HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
FoEME would like to recognize and thank the EU Partnership for Peace program for their support of... more FoEME would like to recognize and thank the EU Partnership for Peace program for their support of this project. We also wish to recognize and thank the Czech Republic for research support throughout the several phases of the project. The views expressed are those of EcoPeace / Friends of the Earth Middle East and do not necessarily represent the views of our funders.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
This chapter summarizes the status of water negotiations among the three nations of Israel, Pales... more This chapter summarizes the status of water negotiations among the three nations of Israel, Palestine, and Jordan as they were to now and as they could be with a broader interpretation and understanding of the role of water in human society. They all have much to gain from reaching a formal, equitable and sustainable agreement, but even more to lose from continued conflict and disruption. Indeed, they could become a model for transboundary water management among (formerly hostile) nations elsewhere in the world.
L'objet de la mission etait d'identifier, en partenariat avec la partie palestinienne, un... more L'objet de la mission etait d'identifier, en partenariat avec la partie palestinienne, un projet de developpement rural en Cisjordanie. Dans un pemier temps, le projet de developpement rural integre du village de Falamiah a ete evalue : cette experience enrichit la connaissance des mecanismes de transformation des realites locales et de l'impact que peut avoir une intervention, mais elle n'est pas reproductible. Le caractere experimental de la demarche ne se prete pas a une simple extrapolation. Le projet propose s'appuie sur un reseau de villages ou seront poursuivies des operations de developpement local. Outre l'impact reel en termes de developpement dans les villages consideres, le projet doit permettre la production de references sur les possibilites de transformations economiques et techniques locales et sur les consequences d'une intervention exterieure. La constitution des referentiels s'appuie sur le suivi et l'evaluation des operations pilotes. Les referentiels produits fourniront egalement des elements pour la planification du developpement agricole a d'autres echelles (politiques agricoles, amenagement du territoire, organisation des services, etc). Pour cela, ils devront etre completes par la mise en place d'un systeme d'information sur les evolutions du secteur agricole palestinien
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2019
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Background: With more than 160 000 confirmed COVID-19 cases and about 30 000 deceased people at t... more Background: With more than 160 000 confirmed COVID-19 cases and about 30 000 deceased people at the end of June 2020, France was one of the countries most affected by the coronavirus crisis worldwide. We aim to assess the efficiency of global lockdown policy in limiting spatial contamination through an in-depth reanalysis of spatial statistics in France during the first lockdown and immediate post-lockdown phases. Methods: To reach that goal, we use an integrated approach at the crossroads of geography, spatial epidemiology, and public health science. To eliminate any ambiguity relevant to the scope of the study, attention focused at first on data quality assessment. The data used originate from official databases (Santé Publique France) and the analysis is performed at a departmental level. We then developed spatial autocorrelation analysis, thematic mapping, hot spot analysis, and multivariate clustering. Results: We observe the extreme heterogeneity of local situations and demonstrate that clustering and intensity are decorrelated indicators. Thematic mapping allows us to identify five "ghost" clusters, whereas hot spot analysis detects two positive and two negative clusters. Our re-evaluation also highlights that spatial dissemination follows a twofold logic, zonal contiguity and linear development, thus determining a "metastatic" propagation pattern. Conclusions: One of the most problematic issues about COVID-19 management by the authorities is the limited capacity to identify hot spots. Clustering of epidemic events is often biased because of inappropriate data quality assessment and algorithms eliminating statistical-spatial outliers. Enhanced detection techniques allow for a better identification of hot and cold spots, which may lead to more effective political decisions during epidemic outbreaks.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Jul 9, 2020
The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA i... more The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage. Here, we measured the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the inflow point of the main waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Montpellier, France. We collected samples 4 days before the end of lockdown and up to 45 days post-lockdown. We detected increased amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the WWTP, which was not correlated with the number of newly diagnosed patients. Future epidemiologic investigations may explain such asynchronous finding.. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2015
(700 signes incluant les espaces): La notion de territoire multisitué est utilisée comme méthode ... more (700 signes incluant les espaces): La notion de territoire multisitué est utilisée comme méthode pour comprendre l'évolution des interactions sociales au sujet de l'espace et des ressources. En explorant les relations qu'entretiennent les acteurs sociaux au sujet de la terre et de l'eau, on reconstitue les territoires vécus. Ceci révèle les liens fonctionnels reliant des espaces que l'on pourrait a priori considérer comme dispersés et les dimensions le long desquelles ces espaces non contigus forment un seul territoire. On comprend alors les évolutions différentes, parfois antagonistes, de territoires multisitués par rapport à d'autres au sein desquels ils sont pourtant imbriqués. La fragmentation extrême de la Cisjordanie montre l'utilité de cette méthode. Mots clé (3 à 5, ordre alphabétique) Eau, foncier, Palestine, pluralisme juridique, territoires multisitués Summary: The concept of multisited territory is used as a method to understand the evolution of social interactions concerning space and resources. Exploring social interactions concerning land and water tenure, we reconstruct territories as they are experienced. This reveals functional ties linking spaces which appear scattered at first sight as well as the dimensions along which such non contiguous spaces constitute a single territory. This sheds light on the divergent, sometimes conflicting, evolutions, of various multisited territories that are interlocked within each other. 1 Cet article a été produit dans le cadre du projet « De terres et d'eaux », ANR-12-AGRO-0002-01 , financé par le programme Agrobiosphere 2012 de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
The EcoPeace Proposal is considered to be the most attractive way to move Israel, Palestine, and ... more The EcoPeace Proposal is considered to be the most attractive way to move Israel, Palestine, and Jordan toward a final status agreement for their shared water resources. However, they are not the only way, and this chapter focuses on four supplemental or alternative ways for dealing with regional water issues: the Mountain Aquifer study shows how the EcoPeace Proposal could be tried first at smaller scale; the Lower Jordan Basin project is an actual example of what can be achieved in a transboundary region that is highly sensitive ecologically but with a large economic potential; the Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance (RSDSWC) project is a proposed way of meeting both water and electricity shortages, mainly in Jordan, by conventional means but at massive cost; finally the Water-Energy Nexus is both a modern response to water insecurity and an opportunity for regional integration. The Chapter concludes with a note on the experience of EcoPeace in its presentations before the United Nations Security Council.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
This book builds upon the EcoPeace Proposal for a water agreement between Israel and Palestine, t... more This book builds upon the EcoPeace Proposal for a water agreement between Israel and Palestine, together with those parts of the Proposal that involve the western portions of Jordan. Chapter One identifies key aspects of the global and regional setting for the review of current and possible future water management in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. It indicates how such an agreement must reflect the role of water as a flow rather than as a stock, distinguish between water use and water consumption, and recognize the numerous benefits from transboundary water management among the three countries. Thanks to the Annex 2 of the Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan, joint management of their shared water has been working well, though future relationships are uncertain at present. However, existing arrangements for Israel and Palestine are, at best, inadequate and, in some cases, counterproductive. This Chapter concludes with a description of the organization of the rest of the book.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
FoEME would like to recognize and thank the EU Partnership for Peace program for their support of... more FoEME would like to recognize and thank the EU Partnership for Peace program for their support of this project. We also wish to recognize and thank the Czech Republic for research support throughout the several phases of the project. The views expressed are those of EcoPeace / Friends of the Earth Middle East and do not necessarily represent the views of our funders.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
This chapter summarizes the status of water negotiations among the three nations of Israel, Pales... more This chapter summarizes the status of water negotiations among the three nations of Israel, Palestine, and Jordan as they were to now and as they could be with a broader interpretation and understanding of the role of water in human society. They all have much to gain from reaching a formal, equitable and sustainable agreement, but even more to lose from continued conflict and disruption. Indeed, they could become a model for transboundary water management among (formerly hostile) nations elsewhere in the world.
L'objet de la mission etait d'identifier, en partenariat avec la partie palestinienne, un... more L'objet de la mission etait d'identifier, en partenariat avec la partie palestinienne, un projet de developpement rural en Cisjordanie. Dans un pemier temps, le projet de developpement rural integre du village de Falamiah a ete evalue : cette experience enrichit la connaissance des mecanismes de transformation des realites locales et de l'impact que peut avoir une intervention, mais elle n'est pas reproductible. Le caractere experimental de la demarche ne se prete pas a une simple extrapolation. Le projet propose s'appuie sur un reseau de villages ou seront poursuivies des operations de developpement local. Outre l'impact reel en termes de developpement dans les villages consideres, le projet doit permettre la production de references sur les possibilites de transformations economiques et techniques locales et sur les consequences d'une intervention exterieure. La constitution des referentiels s'appuie sur le suivi et l'evaluation des operations pilotes. Les referentiels produits fourniront egalement des elements pour la planification du developpement agricole a d'autres echelles (politiques agricoles, amenagement du territoire, organisation des services, etc). Pour cela, ils devront etre completes par la mise en place d'un systeme d'information sur les evolutions du secteur agricole palestinien
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2019
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Background: With more than 160 000 confirmed COVID-19 cases and about 30 000 deceased people at t... more Background: With more than 160 000 confirmed COVID-19 cases and about 30 000 deceased people at the end of June 2020, France was one of the countries most affected by the coronavirus crisis worldwide. We aim to assess the efficiency of global lockdown policy in limiting spatial contamination through an in-depth reanalysis of spatial statistics in France during the first lockdown and immediate post-lockdown phases. Methods: To reach that goal, we use an integrated approach at the crossroads of geography, spatial epidemiology, and public health science. To eliminate any ambiguity relevant to the scope of the study, attention focused at first on data quality assessment. The data used originate from official databases (Santé Publique France) and the analysis is performed at a departmental level. We then developed spatial autocorrelation analysis, thematic mapping, hot spot analysis, and multivariate clustering. Results: We observe the extreme heterogeneity of local situations and demonstrate that clustering and intensity are decorrelated indicators. Thematic mapping allows us to identify five "ghost" clusters, whereas hot spot analysis detects two positive and two negative clusters. Our re-evaluation also highlights that spatial dissemination follows a twofold logic, zonal contiguity and linear development, thus determining a "metastatic" propagation pattern. Conclusions: One of the most problematic issues about COVID-19 management by the authorities is the limited capacity to identify hot spots. Clustering of epidemic events is often biased because of inappropriate data quality assessment and algorithms eliminating statistical-spatial outliers. Enhanced detection techniques allow for a better identification of hot and cold spots, which may lead to more effective political decisions during epidemic outbreaks.
medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Jul 9, 2020
The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA i... more The evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic can be monitored through the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage. Here, we measured the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the inflow point of the main waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Montpellier, France. We collected samples 4 days before the end of lockdown and up to 45 days post-lockdown. We detected increased amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the WWTP, which was not correlated with the number of newly diagnosed patients. Future epidemiologic investigations may explain such asynchronous finding.. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2015
(700 signes incluant les espaces): La notion de territoire multisitué est utilisée comme méthode ... more (700 signes incluant les espaces): La notion de territoire multisitué est utilisée comme méthode pour comprendre l'évolution des interactions sociales au sujet de l'espace et des ressources. En explorant les relations qu'entretiennent les acteurs sociaux au sujet de la terre et de l'eau, on reconstitue les territoires vécus. Ceci révèle les liens fonctionnels reliant des espaces que l'on pourrait a priori considérer comme dispersés et les dimensions le long desquelles ces espaces non contigus forment un seul territoire. On comprend alors les évolutions différentes, parfois antagonistes, de territoires multisitués par rapport à d'autres au sein desquels ils sont pourtant imbriqués. La fragmentation extrême de la Cisjordanie montre l'utilité de cette méthode. Mots clé (3 à 5, ordre alphabétique) Eau, foncier, Palestine, pluralisme juridique, territoires multisitués Summary: The concept of multisited territory is used as a method to understand the evolution of social interactions concerning space and resources. Exploring social interactions concerning land and water tenure, we reconstruct territories as they are experienced. This reveals functional ties linking spaces which appear scattered at first sight as well as the dimensions along which such non contiguous spaces constitute a single territory. This sheds light on the divergent, sometimes conflicting, evolutions, of various multisited territories that are interlocked within each other. 1 Cet article a été produit dans le cadre du projet « De terres et d'eaux », ANR-12-AGRO-0002-01 , financé par le programme Agrobiosphere 2012 de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
The EcoPeace Proposal is considered to be the most attractive way to move Israel, Palestine, and ... more The EcoPeace Proposal is considered to be the most attractive way to move Israel, Palestine, and Jordan toward a final status agreement for their shared water resources. However, they are not the only way, and this chapter focuses on four supplemental or alternative ways for dealing with regional water issues: the Mountain Aquifer study shows how the EcoPeace Proposal could be tried first at smaller scale; the Lower Jordan Basin project is an actual example of what can be achieved in a transboundary region that is highly sensitive ecologically but with a large economic potential; the Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance (RSDSWC) project is a proposed way of meeting both water and electricity shortages, mainly in Jordan, by conventional means but at massive cost; finally the Water-Energy Nexus is both a modern response to water insecurity and an opportunity for regional integration. The Chapter concludes with a note on the experience of EcoPeace in its presentations before the United Nations Security Council.
SpringerBriefs on case studies of sustainable development, Oct 12, 2019
This book builds upon the EcoPeace Proposal for a water agreement between Israel and Palestine, t... more This book builds upon the EcoPeace Proposal for a water agreement between Israel and Palestine, together with those parts of the Proposal that involve the western portions of Jordan. Chapter One identifies key aspects of the global and regional setting for the review of current and possible future water management in Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. It indicates how such an agreement must reflect the role of water as a flow rather than as a stock, distinguish between water use and water consumption, and recognize the numerous benefits from transboundary water management among the three countries. Thanks to the Annex 2 of the Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan, joint management of their shared water has been working well, though future relationships are uncertain at present. However, existing arrangements for Israel and Palestine are, at best, inadequate and, in some cases, counterproductive. This Chapter concludes with a description of the organization of the rest of the book.
This review focuses on how water knowledge and technology are linked to power relations when they... more This review focuses on how water knowledge and technology are linked to power relations when they shape water access, sharing, and distribution. It examines how scholars have tackled this issue explicitly or implicitly. To do this, the paper first discusses the way knowledge and technology are intimately intertwined. Since knowledge and technology are never produced in a sociopolitical vacuum, it goes on to discuss how they embed and produce power relations. This article particularly highlights the way the concept of co-production has been used to address these issues by focusing on how boundaries and categories are made. Lastly, the review suggests four lines of research to further explore co-production processes: (1) understanding the political construction of scales of water use and access; (2) identifying the diversity and dynamics of the relations toward water that societies deploy, (3) grasping the way framings and paradigms have been historically shaped, and (4) pursuing the simultaneous analysis of the political and material dimensions of water. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1261. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1261
In agricultural transformations, small scale farmer driven processes interact with globally drive... more In agricultural transformations, small scale farmer driven processes interact with globally driven processes. Donor-led or foreign investor-led irrigation development systematically interacts with local, farmer-led irrigation development. This article harnesses Kopytoff's concept of 'interstitial frontier' to study such interactions. It discusses the shape an agricultural frontier may have and its interactions with local forms of water and land tenure. It discusses the manner in which changing access to water may spur the development of agricultural pioneer fronts. It distinguishes surface water driven, groundwater driven and wastewater driven agricultural frontiers. It then explores the manner such frontiers are transforming water tenure in the West Bank. This is an important aspect of the globalization of Palestinian society. The method this article develops is applicable elsewhere. Within interstitial frontiers, investors, whether local farmers or outsiders, enroll a globally maintained scientific discourse of efficient water use to secure donor funding. Meanwhile, they try developing clientelist ties with the authorities to secure their new access to water. The impacts on neighbouring, peasant-run irrigated systems, food security, housing security and many other mechanisms that sustain a society, are important and too often neglected.
Lors d'une transformation agricole, des processus impulsés par les petits agriculteurs interagissent avec des processus impulsés à l'échelle globale. Le développement de l'irrigation mené par un bailleur ou par un investisseur étranger interagit systématiquement avec le développement de l'irrigation mené par les agriculteurs locaux. Cet article utilise le concept de front pionnier interstitiel, développé par Kopytoff, afin d'étudier ce type d'interactions. Il discute de la forme que peut prendre un front pionnier agricole et de ses interactions avec les formes locales de tenure de l'eau et de tenure foncière. Il explore la façon dont la transformation de l'accès à l'eau peut mener au développement de fronts pionniers agricoles. Il distingue les fronts pionniers impulsés par l'eau de surface, de ceux impulsés par l'eau souterraine et de ceux impulsés par l'eau usée traitée. Il se penche sur la façon dont ces fronts pionniers transforment aujourd'hui la tenure de l'eau en Cisjordanie. Ceci constitue un aspect important de la globalisation de la société palestinienne. La méthode développée ici peut s'appliquer ailleurs. Au sein de fronts pionniers interstitiels, les investisseurs, qu'il s'agisse d'agriculteurs locaux ou d'étrangers, déploient un discours scientifique, construit et entretenu à l'échelle globale, concernant l'efficacité de la gestion et de l'utilisation de l'eau, afin d'obtenir le soutien des bailleurs. Ils tentent simultanément de développer des liens clientélistes avec les autorités pour sécuriser leur nouvel accès à l'eau. L'impact sur les systèmes d'irrigation paysans voisins, sur la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité d'habitat et bien d'autres mécanismes fondamentaux au sein d'une société, est immense et trop souvent négligé.
En las transformaciones agrícolas, los procesos a pequeña escala orientados a agricultores, interactúan con los procesos a escala global. El desarrollo de irrigación por parte de donantes o inversionistas foràneos, interactúa sistemáticamente con el desarrollo local de irrigación de los agricultores. Este artículo emplea el concepto de “frontera intersticial” de Kopytoff para estudiar dichas interacciones. Se discute la forma que puede tener una frontera agrícola, así como sus interacciones con formas locales de la tenencia del agua y de la tierra. También se aborda la manera en que el cambiante acceso al agua puede estimular el desarrollo de nuevos frentes agrícolas. Se hace una distinción entre fronteras agrícolas determinadas por superficies de agua, por agua subterránea y por aguas residuales. Posteriormente se explora la manera en que tales fronteras están transformando la tenencia del agua en la Ribera Occidental. Todo esto es un importante aspecto de la globalización de la sociedad palestina. El método que desarrolla este artículo puede aplicarse en cualquier otro sitio. Dentro de las fronteras intersticiales, los inversionistas, sean agricultores locales o foràneos, se inscriben en un discurso científico de uso eficiente del agua para así asegurar financiamiento de donantes. Mientras tanto, ellos procuran desarrollar vínculos clientelares con las autoridades para asegurar un nuevo acceso al agua. Los impactos por la colindancia, sistemas de irrigación manejados por campesinos, seguridad alimentaria, seguridad de vivienda y muchos otros mecanismos que sostienen una sociedad son importantes y frecuentemente desatendidos.
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Papers by Julie Trottier
Lors d'une transformation agricole, des processus impulsés par les petits agriculteurs interagissent avec des processus impulsés à l'échelle globale. Le développement de l'irrigation mené par un bailleur ou par un investisseur étranger interagit systématiquement avec le développement de l'irrigation mené par les agriculteurs locaux. Cet article utilise le concept de front pionnier interstitiel, développé par Kopytoff, afin d'étudier ce type d'interactions. Il discute de la forme que peut prendre un front pionnier agricole et de ses interactions avec les formes locales de tenure de l'eau et de tenure foncière. Il explore la façon dont la transformation de l'accès à l'eau peut mener au développement de fronts pionniers agricoles. Il distingue les fronts pionniers impulsés par l'eau de surface, de ceux impulsés par l'eau souterraine et de ceux impulsés par l'eau usée traitée. Il se penche sur la façon dont ces fronts pionniers transforment aujourd'hui la tenure de l'eau en Cisjordanie. Ceci constitue un aspect important de la globalisation de la société palestinienne. La méthode développée ici peut s'appliquer ailleurs. Au sein de fronts pionniers interstitiels, les investisseurs, qu'il s'agisse d'agriculteurs locaux ou d'étrangers, déploient un discours scientifique, construit et entretenu à l'échelle globale, concernant l'efficacité de la gestion et de l'utilisation de l'eau, afin d'obtenir le soutien des bailleurs. Ils tentent simultanément de développer des liens clientélistes avec les autorités pour sécuriser leur nouvel accès à l'eau. L'impact sur les systèmes d'irrigation paysans voisins, sur la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité d'habitat et bien d'autres mécanismes fondamentaux au sein d'une société, est immense et trop souvent négligé.
En las transformaciones agrícolas, los procesos a pequeña escala orientados a agricultores, interactúan con los procesos a escala global. El desarrollo de irrigación por parte de donantes o inversionistas foràneos, interactúa sistemáticamente con el desarrollo local de irrigación de los agricultores. Este artículo emplea el concepto de “frontera intersticial” de Kopytoff para estudiar dichas interacciones. Se discute la forma que puede tener una frontera agrícola, así como sus interacciones con formas locales de la tenencia del agua y de la tierra. También se aborda la manera en que el cambiante acceso al agua puede estimular el desarrollo de nuevos frentes agrícolas. Se hace una distinción entre fronteras agrícolas determinadas por superficies de agua, por agua subterránea y por aguas residuales. Posteriormente se explora la manera en que tales fronteras están transformando la tenencia del agua en la Ribera Occidental. Todo esto es un importante aspecto de la globalización de la sociedad palestina. El método que desarrolla este artículo puede aplicarse en cualquier otro sitio. Dentro de las fronteras intersticiales, los inversionistas, sean agricultores locales o foràneos, se inscriben en un discurso científico de uso eficiente del agua para así asegurar financiamiento de donantes. Mientras tanto, ellos procuran desarrollar vínculos clientelares con las autoridades para asegurar un nuevo acceso al agua. Los impactos por la colindancia, sistemas de irrigación manejados por campesinos, seguridad alimentaria, seguridad de vivienda y muchos otros mecanismos que sostienen una sociedad son importantes y frecuentemente desatendidos.