{"id":73579,"date":"2022-08-10T09:14:09","date_gmt":"2022-08-10T07:14:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/drafts.code-maze.com\/?p=73579"},"modified":"2022-08-10T09:14:09","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T07:14:09","slug":"csharp-flags-attribute-for-enum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/code-maze.com\/csharp-flags-attribute-for-enum\/","title":{"rendered":"Flags Attribute For Enum in C#"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this article, we are going to learn about the Flags attribute for enum in C#, what its benefits are, and how to use it in a practical example.<\/p>\n

To download the source code for this article, you can visit our GitHub repository<\/a>.<\/div>\n

Let\u2019s start.<\/p>\n

<\/a>Define the Problem<\/h2>\n

Let’s define an enum that represents the types of users:<\/p>\n

public enum UserType\r\n{\r\n    Customer = 1,\r\n    Driver = 2,  \r\n    Admin = 3,\r\n}<\/pre>\n
We define the UserType<\/code> enum that contains three values: Customer<\/code>, Driver<\/code>, and Admin<\/code>.<\/p>\n
But what if we need to represent a collection of values?<\/span><\/p>\n
For example, at a delivery company, we know that both the Admin<\/code> and the Driver<\/code> are employees. So let’s add a new enumeration item Employee<\/code>. Later on, we will show you how we can represent both the admin and the driver with it:<\/p>\n
public enum UserType\r\n{   \r\n    Customer = 1,\r\n    Driver = 2,  \r\n    Admin = 3,\r\n    Employee = 4\r\n}<\/pre>\n
Define and Declare a Flags Attribute<\/h2>\n
\u00a0A Flags<\/code> is an attribute that allows us to represent an enum as a collection of values \u200b\u200brather than a single value. <\/strong>So, let’s see how we can implement the Flags<\/code> attribute on enumeration:<\/span><\/p>\n
[Flags]\r\npublic enum UserType\r\n{   \r\n    Customer = 1,\r\n    Driver = 2,  \r\n    Admin = 4,\r\n}<\/pre>\n
We add the Flags<\/code> attribute and number the values with powers of 2. Without both, this won’t work.<\/span><\/p>\n
Now going back to our previous problem, we can represent Employee<\/code> using the |<\/code> operator:<\/span><\/p>\n
var employee = UserType.Driver | UserType.Admin;<\/code><\/p>\n
Also, w<\/span>e can define it as a constant inside the enum to use it directly:<\/p>\n
[Flags]\r\npublic enum UserType\r\n{                \r\n    Customer = 1,             \r\n    Driver = 2,               \r\n    Admin = 4,                \r\n    Employee = Driver | Admin\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n
<\/a>Behind the Scenes<\/h2>\n
To understand the Flags<\/code> attribute better, we must go back to the binary representation of the number. For example, we can represent 1<\/strong> as binary 0b_0001<\/strong> and 2<\/strong> as 0b_0010<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n
[Flags]\r\npublic enum UserType\r\n{\r\n    Customer = 0b_0001,\r\n    Driver = 0b_0010,\r\n    Admin = 0b_0100,\r\n    Employee = Driver | Admin, \/\/0b_0110\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n
We can see that each value is represented in an active bit. And this is where the idea of \u200b\u200bnumbering the values \u200b\u200bwith the power of 2 came from. We can also note that Employee<\/code>contains two active bits, that is, it is a composite of two values Driver<\/code> and Admin<\/code>.<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/a>Operations on Flags Attribute<\/h2>\n
We can use the bitwise<\/strong> operators<\/strong> to work with Flags<\/code>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>Initialize a Value<\/h3>\n
For the initialization, we should use the value 0 <\/strong>named None, <\/strong>which means the collection is empty:<\/p>\n
[Flags]\r\npublic enum UserType\r\n{\r\n    None = 0,\r\n    Customer = 1,\r\n    Driver = 2,\r\n    Admin = 4,\r\n    Employee = Driver | Admin\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n
Now, we can define a variable:<\/p>\n
var flags = UserType.None;<\/code><\/p>\n
<\/a>Add a Value\u00a0<\/h3>\n
We can add value by using |<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n
flags |= UserType.Driver;<\/code><\/p>\n
Now, the\u00a0 flags<\/code> variable equals Driver<\/code>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>Remove a Value<\/strong><\/h3>\n
We can remove value by use &<\/code>, ~<\/code> operators:<\/p>\n
flags &= ~UserType.Driver;<\/code><\/p>\n
Now, flags<\/code>variable equals None<\/code>.<\/p>\n
<\/a>Check if the Value Exists<\/h3>\n
We can check if the value exists by using &<\/code> operator:<\/p>\n
Console.WriteLine((flags & UserType.Driver) == UserType.Driver);<\/code><\/p>\n
The result is False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Also, we can do this by using the HasFlag<\/code> method:<\/p>\n
Console.WriteLine(flags.HasFlag(UserType.Driver));<\/code><\/p>\n
Also, the result will be False<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
As we can see, both ways, using the &<\/code> operator and the HasFlag<\/code> method, give the same result, but which one should we use? To find out, we will test the performance on several frameworks.<\/p>\n
Measure the Performance<\/h2>\n
First, we will create a Console App, <\/strong>and in the .csproj <\/strong>file we will replace the TargetFramwork<\/strong> tag with the TargetFramworks <\/strong>tag:<\/p>\n
<TargetFrameworks>net48;netcoreapp3.1;net6.0<\/TargetFrameworks><\/code><\/p>\n
We use the TargetFramworks <\/strong>tag to support multiple frameworks: .NET Framework 4.8, .Net Core 3.1, and .Net 6.0.<\/p>\n
Secondly, let\u2019s introduce the BenchmarkDotNet<\/a> library to get the benchmark results:<\/p>\n
[Benchmark]\r\npublic bool HasFlag()\r\n{\r\n    var result = false;\r\n    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)\r\n    {\r\n        result = UserType.Employee.HasFlag(UserType.Driver);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\n[Benchmark]\r\npublic bool BitOperator()\r\n{\r\n    var result = false;\r\n    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)\r\n    {\r\n        result = (UserType.Employee & UserType.Driver) == UserType.Driver;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return result;\r\n}\r\n<\/pre>\n
We add [SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net48)]<\/code>, [SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.NetCoreApp31)]<\/code>, and [SimpleJob(RuntimeMoniker.Net60)]<\/code> attributes to the HasFlagBenchmarker<\/code> class to see the performance differences between different versions of .NET Framework \/ .NET Core:<\/p>\n
|      Method |                Job |            Runtime |        Mean |      Error |      StdDev |      Median |\r\n|------------ |------------------- |------------------- |------------:|-----------:|------------:|------------:|\r\n|     HasFlag |           .NET 6.0 |           .NET 6.0 |    37.79 us |   3.781 us |    11.15 us |    30.30 us |\r\n| BitOperator |           .NET 6.0 |           .NET 6.0 |    38.17 us |   3.853 us |    11.36 us |    30.38 us |\r\n|     HasFlag |      .NET Core 3.1 |      .NET Core 3.1 |    38.31 us |   3.939 us |    11.61 us |    30.37 us |\r\n| BitOperator |      .NET Core 3.1 |      .NET Core 3.1 |    38.07 us |   3.819 us |    11.26 us |    30.33 us |\r\n|     HasFlag | .NET Framework 4.8 | .NET Framework 4.8 | 2,893.10 us | 342.563 us | 1,010.06 us | 2,318.93 us |\r\n| BitOperator | .NET Framework 4.8 | .NET Framework 4.8 |    38.04 us |   3.920 us |    11.56 us |    30.17 us |\r\n<\/pre>\n
So, in .NET Framework 4.8<\/strong> a\u00a0HasFlag<\/code> method was much slower than the BitOperator<\/code>. But, the performance improves in .Net Core 3.1 <\/strong>and .Net 6.0.<\/strong> So in newer versions, we can use both ways.<\/p>\n
<\/a>A Practical Example of Flags Attribute<\/h2>\n
Let’s say we want to send messages to users by their type.<\/p>\n
We can define previous operations as Extension Methods<\/strong>:<\/p>\n
public static UserType Add(this UserType userType, params UserType[] typesToAdd)\r\n{\r\n    foreach (var flag in typesToAdd)\r\n    {\r\n        userType |= flag;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return userType;\r\n}\r\n\r\npublic static UserType Remove(this UserType userType, params UserType[] typesToRemove)\r\n{\r\n    foreach (var item in typesToRemove)\r\n    {\r\n        userType &= ~item;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return userType;\r\n}\r\n\r\npublic static bool CustomHasFlag(this UserType userType, UserType typeToCompare)\r\n    => (userType & typeToCompare) == typeToCompare;\r\n\r\npublic static void Print(this UserType userType)\r\n    => Console.WriteLine(\"This message is for users of type: {0}.\", userType);\r\n<\/pre>\n
Now, we can use them easily:<\/p>\n
var audience = UserType.None;\r\n\r\naudience = audince.Add(UserType.Employee, UserType.Customer);\r\naudience.Print();\r\n\r\naudience = audience.Remove(UserType.Driver);\r\naudience.Print();\r\n\r\nif (audience.CustomHasFlag(UserType.Driver)) \/\/ or use HasFlag\r\n{\r\n    Console.WriteLine(\"Driver exists.\");\r\n}\r\nelse\r\n{\r\n    Console.WriteLine(\"Driver doesn't exist.\");\r\n    Console.WriteLine(\"Adding Driver...\");\r\n    audience = audience.Add(UserType.Driver);\r\n}\r\naudience.Print();<\/pre>\n
And the output will be:<\/p>\n
This message is for users of type: Customer, Employee.\r\nThis message is for users of type: Customer, Admin.\r\nDriver doesn't exist.\r\nAdding Driver...\r\nThis message is for users of type: Customer, Employee.<\/pre>\n
<\/a>Conclusion<\/h2>\n
In this article, we\u2019ve learned about the Flags<\/code> attribute in C# and operations we can do with it. We\u2019ve also compared two ways to check if a value exists. Finally, we\u2019ve used our knowledge in a single example to see the Flags attribute in action.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In this article, we are going to learn about the Flags attribute for enum in C#, what its benefits are, and how to use it in a practical example. Let\u2019s start. Define the Problem Let’s define an enum that represents the types of users: public enum UserType { Customer = 1, Driver = 2, Admin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":62189,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,506],"tags":[1391,1390,1389],"class_list":["post-73579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-csharp","category-intermediate","tag-bitwise-operators","tag-enumeration","tag-flags-attribute","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"yoast_head":"\nFlags Attribute For Enum in C# - Code Maze<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this article, we are going to learn about flags attribute in C#. 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