The digital has become ubiquitous in everydaylife. Digitization¹ has alsoimpacted the humanities ... more The digital has become ubiquitous in everydaylife. Digitization¹ has alsoimpacted the humanities and specificallyt he field of history:Recent years have seen a plethora of publications that deal with new methods, historical insights,and historiographical opportunities and challenges afforded by digital innovations.² This book aims to join this conversation by zoominginondigital history projects The terms "digitization" and "digitalization" areo ften used synonymously. As editors of this volume, we prefer the term "digitization" in this introduction. In the different chapters, we have preferred to follow the respective authors' usage of either or both term(s). While acknowledgingt he new (practical) possibilities afforded by digital approaches,r esearchers in digital history consistentlypoint out potential methodological and epistemological implicationst hat technical advancesm ight entail for the practice of history;s ee Wolfgang Schmale,
This white paper emergedfrom a2017workshop convened to promote digital history.The paper'sexpress... more This white paper emergedfrom a2017workshop convened to promote digital history.The paper'sexpressedgoal is "to help bridge the argumentativepracticesof digital history and the broader historical profession," by showing how digital historians contributea rguments in new forms while also discussing how they can better integrate their scholarship into broader largerh istoriographical discourses.The paper also considers the implications of the growth of digital history for analog history and the ethical questions it raises. It covers five topics, namelyd igital collections,d igital public history,v isualization, computational digital history,and methodological questions,and for each topic includes adiscussion of practical examples, mostlyo nline projects.
Nazi-Organized Recreation and Entertainment in the Third Reich
Small, picturesque villages of ancient timber-framed houses nestled in peaceful German landscapes... more Small, picturesque villages of ancient timber-framed houses nestled in peaceful German landscapes. Hard-working and contented German peasants, robust and healthy, predominantly clad in traditional garb. A feeling of oneness with nature, and of safe removal from modern civilization and its discontents. These are the postcard-like images, illustrating their corresponding notions encountered in a KdF book about the leisure organization’s work in rural Germany.1
Herausforderungen im Umgang mit digitalen Quellen in der Geschichtsforschung und-vermittlung zum ... more Herausforderungen im Umgang mit digitalen Quellen in der Geschichtsforschung und-vermittlung zum Nationalsozialismus Zusammenfassung: Digitale Quellen werden immer entscheidender, um Themen der NS-Geschichte zu erforschen und zu vermitteln. Quellen, die nicht mehr ‚nur' in Papierform in einem Archiv lagern, erlauben neue Zugänge, Fragestellungen und Ergebnispräsentationen sowohl bei der Grundlagenforschung als auch bei der Vermittlungvon digitalen 3D-Rekonstruktionen als Virtual oder Augmented Reality bis hin zu Twitterhashtags oder Onlineausstellungen. Der Beitrag fokussiert aus geschichtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive auf die Vorteile ebenso wie auf die Herausforderungen, die dieser Wechsel vom Analogen zum Digitalen bietet. Anhand aktueller Projekte wird dargestellt, wie Forscher*innen, Gedenkstätten und Archive sich den ethisch-moralischen Fragen zum Thema stellenwie zum Beispiel die Verbindung von Open Access und Persönlichkeitsrechtenund den Zugang zu Informationen gestalten. Dabei werden nicht nur digitalisierte NS-Quellenalso zum Beispiel gescannte Dokumente mit Metadatendiskutiert, sondern auch genuin digitale Quellen wie Zeitzeugen-Hologramme oder raumgeschichtliche Visualisierungen. Deutlich wird, dass Historiker*innen mit der klassischen Quellenkritik auch für das digitale Arbeiten, Forschen und Vermitteln gut vorbereitet sind.
“Don’t you fancy joining […] and being as young and happy as you once were?” teases a 1935 articl... more “Don’t you fancy joining […] and being as young and happy as you once were?” teases a 1935 article in the Nazi magazine Arbeitertum, before going on to promise: “In the fresh air and sun, your body will stretch out and enjoy its freedom. […] You will be strong and happy, healthy and powerful […] and you will be rewarded with a new and enriched attitude towards life.”1 These fine promises advertised a sports course offered by KdF’s Sports Department.2 The department was responsible for arranging sports and games for the German population and as such was one part of a large network of Nazi sport organizations, a network that grew out of the regime’s obsession with strong and healthy bodies.3
“We National Socialists can rightly claim that there is nothing of beauty and greatness in German... more “We National Socialists can rightly claim that there is nothing of beauty and greatness in Germany in which the working man cannot have a part.”1 Robert Ley’s proud 1939 claim praised his leisure organization’s activities in bringing culture to all strata of the German population, and referred in particular to the organization’s involvement with the Bayreuth Wagner Festival, the annual performance of Richard Wagner’s works in his opera house in Bayreuth, Bavaria.2 Starting in 1937, KdF sent workers to attend the prestigious opera performances in Bayreuth.3 It was a modest enterprise in the first year, but in 1938 3500 KdF patrons visited Wagner’s “Green Hill,” attending special performances of Parsifal and Tannhauser.4 In the summer of 1939, KdF gave out 7000 tickets discounted to a third of the regular price,5 and now there were four performances for the leisure organization’s patrons: Der fliegende Hollander, Parsifal and two stagings of Tristan und Isolde.6 According to an article in the DAF newspaper Angriff, KdF brought an eclectic mix of people to Bayreuth, including plumbers, accountants, secretaries, farmers, pipe fitters, chemists, engineers, clerks, lathe operators, and bank assistants. Before seeing the opera performances, they were given an introductory lecture on Wagner’s works (in Bayreuth or, in some cases, previously in their hometowns).7 Making Wagner’s operas accessible in this way to this particular audience fitted two of KdF’s main goals. First, it corresponded with the organization’s agenda of bringing together Germans from different strata of society as a building block towards a unified Volksgemeinschaft. Secondly, and ultimately in the same vein, KdF’s involvement in Bayreuth was driven by its ambition to give members of the lower classes access to Germany’s cultural life, especially its “high-brow culture.” Here, KdF’s functionaries had identified a disconnection that they believed would have dire consequences for Germany: the estrangement of German workers from the world of German culture was supposed to lie at the core of Germany’s class conflicts during the nineteenth and especially the early-twentieth century.8 In other words, they did not consider material needs to have been the reason for workers’ discontent during previous decades, but rather the workers’ lack of proper access to the world of arts and culture.9
This examination of people's reception is, of course, different from determining definitely the e... more This examination of people's reception is, of course, different from determining definitely the effects of KdF's work in terms of "winning over Germans" to believe in the Nazi state; in this regard, this study can only be speculative. For a meditation on the challenges and problems regarding "identifying, gauging or measuring of belief," see Omer Bartov,
Chapter 6 • Gambling in Germany After the Nazis 115 Notes 121 Notes to Chapter 1 121 Notes to Cha... more Chapter 6 • Gambling in Germany After the Nazis 115 Notes 121 Notes to Chapter 1 121 Notes to Chapter 2 124 Notes to Chapter 3 131 Notes to Chapter 4 137 Notes to Chapter 5 149 Notes to Chapter 6 160 Bibliography 163 Books 163 Chapters 171 Court Cases 173 Government Reports 173 Journals, Magazines, and Newsletters 173 Laws and Legislative Materials 174 Newspapers 175 Screenplays 179 Web Sites 179 Wikipedia Entries 183 YouTube Videos
The digital has become ubiquitous in everydaylife. Digitization¹ has alsoimpacted the humanities ... more The digital has become ubiquitous in everydaylife. Digitization¹ has alsoimpacted the humanities and specificallyt he field of history:Recent years have seen a plethora of publications that deal with new methods, historical insights,and historiographical opportunities and challenges afforded by digital innovations.² This book aims to join this conversation by zoominginondigital history projects The terms "digitization" and "digitalization" areo ften used synonymously. As editors of this volume, we prefer the term "digitization" in this introduction. In the different chapters, we have preferred to follow the respective authors' usage of either or both term(s). While acknowledgingt he new (practical) possibilities afforded by digital approaches,r esearchers in digital history consistentlypoint out potential methodological and epistemological implicationst hat technical advancesm ight entail for the practice of history;s ee Wolfgang Schmale,
This white paper emergedfrom a2017workshop convened to promote digital history.The paper'sexpress... more This white paper emergedfrom a2017workshop convened to promote digital history.The paper'sexpressedgoal is "to help bridge the argumentativepracticesof digital history and the broader historical profession," by showing how digital historians contributea rguments in new forms while also discussing how they can better integrate their scholarship into broader largerh istoriographical discourses.The paper also considers the implications of the growth of digital history for analog history and the ethical questions it raises. It covers five topics, namelyd igital collections,d igital public history,v isualization, computational digital history,and methodological questions,and for each topic includes adiscussion of practical examples, mostlyo nline projects.
Nazi-Organized Recreation and Entertainment in the Third Reich
Small, picturesque villages of ancient timber-framed houses nestled in peaceful German landscapes... more Small, picturesque villages of ancient timber-framed houses nestled in peaceful German landscapes. Hard-working and contented German peasants, robust and healthy, predominantly clad in traditional garb. A feeling of oneness with nature, and of safe removal from modern civilization and its discontents. These are the postcard-like images, illustrating their corresponding notions encountered in a KdF book about the leisure organization’s work in rural Germany.1
Herausforderungen im Umgang mit digitalen Quellen in der Geschichtsforschung und-vermittlung zum ... more Herausforderungen im Umgang mit digitalen Quellen in der Geschichtsforschung und-vermittlung zum Nationalsozialismus Zusammenfassung: Digitale Quellen werden immer entscheidender, um Themen der NS-Geschichte zu erforschen und zu vermitteln. Quellen, die nicht mehr ‚nur' in Papierform in einem Archiv lagern, erlauben neue Zugänge, Fragestellungen und Ergebnispräsentationen sowohl bei der Grundlagenforschung als auch bei der Vermittlungvon digitalen 3D-Rekonstruktionen als Virtual oder Augmented Reality bis hin zu Twitterhashtags oder Onlineausstellungen. Der Beitrag fokussiert aus geschichtswissenschaftlicher Perspektive auf die Vorteile ebenso wie auf die Herausforderungen, die dieser Wechsel vom Analogen zum Digitalen bietet. Anhand aktueller Projekte wird dargestellt, wie Forscher*innen, Gedenkstätten und Archive sich den ethisch-moralischen Fragen zum Thema stellenwie zum Beispiel die Verbindung von Open Access und Persönlichkeitsrechtenund den Zugang zu Informationen gestalten. Dabei werden nicht nur digitalisierte NS-Quellenalso zum Beispiel gescannte Dokumente mit Metadatendiskutiert, sondern auch genuin digitale Quellen wie Zeitzeugen-Hologramme oder raumgeschichtliche Visualisierungen. Deutlich wird, dass Historiker*innen mit der klassischen Quellenkritik auch für das digitale Arbeiten, Forschen und Vermitteln gut vorbereitet sind.
“Don’t you fancy joining […] and being as young and happy as you once were?” teases a 1935 articl... more “Don’t you fancy joining […] and being as young and happy as you once were?” teases a 1935 article in the Nazi magazine Arbeitertum, before going on to promise: “In the fresh air and sun, your body will stretch out and enjoy its freedom. […] You will be strong and happy, healthy and powerful […] and you will be rewarded with a new and enriched attitude towards life.”1 These fine promises advertised a sports course offered by KdF’s Sports Department.2 The department was responsible for arranging sports and games for the German population and as such was one part of a large network of Nazi sport organizations, a network that grew out of the regime’s obsession with strong and healthy bodies.3
“We National Socialists can rightly claim that there is nothing of beauty and greatness in German... more “We National Socialists can rightly claim that there is nothing of beauty and greatness in Germany in which the working man cannot have a part.”1 Robert Ley’s proud 1939 claim praised his leisure organization’s activities in bringing culture to all strata of the German population, and referred in particular to the organization’s involvement with the Bayreuth Wagner Festival, the annual performance of Richard Wagner’s works in his opera house in Bayreuth, Bavaria.2 Starting in 1937, KdF sent workers to attend the prestigious opera performances in Bayreuth.3 It was a modest enterprise in the first year, but in 1938 3500 KdF patrons visited Wagner’s “Green Hill,” attending special performances of Parsifal and Tannhauser.4 In the summer of 1939, KdF gave out 7000 tickets discounted to a third of the regular price,5 and now there were four performances for the leisure organization’s patrons: Der fliegende Hollander, Parsifal and two stagings of Tristan und Isolde.6 According to an article in the DAF newspaper Angriff, KdF brought an eclectic mix of people to Bayreuth, including plumbers, accountants, secretaries, farmers, pipe fitters, chemists, engineers, clerks, lathe operators, and bank assistants. Before seeing the opera performances, they were given an introductory lecture on Wagner’s works (in Bayreuth or, in some cases, previously in their hometowns).7 Making Wagner’s operas accessible in this way to this particular audience fitted two of KdF’s main goals. First, it corresponded with the organization’s agenda of bringing together Germans from different strata of society as a building block towards a unified Volksgemeinschaft. Secondly, and ultimately in the same vein, KdF’s involvement in Bayreuth was driven by its ambition to give members of the lower classes access to Germany’s cultural life, especially its “high-brow culture.” Here, KdF’s functionaries had identified a disconnection that they believed would have dire consequences for Germany: the estrangement of German workers from the world of German culture was supposed to lie at the core of Germany’s class conflicts during the nineteenth and especially the early-twentieth century.8 In other words, they did not consider material needs to have been the reason for workers’ discontent during previous decades, but rather the workers’ lack of proper access to the world of arts and culture.9
This examination of people's reception is, of course, different from determining definitely the e... more This examination of people's reception is, of course, different from determining definitely the effects of KdF's work in terms of "winning over Germans" to believe in the Nazi state; in this regard, this study can only be speculative. For a meditation on the challenges and problems regarding "identifying, gauging or measuring of belief," see Omer Bartov,
Chapter 6 • Gambling in Germany After the Nazis 115 Notes 121 Notes to Chapter 1 121 Notes to Cha... more Chapter 6 • Gambling in Germany After the Nazis 115 Notes 121 Notes to Chapter 1 121 Notes to Chapter 2 124 Notes to Chapter 3 131 Notes to Chapter 4 137 Notes to Chapter 5 149 Notes to Chapter 6 160 Bibliography 163 Books 163 Chapters 171 Court Cases 173 Government Reports 173 Journals, Magazines, and Newsletters 173 Laws and Legislative Materials 174 Newspapers 175 Screenplays 179 Web Sites 179 Wikipedia Entries 183 YouTube Videos
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