time-constrained resource. Basically, it is considered
as the least regulated mineral processing activity with high destructive tendencies. This present chapter examined the impact of river sand mining and its ecological footprint at odor river, Amaokpala, Anambra State, Nigeria. A mixed method approach was adopted in the case study that included qualitative (in-depth interview with 30 sand miners, transect walks, field observations and photography) and quantitative methods (160 questionnaires were randomly administered to residents). The concept of ecological footprint was used as a lens to further
inform the effects of commercial river sand mining on the environment. Findings from the study showed that an estimated value of 156,400 m3 of sands have been removed from Odor River for the past 40 years. Also, the ecological impacts of mining in Odor River include loss of river bank vegetation, increased turbidity, erosion, river shrinking and lowered riverbed. There is need to enhance biocapacity of our sands while ensuring ecological security in riverine and coastal environments. Hence, policy enforcement, education on human lifestyles towards resource consumption rates, youth engagement and community based participation research (CBPR) among others were recommended.
production has been a priority in the policy implementation all in a bid to
overcome the general persistent problems of food shortages, insecurity and malnutrition. However, agricultural productivity has been constrained by a range of setbacks in Nigeria, which include but not limited to climate change, youth unemployment and poor policy implementation and consistency, lack of education, inadequate agri-digitalization, poor farming practices, finance, lack of mechanized agriculture among others. The agricultural sector has been grossly
affected by climate change as seen in its glaring consequences such as droughts, floods, invasion of pests and diseases. It is on account of these recognizable huge potentials but surrounded by myriads of challenges in the Nigerian agricultural sector that this review study seeks to determine the best practices that would ecologically intensify sustainable agricultural production in Nigeria. This study used a qualitative and descriptive appraisal of agricultural practices within
the context of ecological and agricultural intensification with a view to identify the factors that are responsible for the poor agricultural productivity. Against the background of the concept of sustainable agriculture and agricultural intensification, the paper assesses the levels of agricultural productivity and its challenges in Nigeria. This present chapter mainly covers and delineates the theoretical base for
this assessment. It focuses on agricultural practices in Nigeria and interrogates their sustainability. It further examines the policy implications of our assessment .Finally, it recommends appropriate policies that will lead to sustainable intensification of agriculture while maintaining or enhancing environmental health and
services.
By
Angela Oyilieze Akanwa
Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, (COOU) Uli Campus, P.M.B. 02,
Anambra State.
Email: [email protected]
Content
1. Abstract
2. Keywords
3. Abbreviation
4. Introduction
5. Sand Extraction and Ecological Footprint of Global South
6. Mineral Extraction and poverty
7. The Concept of Ecological Footprint
8. Nigerian Mining Sector
9. Sands and Sand Mining: Study from Odor River
10. Economic Opportunities and Footprints
11. Effects: Vegetation, Land Degradation, Health, Climate change
12. Sustainable Strategies towards reducing ecological footprint in Odor River
13. Research and Development Towards Reducing Ecological Footprint under River System
14. Policy Implications
15. Conclusion
16. Future Perspectives
17. References
1. Abstract
Globally, natural resources are under intense pressure especially in Africa where high consumption levels have brought changes that have driven the economies of rural communities towards reckless sand resource extraction. The main drivers for increased ecological footprints of extractive industries have been identified as population growth, increased demand for construction works and city expansion. Sand mining is the world’s largest mining operation which is responsible for 85 per cent of all mineral extraction. It is estimated that the sand industry is worth 4.5 billion dollars and is growing at a rate of 5.5 per cent each year. In Nigeria sands and gravel make up the most extracted natural resources even exceeding fossil fuels. It is cheap, readily available and easily extracted from using a simple shovel in remote areas in global South regions and its transition to the world’s largest multinational mining companies in global North countries. The most desired sands are sand removed from river beds and coast due to their ability to bind with concrete for construction purposes. This has placed the natural environment especially river resources in danger since it underpins the economy and sustains life in most developing countries specially fishing, irrigating agricultural lands and other domestic uses. The dangers of river mining such as damage of rivers, erosion, endanger of aquatic life, climate change among others has gained global attention since the consumption levels by far outweighs it levels of renewal as a time- constrained resource. Basically, it is considered as the least regulated mineral processing activity with high destructive tendencies. This chapter examined the impact of river sand mining and its ecological footprint at odor river, Amaokpala, Anambra State, Nigeria. A mixed method approach was adopted in the case study that included qualitative (in-depth interview with 30 sand Miners, transect walks, field observations and photography) and quantitative methods (160 questionnaires were randomly administered to residents). The concept of ecological footprint was used as a lens to examine the effects of sand mining on the environment. Findings from the study showed that an estimated value of 156,400m3 of sands have been removed from Odor River for the past 40 years. Also, the ecological impacts of mining in Odor River include loss of river bank vegetation, increased turbidity, erosion, river shrinking and lowered riverbed. There is need to enhance biocapacity of our sands while ensuring ecological security in riverine and coastal environments since we are in a resource-constrained world. Hence, policy enforcement, education on human lifestyles towards resource consumption rates, youth engagement, community-based participation and monitoring of sand withdrawal processes to avert the seemingly implications encountered during resource extraction, transportation, trade targeted towards sustainable sand harvesting.
2. Keywords: Sand mining, Odor River mining, ecological footprint, youth engagement, sand security, and Nigeria
By
Akanwa, Angela.O1; Mba, Harlod C2; Ogbuene, E. B3; Nwachukwu, M. U2 and Anukwonke, Charles.C1
1. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, (COOU) Uli Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
2. University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.
3. Centre for Environmental Management and Control (CEMAC), University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Suggestions have been rife and profuse about measures necessary for minimizing climate change. Most of the suggestions have commonly been geared towards the reduction of effluent discharges from industrial establishments; thus implying the controversial issue of restrictions on the growth of the manufacturing industry. However, environmental researchers are currently calling the attention to the potential contribution of intensive agroforestry and environmental greening in the minimization of climate change. This chapter orchestrates the salient information about components of agroforestry and environmental greening as adaptation measures for the minimization of climate change. Agroforestry measures elaborated on include urban agriculture, agroforestry, all-season farming, intensive forestry activities in rural areas, and conservation of existing forest reserves in urban areas as well as legislative measures against tree felling. Environmental greening measures discussed include land surface greening and landscaping as well as gardening, horticulture, and legislative measures for minimization of land surface exposure. These measures are highlighted as efficient means of minimizing climate change. Given that the extent to which green house gases (GHG) deplete the ozone layer protecting the earth’s surface from direct rays of the sun is greatly reduced. In effect, agroforestry and environmental greening are capable of reducing the excessive imbalance in the earth’s heat budget that results in climate change.
Keywords: Agroforestry, Greening, Greenhouse gases, Climate Change, Agriculture and Conservation
*Akanwa, A.O1; Mba, H.C2; Jiburum, U2 and Ogboi, K.C3
1Akanwa, A.O
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, (COOU) Uli Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.Dr COOU, NIGERIA, +234 8065813596
Email: [email protected]
2Mba, H.C; Jiburum, U
University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria.
3Ogboi, K.C
Centre for Environmental Management and Control (CEMAC), University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Abstract
The confusing and increasingly unpredictable climatic conditions and unsustainable human activities have created adverse impacts on the environment. Recent researches by the Columbia University (2018) showed that the earth is in the midst of a 40-year-long global warming drift instigated by human activities. As per NASA report since 1880 climate change records began, the first half of the last 4 years – 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 – all take the highest four hottest recorded periods ever documented. Presently, the average surface temperature on earth between January and June, 2018, is the third hottest half-year on record. Major issues such as natural hazards have been triggered by unguarded anthropogenic activities. This has awakened the public to the reality of a threatened environment as the effects of these problems continue to increase. Added to these, there are emissions from gasoline vehicles and industrial activities which give off huge amounts of hydrocarbons which can contribute to health problems. These corresponding global consequences of climate change issues have increased the need for nations to stride towards compulsory climate change responsibility and strategies to minimize these effects. Research and studies need to be designed considering future climatic trends as well as policies for environmental management and sustainability. Hence, this chapter orchestrates the salient information about components of environmental management and agroforestry as adaptation measures for the minimization of climate change. Environmental management measures elaborated in this study include the enforcement of polices on air quality and land degradation and the minimization of automobiles and industrial waste emissions that hugely contribute to atmospheric pollution of hydrocarbons. Agroforestry measures discussed on include the promotion of afforestation, agriculture, intensive forestry activities, environmental greening and conserving existing forest reserves in both rural and urban areas. These measures are highlighted as having the capability of minimizing climate change by reducing the extent to which greenhouse gases (GHG) deplete the ozone layer that protects the earth. Obviously, the implementation of key policies and making investments will effectively deal with climate change. The phasing out of fossil fuel automobiles, campaigns against deforestation/tree felling, energy efficiency, technology application and capacity building and information dissemination are basically expedient measures for global climate resilience.
Keywords: Agroforestry - Climate change - Environment - Greening - GHG - Hydrocarbons - Pollution