An interdisciplinary focus on tools made from plant materials and tools linked to plant working, XXXIIIe Journées internationales d’histoire et d’archéologie d’Antibes, Anderson (P. C.), Cheval (C.), Durand (A.) eds, 2013
The interweaving of historical (charters and notarial sources, literary sources, iconography), ar... more The interweaving of historical (charters and notarial sources, literary sources, iconography), archaeological and ethnoarchaeological data focuses on three main questions : how are tools made partially from wood made to work this same material, how can they be identified and recognized in technical processes, and what are the technical gestures used . The results underline the great variability in the way of using the same tools in different stages of different technical processes. Technical innovation and intensive change in craft production during the late Middle Ages is also discussed.
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Books by Sylvain Burri
Papers by Sylvain Burri
For a technical history ofdairy products
- From grass to milk : herding of dairy sheep, goat and cow
- Diversity of dairy products (milk, butter, cream, cheese) and their operational chain
- Structures of production /conservation and material culture
From local to international : the dairy products in the Mediterranean trade
- Dairy products from plains and mountains
- From local to International trade
From food to health: diversity of dairy products consumption
- Milk consumption: from infancy to adulthood
- Butter and cheese at the table of the poor and the rich
- The role of dairy products in the therapeutics and dietetics
For a technical history ofdairy products
- From grass to milk : herding of dairy sheep, goat and cow
- Diversity of dairy products (milk, butter, cream, cheese) and their operational chain
- Structures of production /conservation and material culture
From local to international : the dairy products in the Mediterranean trade
- Dairy products from plains and mountains
- From local to International trade
From food to health: diversity of dairy products consumption
- Milk consumption: from infancy to adulthood
- Butter and cheese at the table of the poor and the rich
- The role of dairy products in the therapeutics and dietetics
post medieval Europe. Significant quantities of fuel are needed for activities such as metal
production and metal working, brick and tile manufacture, ceramics, lime burning, tanning and
dyeing, glass production, soap making, processing of salt, sugar and other products. Plant
resources (firewood, charcoal, straw…) are the main fuel resources until coal appears in Northern
Europe in the XIIth century. However, the use of coal remains limited and very unevenly
distributed between regions until the XVIIth century. As the use of mineral fuel becomes more
widespread in Europe, the role of forest changes, since when charcoal production decreases, less
wood is needed. At the same time, mining of fossil coal also has a heavy impact on the landscape.
Supply strategies are based on complex political and socio-economic relationships (regulation,
control, agreements) between industrial areas and their hinterlands, leading to supply and
transportation networks by land, river and sea. Fuel supply is a specific economic market involving
a large range of actors (woodcutters, miners, fuel sellers, fuel dealers, and clients). The increase
in demand for fuel impacts the availability of resources and sometimes leads to environmental
crises. Societies must adapt by changing the type of fuel used or by adopting different resource
management strategies.
Until now, research has been conducted according to discipline (history/archaeology/paleobotany),
geographical situation (Mediterranean/Continental or Northern Europe) or theme (plant
fuel/mineral fuel). This lack of a multidisciplinary approach has held back the development of
global research on fuel supply strategies. This session aims to gather researchers from different
disciplines in order to provide a comprehensive overview of fuel supply in medieval and postmedieval
crafts and industries, from acquisition to consumption of raw materials, in economic,
technical and social dimensions.
For a technical history ofdairy products
- From grass to milk : herding of dairy sheep, goat and cow
- Diversity of dairy products (milk, butter, cream, cheese) and their operational chain
- Structures of production /conservation and material culture
From local to international : the dairy products in the Mediterranean trade
- Dairy products from plains and mountains
- From local to International trade
From food to health: diversity of dairy products consumption
- Milk consumption: from infancy to adulthood
- Butter and cheese at the table of the poor and the rich
- The role of dairy products in the therapeutics and dietetics
For a technical history ofdairy products
- From grass to milk : herding of dairy sheep, goat and cow
- Diversity of dairy products (milk, butter, cream, cheese) and their operational chain
- Structures of production /conservation and material culture
From local to international : the dairy products in the Mediterranean trade
- Dairy products from plains and mountains
- From local to International trade
From food to health: diversity of dairy products consumption
- Milk consumption: from infancy to adulthood
- Butter and cheese at the table of the poor and the rich
- The role of dairy products in the therapeutics and dietetics
post medieval Europe. Significant quantities of fuel are needed for activities such as metal
production and metal working, brick and tile manufacture, ceramics, lime burning, tanning and
dyeing, glass production, soap making, processing of salt, sugar and other products. Plant
resources (firewood, charcoal, straw…) are the main fuel resources until coal appears in Northern
Europe in the XIIth century. However, the use of coal remains limited and very unevenly
distributed between regions until the XVIIth century. As the use of mineral fuel becomes more
widespread in Europe, the role of forest changes, since when charcoal production decreases, less
wood is needed. At the same time, mining of fossil coal also has a heavy impact on the landscape.
Supply strategies are based on complex political and socio-economic relationships (regulation,
control, agreements) between industrial areas and their hinterlands, leading to supply and
transportation networks by land, river and sea. Fuel supply is a specific economic market involving
a large range of actors (woodcutters, miners, fuel sellers, fuel dealers, and clients). The increase
in demand for fuel impacts the availability of resources and sometimes leads to environmental
crises. Societies must adapt by changing the type of fuel used or by adopting different resource
management strategies.
Until now, research has been conducted according to discipline (history/archaeology/paleobotany),
geographical situation (Mediterranean/Continental or Northern Europe) or theme (plant
fuel/mineral fuel). This lack of a multidisciplinary approach has held back the development of
global research on fuel supply strategies. This session aims to gather researchers from different
disciplines in order to provide a comprehensive overview of fuel supply in medieval and postmedieval
crafts and industries, from acquisition to consumption of raw materials, in economic,
technical and social dimensions.
In Western countries, the ways of life of forest artisans have left very few traces, either in the earth or in archives. The mobility of these persons, the fact that their activity was dependent upon the cycle of regeneration of the plant cover and their marginalization provide an explanation. The use of ethnoarchaeological sources is thus vital to guide the textual and archaeological interpretation (ACOVITSIOTI-HAMEAU 2005; FABRE 1996; LUGLI, PRACCHIA 1995; MUSSET 1996). This ethnoarchaeological approach helps the archaeologist to discover, identify and interpret the structures that he finds. From this standpoint, the study of post-depositional processes is necessary to better conduct archaeological excavation and better understand the series of operations that occurred and the associated technical actions. The Moroccan countryside today is a veritable repository of traditional ways of life and technical knowledge in Mediterranean lands, knowledge that has completely disappeared from Western Europe. This is particularly the case for the production of charcoal in the eucalyptus forests of the plain of Mârmora and in the evergreen oak forests of the Middle Atlas, studied in 2008 and 2009. In the latter case, the biogeographic and topographic situation is identical to that of the medieval sites for charcoal production being excavated in lower Provence"
En contexte archéologique, des restes d’exsudats végétaux sont parfois retrouvés sous forme de résidus organiques amorphes, que ce soit sur des sites de fabrication de ces produits ou sous forme de traces dues à leur utilisation. L’identification de leur origine naturelle peut se faire grâce à des analyses physico-chimiques, domaine de recherche qui a connu un développement important ces trente dernières années. Parmi les exsudats de conifères, les produits du pin (résine et poix) ont fait l’objet de la majorité des études mais d’autres essences moins étudiées sont susceptibles d’avoir été exploitées par les sociétés du passé (genévrier, cèdre, cyprès). Le bois de genévrier oxycèdre (Juniperus oxycedrus) par exemple, a été traditionnellement utilisé pour fabriquer de l’huile de cade, un produit aux propriétés antiseptiques employé à des fins pharmaceutiques et vétérinaires.
Dans le but d’élargir la gamme des matériaux de référence permettant l’interprétation des résidus organiques archéologiques, nous avons analysé des exsudats de conifères peu étudiés et déterminé leur composition chimique pour identifier d’éventuels biomarqueurs. Des exsudats de genévrier oxycèdre, genévrier thurifère et cèdre atlantique ont ainsi été étudiés et leur composition comparée à celle du pin. L’analyse a révélé des compositions moléculaires très différentes pour chacun des exsudats étudiés, notamment au niveau des molécules peu volatiles. Le ferruginol a été identifié comme biomarqueur des exsudats de genévrier oxycèdre, avec ses produits de dégradation dus au traitement thermique du matériau lors de la fabrication d’huile de cade. Les exsudats de cèdre atlantique sont des mélanges de sesquiterpènes uniquement, ce qui laisse supposer qu’ils ne seront pas perceptibles dans des échantillons archéologiques. Les exsudats de genévrier thurifère contiennent bien des molécules non volatiles, mais leur structure n’est pas caractéristique des terpénoïdes, ce qui permet de les différencier aisément des autres exsudats.
Ces résultats ont ensuite été utilisés comme référentiel pour comprendre l’exploitation des exsudats de conifères dans deux contextes archéologiques différents. Le 1e site d’étude est identifié comme un site médiéval de production d’exsudats végétaux. Des résidus organiques ont effectivement été retrouvés adhérant à la surface des récipients mais leur analyse n’a pas permis d’apporter des éléments de compréhension relatifs à l’utilisation des récipients. En effet, aucun biomarqueur organique n’a été détecté, que ce soit du fait de la mauvaise conservation du matériau organique ou de l’utilisation des récipients pour d’autres activités. La seconde étude concerne des amphores datant du Ve siècle avant J.-C. retrouvées lors de la fouille du port archaïque de Marseille et les analyses ont été réalisées sur des résidus organiques adhérant à la surface des récipients. Les analyses moléculaires ont permis l’identification d’un exsudat de pin chauffé, probablement de la poix, qui a dû être utilisé pour le traitement de la surface interne des amphores. Grâce au croisement avec des données historiques qui établissent une corrélation entre traitements de surface et contenu des amphores, nous avons supposé que les récipients que nous avons analysés ont probablement servi au transport du vin.
interpellent la communauté internationale. En effet, ces forêts à forte naturalité sont indispensables au
maintien d'une biodiversité unique et offrent des services écosystémiques d'adaptation aux changements
globaux sous-évalués. Les études récentes (cartographie, télédétection) montrent l'ampleur des prélèvements
de bois, mais peu d'entre elles analysent leurs changements holocènes récents et les processus socioenvironnementaux
qui ont conduit à la situation actuelle. Face à l'urgence, ce projet interdisciplinaire
propose leur diagnostic diachronique et une évaluation de leurs vulnérabilités en vue de leur préservation et
de leur gestion durable. Il s’est focalisé sur les forêts de la région minière de Băiuț, dans le județ de
Maramureș, dont l’une d’elles vient de faire l’objet d’un classement au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO
en tant que Primeval beeh forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe.