Papers Eco-Science by Joanne Clavel
The field of biodiversity conservation has recently been criticized as relying on a fixist view o... more The field of biodiversity conservation has recently been criticized as relying on a fixist view of the living world, in which existing species constitute at the same time the targets of conservation efforts and static states of reference, which is in apparent disagreement with evolutionary dynamics. We review the prominent role of species as conservation units and we provide justifications to the species approach, in relation with the discrepancy between the time scales of macroevolution and human influence. We also show that conservation science addresses many other levels of biological integration. We then discuss the common "benchmark" approach, aiming at using past biodiversity as a reference to conserve current biodiversity. We demonstrate the necessity of biodiversity benchmarks and we show that they are based on reference processes rather than fixed reference states. Overall, we argue that the ethical and theoretical frameworks underlying conservation research are based on macroevolutionary processes. Current species, phylogenetic, community, and functional conservation approaches constitute short-term responses to short-term human effects on these reference processes, and these approaches are consistent with evolutionary principles.
Because specialist species evolved in more temporally and spatially homogeneous environments than... more Because specialist species evolved in more temporally and spatially homogeneous environments than generalist species, they are supposed to experience less fl uctuating selection. For this reason, we expect specialists to show lower overall genetic variation as compared to generalists. We also expect populations from specialist species to be smaller and more fragmented, with lower neutral genetic diversity. We tested these hypotheses by investigating patterns of genetic diversity along a habitat specialization gradient in wild birds, based on estimates of heritability, coeffi cients of variation of additive genetic variance, and heterozygosity available in the literature. We found no signifi cant eff ect of habitat specialization on any of the quantitative genetic estimators but generalists had higher heterozygosity. Th is eff ect was mainly a consequence of the larger population size of generalists. Our results suggest that evolutionary potential does not diff er at the population level between generalist and specialist species, but the trend observed in heterozygosity levels and population sizes may explain their diff erence in susceptibility to extinction.
1. De-extinction, the process of resurrecting extinct species, is in an early stage of scientific... more 1. De-extinction, the process of resurrecting extinct species, is in an early stage of scientific implementation. However, its potential to contribute effectively to biodiversity conservation remains unexplored, especially from an evolutionary perspective. 2. We review and discuss the application of the existing evolutionary conservation framework to potential de-extinction projects. We aim to understand how evolutionary processes can influence the dynamics of resurrected populations and to place de-extinction within micro-and macro-evolutionary conservation perspectives. 3. In programmes aiming to revive long-extinct species, the most important constraints to the short-term viability of any resurrected population are (i) their intrinsically low evolutionary resilience and (ii) their poor eco-evolutionary experience, in relation to the absence of (co)adaption to biotic and abiotic changes in the recipient environment. 4. Assuming that some populations of resurrected species can persist locally, they have the potential to bring substantial benefits to biodiversity if the time since initial extinction is short relative to evolutionary dynamics. The restoration of lost genetic information could lead, along with the reinstatement of lost ecological functions, to the restoration of some evolutionary pat-rimony and processes, such as adaptation and diversification. 5. However, substantial evolutionary costs might occur, including unintended eco-evolutionary changes in the local system and unintended spread of the species. Further, evolutionary benefits are limited because (i) the use of resurrected populations as 'evolutionary proxies' of extinct species is meaningless; (ii) their phylogenetic originality is likely to be limited by the selection of inappropriate candidate species and the fact that the original species might be those for which de-extinction is the most difficult to achieve practically; (iii) the resurrection of a few extinct species does not have the potential to conserve as much evolutionary history as traditional conservation strategies, such as the reduction of ongoing species declines and extinction debts. 6. De-extinction is a stimulating idea, which is not intrinsically antagonistic to the conservation of evolutionary processes. However, poor choice of candidate species, and most importantly , too long time scales between a species' extinction and its resurrection are associated with low expected evolutionary benefits and likely unacceptable eco-evolutionary risks.
Summary
1. Generalist species are more successful than specialists in anthropogenically modified... more Summary
1. Generalist species are more successful than specialists in anthropogenically modified envi- ronments or in environments in which they have been introduced, but the nature of the link between generalism and establishment success is unclear.
2. A higher feeding innovation rate has previously been reported in habitat generalist birds from North America. By allowing them to exploit new resources, this higher feeding innovation rate might explain the generalists’ advantage. This result might be due to generalists being more likely to find new resources because they are exposed to more diverse environmental conditions. Alternatively, they might differ from specialists in other traits, in particular cognitive skills that might allow them to innovate more complex food searching and handling techniques.
3. To test these hypotheses, we separated avian feeding innovations into a ‘technical’ (novel searching and handling behaviour) and a ‘food type’ (incorporation of a new food in a spe- cies’ diet) category. Technical innovations, but not food type innovations, have previously been shown to correlate with avian brain size, suggesting they reflect cognitive ability. We used a world-wide data base of 2339 feeding innovations recorded in the literature, covering a total of 765 avian species and assessed the correlations between brain size and feeding innova- tion rates on one side and habitat and diet generalism on the other.
4. Habitat generalism was positively related with food type innovation rate, but not technical innovation rate or brain size. This suggests that habitat generalist species are more likely to incorporate new food types in their diet because of higher chances to find new food resources in their environment, or of a higher opportunism, but not enhanced cognitive skills. In con- trast, diet generalist species had higher food type and technical innovation rates, as well as larger brains, suggesting that cognitive skills might help species expand their diet breadth or that an increase in diet breadth might favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities.
5. Our results provide new insights into the nature of the generalists’ advantage in the face of environmental changes, and suggest that dietary and habitat generalism are different, but con- vergent, routes to feeding flexibility and adaptation to changed environments.
Fungal invasions are increasingly recognized as a significant component of global changes, threat... more Fungal invasions are increasingly recognized as a significant component of global changes, threatening ecosystem health and damaging food production. Invasive fungi also provide excellent models to evaluate the generality of results based on other eukaryotes. We first consider here the reasons why fungal invasions have long been overlooked: they tend to be inconspicuous, and inappropriate methods have been used for species recognition. We then review the information available on the patterns and mechanisms of fungal invasions. We examine the biological features underlying inva- sion success of certain fungal species. We review population structure analyses, reveal- ing native source populations and strengths of bottlenecks. We highlight the documented ecological and evolutionary changes in invaded regions, including adapta- tion to temperature, increased virulence, hybridization, shifts to clonality and associa- tion with novel hosts. We discuss how the huge census size of most fungi allows adaptation even in bottlenecked, clonal invaders. We also present new analyses of the invasion of the anther-smut pathogen on white campion in North America, as a case study illustrating how an accurate knowledge of species limits and phylogeography of fungal populations can be used to decipher the origin of invasions. This case study shows that successful invasions can occur even when life history traits are particularly unfavourable to long-distance dispersal and even with a strong bottleneck. We con- clude that fungal invasions are valuable models to contribute to our view of biological invasions, in particular by providing insights into the traits as well as ecological and evolutionary processes allowing successful introductions.
Biodiversity has reached a critical state. In this context, stakeholders need indicators that bot... more Biodiversity has reached a critical state. In this context, stakeholders need indicators that both provide a synthetic view of the state of biodiversity and can be used as communication tools. Using river fishes as model, we developed community indicators that aim at integrating various components of biodiversity including interactions between species and ultimately the processes influencing ecosystem functions. We developed indices at the species level based on (i) the concept of specialization directly linked to the niche theory and (ii) the concept of originality measuring the overall degree of differences between a species and all other species in the same clade. Five major types of originality indices, based on phylogeny, habitat-linked and diet-linked morphology, life history traits, and ecological niche were analyzed. In a second step, we tested the relationship between all biodiversity indices and land use as a proxy of human pressures. Fish communities showed no significant temporal trend for most of these indices, but both originality indices based on diet-and habitat-linked morphology showed a significant increase through time. From a spatial point of view, all indices clearly singled out Corsica Island as having higher average originality and specialization. Finally, we observed that the originality index based on niche traits might be used as an informative biodiversity indicator because we showed it is sensitive to different land use classes along a landscape artificialization gradient. Moreover, its response remained unchanged over two other land use classifications at the global scale and also at the regional scale.
Specialization is a concept based on a broad theoretical framework developed by evolutionary biol... more Specialization is a concept based on a broad theoretical framework developed by evolutionary biologists and ecologists. In the past 10 years, numerous studies have reported that – in many contexts – generalist species are “replacing” specialist species. We review recent research on the concept of the ecological niche and species specialization, and conclude that (1) the observed worldwide decline in specialist species is pre- dicted by niche theory, (2) specialist declines cause “functional homogenization” of biodiversity, and (3) such homogenization may be used to measure the impact of disturbance on communities. Homogenization at the community level could alter ecosystem functioning and productivity, as well as result in the deterio- ration of ecosystem goods and services. We propose community-level specialization as an indicator of the impact of global changes (habitat and climate disturbances) on biodiversity.
Environmental Management 48:882–884, 2011
This paper is an answer to the Caplat and Coutts forum about our previous paper ''The need for fl... more This paper is an answer to the Caplat and Coutts forum about our previous paper ''The need for flexibility in conservation practices: exotic species as an example''. We precise here why we proposed to consider exotic species as well as indigenous species in the reconnection framework in human-modified environments. One argument is that consistent and understandable arguments must be used in the communication from scientists to the public, in order not to decrease the gap between science and society.
Environmental Management, 2011
To garner support for biodiversity from the World's human population, conservation biologists nee... more To garner support for biodiversity from the World's human population, conservation biologists need an open-minded, integrated conservation strategy. We suggest that this strategy should include efforts to (1) preserve existing high quality, diverse ecosystems, (2) remediate impaired systems, (3) balance the needs of people and ecological resources, and (4) engender appreciation of nature and its services. We refer to these four key tenets as reservation, restoration, reconciliation, and reconnection. We illustrate these concepts by presenting the debate surrounding the management of exotic species from an unusual perspective, the benefits of exotic species. By this example we hope to encourage an integrated approach to conservation in which management strategies can be flexible, adjusting to society's needs and the overall goals of conservation.
One of the most consensual ecological eff ects of the current climate warming is the alteration o... more One of the most consensual ecological eff ects of the current climate warming is the alteration of the environmental timing of ecosystems. Phenological shifts, at diff erent levels of food webs, are predicted to have major eff ects on species assemblages. Indeed it is unlikely that all species should be able to respond to the phenological shifts of their environment evenly. Yet questions remain about the specifi c traits that predict the ability of a species to track the temporal fl uctuations of its environment. In this study, we use data from the French Constant Eff ort Site ringing program over a 20 years period (1989 -2008) to estimate the ability of 20 common passerine species to adjust their breeding phenology to spring temperature variations. We show that the sensitivity of species breeding phenology to climate relates to species mean migration distance, species ' thermal and habitat niche breadth and brain mass. Species with the broadest ecological and thermal niches, the shortest mean migration distances and the largest brains were most able to adjust their breeding phenology to temperature variations. Our results thus identify long distance migrants and ecological specialists as species that could most suff er from the future expected climate change and suggests phenological adjustment as one possible mechanism underlying the replacement of specialist species by more generalist ones, the so called functional biotic homogenization.
Journal of Applied …, Jan 1, 2010
1. Ecological specialization is one of the main concepts in ecology and conservation. However, th... more 1. Ecological specialization is one of the main concepts in ecology and conservation. However, this concept has become highly context-dependent and is now obscured by the great variability of existing definitions and methods used to characterize ecological specialization. 2. In this study, we clarify this concept by reviewing the strengths and limitations of different approaches commonly used to define and measure ecological specialization. We first show that ecological specialization can either be considered as reflecting species' requirements or species' impacts. We then explain how specialization depends on species-specific characteristics and on local and contingent environmental constraints. We further show why and how ecological specialization should be scaled across spatial and temporal scales, and from individuals to communities. 3. We then illustrate how this review can be used as a practical toolbox to classify widely used metrics of ecological specialization in applied ecology, depending on the question being addressed, the method used, and the data available. 4. Synthesis and applications. Clarifying ecological specialization is useful to make explicit connections between several fields of ecology using the niche concept. Defining this concept and its practical metrics is also a crucial step to better formulate predictions of scientific interest in ecology and conservation. Finally, understanding the different facets of ecological specialization should facilitate to investigate the causes and consequences of biotic homogenization and to derive relevant indicators of biodiversity responses to land-use changes.
Global Ecology and …, Jan 1, 2008
Aim Worldwide, functional homogenization is now considered to be one of the most prominent forms ... more Aim Worldwide, functional homogenization is now considered to be one of the most prominent forms of biotic impoverishment induced by current global changes. Yet this process has hardly been quantified on a large scale through simple indices, and the connection between landscape disturbance and functional homogenization has hardly been established. Here we test whether changes in land use and landscape fragmentation are associated with functional homogenization of bird communities at a national scale.
Ecology …, Jan 1, 2006
Each species generally has a close relationship with one or more habitats and can therefore be cl... more Each species generally has a close relationship with one or more habitats and can therefore be classified as either specialist or generalist. We studied whether specialist and generalist species are spatially distributed independently of each other. Repeating the analysis for 100 of the most frequent terrestrial bird species recorded over the 10 000 sampled sites of the French Breeding Bird survey, we found that specialists were more abundant if the rest of the community was specialized, and that the inverse was also true. This pattern was far subtler than just a simple dichotomy: most species actually presented a maximum abundance at a value of community specialization similar to their own level of specialization. Bird communities appear very well defined along a specialistgeneralist gradient. We believe this pattern becomes more apparent with habitat degradation. The consequences on both ecological services and community resilience may well be considerable.
PLoS Genetics, 2012
The apple is the most common and culturally important fruit crop of temperate areas. The elucidat... more The apple is the most common and culturally important fruit crop of temperate areas. The elucidation of its origin and domestication history is therefore of great interest. The wild Central Asian species Malus sieversii has previously been identified as the main contributor to the genome of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica), on the basis of morphological, molecular, and historical evidence. The possible contribution of other wild species present along the Silk Route running from Asia to Western Europe remains a matter of debate, particularly with respect to the contribution of the European wild apple. We used microsatellite markers and an unprecedented large sampling of five Malus species throughout Eurasia (839 accessions from China to Spain) to show that multiple species have contributed to the genetic makeup of domesticated apples. The wild European crabapple M. sylvestris, in particular, was a major secondary contributor. Bidirectional gene flow between the domesticated apple and the European crabapple resulted in the current M. domestica being genetically more closely related to this species than to its Central Asian progenitor, M. sieversii. We found no evidence of a domestication bottleneck or clonal population structure in apples, despite the use of vegetative propagation by grafting. We show that the evolution of domesticated apples occurred over a long time period and involved more than one wild species. Our results support the view that self-incompatibility, a long lifespan, and cultural practices such as selection from open-pollinated seeds have facilitated introgression from wild relatives and the maintenance of genetic variation during domestication. This combination of processes may account for the diversification of several long-lived perennial crops, yielding domestication patterns different from those observed for annual species.
Papers - Eco-Art by Joanne Clavel
Culture et Recherche n°145 - Création artistique et urgence écologique, 2023
’intérêt du monde chorégraphique pour les enjeux écologiques semble aussi soudain qu’intense et m... more ’intérêt du monde chorégraphique pour les enjeux écologiques semble aussi soudain qu’intense et multiple. Les œuvres scéniques portant sur les vivants ou le climat foisonnent dans les théâtres. Les festivals tentent d’articuler différentes facettes de l’écologie – environnementale, sociale, décoloniale, existentielle – tout en intégrant les fabriques de l’écoconception. Les œuvres en situation prenant les entités de nature – oiseaux, arbres, légumes, algues, mycorhizes, roches – comme partenaires se multiplient. Les lieux de création se déplacent loin des centres urbains. Les voyages somatiques attisent de nouvelles conceptions des vivants et du corps : ils développent de nouveaux arts de l’attention.
Techniques & Culture Revue semestrielle d’anthropologie des techniques n°74, 2020
Anna Halprin (b. 1920), American dancer and choreographer, developed practices and movement explo... more Anna Halprin (b. 1920), American dancer and choreographer, developed practices and movement explorations that would considerably transform the development of dance and performance, particularly in their relationship to the environment. Her work, anchored on the West Coast of the United States, accompanies urban transformations, the evolution of environmental consciousness, or the specific problems encountered by a subject or a community, particularly in relation to disease (AIDS, Cancer). Planetary Dance, a ritual dance born in 1981 to heal Mount Tamalpais (CA), is one of the emblematic examples of the worldwide circulation of ritual dance. We will examine the context of the emergence of this dance, the forms it draws, the body techniques and the perceptive experiences it offers before proposing filiations with two other danced rituals born in California with an international export story: Starhawk's Spiral Dance and Gabrielle Roth's 5 Rhythms Dance. In conclusion we will attempt an “ecological” analysis of these phenomena by politicized the somaesthetic of energies and affects.
Éducation relative à l'environnement Regards -Recherches -Réflexions Art et Éducation relative à l'environnement , 2018
At the professional dance conservatory of Lugo in Spain, the theme of the 2013 end-of-year show w... more At the professional dance conservatory of Lugo in Spain, the theme of the 2013 end-of-year show was "ecological issues". The four contemporary dance teachers worked from January to June, involving about fifty students in the project. Our aim was to understand how dance can convey concepts and/or values related to various contemporary ecological issues and how the experience of dancing can potentially empower its actors. We interviewed teachers with semi-structured interviews and students with questionnaires at the beginning and at the end of the artistic mediation device. We also analyzed dance creations. Within the overall process of artistic mediation several models of mediation emerge from our analysis, all interwoven. The different mediation models provide a representation, and even up to an incarnation, of the ecological stakes which can, in some actors, trigger the desire to take action.
En el conservatorio de danza de Lugo en España, el tema del espectáculo de fin de curso 2013 ha girado en torno a la ecología. Las cuatro profesoras de danza contemporánea trabajaron de enero a junio haciendo participar a 50 alumnos en el proyecto. Hemos querido estudiar cómo la danza puede transmitir saberes y/o valores acerca de diversas problemáticas ecológicas contemporáneas y cómo esta experiencia de danza puede potencialmente tener un poder de transformación sobre sus actores. Para ello, al principio y al final del dispositivo de mediación artística, interrogamos con entrevistas semi-estructuradas a las profesoras y con cuestionarios a los alumnos. También hemos analizado las creaciones de danza. En el proceso global de mediación artística, varios modelos de mediación emergen de los análisis, todos entrelazados ; estos ofrecen una representación e incluso una encarnación de los temas ecológicos que desencadenan en ciertos actores, la conciencia de una necesidad de reaccionar.
https://journals.openedition.org/ere/2638
Résumé
Nous interrogeons le rôle que les pratiques artistiques, et particulièrement les pratiq... more Résumé
Nous interrogeons le rôle que les pratiques artistiques, et particulièrement les pratiques corporelles et chorégraphiques, peuvent jouer dans le vaste chantier de l’enjeu écologique. En effet, les résultats scientifiques de la "sixième extinction du vivant" imposent urgemment de repenser le monde qui nous habite et que nous habitons. Plusieurs exemples de pratiques chorégraphiques où la question de l’expérience est centrale montreront comment la construction d’une inscription du sentir dans l’environnement est fondamentale. Elles feront écho à des études en psychologie environnementale qui ont montré comment l’expérience structure l’éthique individuelle. Il nous semble que les laboratoires chorégraphiques que nous décrivons sont à la pointe des enjeux écologiques en ce qu’ils reposent sur des valeurs non utilitariste et une économie non marchande afin de penser une réelle transition écologique des sociétés.
Mots clés: Danse, écologie, expérience, transition, processus
Abstract
We question the role that artistic practices, especially somatic and choreographic practices, may play in the vast field of ecological issues at stake. Indeed, the results of scientific studies of the "sixth mass extinction of biodiversity" point to an urgent need to rethink the world that lives in us and that we inhabit. Several examples of choreographic practices, where the issue of experience is central, show how fundamental is to build a sense of inclusion in the environment. These examples are reminiscent of environmental psychology studies that showed how the experience structures the ethic of individuals. It seems to us that the choreographic labs we described are at the forefront of ecological issues in the sense
that they rely on non-utilitarian and non-market values to think a genuine ecological transition of our societies.
Keywords: Dance, ecology, experience, transition, process.
Resumen
Nos cuestionamos el papel que las prácticas artísticas, y más concretamente las corporales y
coreográficas, pueden desempeñar en el vasto campo de la cuestión ecológica. De hecho, los resultados
científicos de la "sexta extinción de las especies" imponen repensar de manera urgente el mundo que
habita en nosotros y en el que habitamos. Varios ejemplos de prácticas coreográficas en los que el tema de
la experiencia es central nos mostrarán cómo la construcción de una inscripción del sentir en el medio
ambiente es fundamental. Estas prácticas harán referencia a estudios de psicología ambiental que mostraron cómo la experiencia estructura la ética individual. Creemos que los laboratorios coreográficos
que describimos están en la vanguardia de las cuestiones ecológicas en cuanto a que se basan en valores
no utilitarios y en una economía no mercantil con el fin de pensar en una transición ecológica real de las
sociedades.
Palabras clave: Danza, ecología, experiencia, transición, proceso.
Uploads
Papers Eco-Science by Joanne Clavel
1. Generalist species are more successful than specialists in anthropogenically modified envi- ronments or in environments in which they have been introduced, but the nature of the link between generalism and establishment success is unclear.
2. A higher feeding innovation rate has previously been reported in habitat generalist birds from North America. By allowing them to exploit new resources, this higher feeding innovation rate might explain the generalists’ advantage. This result might be due to generalists being more likely to find new resources because they are exposed to more diverse environmental conditions. Alternatively, they might differ from specialists in other traits, in particular cognitive skills that might allow them to innovate more complex food searching and handling techniques.
3. To test these hypotheses, we separated avian feeding innovations into a ‘technical’ (novel searching and handling behaviour) and a ‘food type’ (incorporation of a new food in a spe- cies’ diet) category. Technical innovations, but not food type innovations, have previously been shown to correlate with avian brain size, suggesting they reflect cognitive ability. We used a world-wide data base of 2339 feeding innovations recorded in the literature, covering a total of 765 avian species and assessed the correlations between brain size and feeding innova- tion rates on one side and habitat and diet generalism on the other.
4. Habitat generalism was positively related with food type innovation rate, but not technical innovation rate or brain size. This suggests that habitat generalist species are more likely to incorporate new food types in their diet because of higher chances to find new food resources in their environment, or of a higher opportunism, but not enhanced cognitive skills. In con- trast, diet generalist species had higher food type and technical innovation rates, as well as larger brains, suggesting that cognitive skills might help species expand their diet breadth or that an increase in diet breadth might favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities.
5. Our results provide new insights into the nature of the generalists’ advantage in the face of environmental changes, and suggest that dietary and habitat generalism are different, but con- vergent, routes to feeding flexibility and adaptation to changed environments.
Papers - Eco-Art by Joanne Clavel
En el conservatorio de danza de Lugo en España, el tema del espectáculo de fin de curso 2013 ha girado en torno a la ecología. Las cuatro profesoras de danza contemporánea trabajaron de enero a junio haciendo participar a 50 alumnos en el proyecto. Hemos querido estudiar cómo la danza puede transmitir saberes y/o valores acerca de diversas problemáticas ecológicas contemporáneas y cómo esta experiencia de danza puede potencialmente tener un poder de transformación sobre sus actores. Para ello, al principio y al final del dispositivo de mediación artística, interrogamos con entrevistas semi-estructuradas a las profesoras y con cuestionarios a los alumnos. También hemos analizado las creaciones de danza. En el proceso global de mediación artística, varios modelos de mediación emergen de los análisis, todos entrelazados ; estos ofrecen una representación e incluso una encarnación de los temas ecológicos que desencadenan en ciertos actores, la conciencia de una necesidad de reaccionar.
https://journals.openedition.org/ere/2638
Nous interrogeons le rôle que les pratiques artistiques, et particulièrement les pratiques corporelles et chorégraphiques, peuvent jouer dans le vaste chantier de l’enjeu écologique. En effet, les résultats scientifiques de la "sixième extinction du vivant" imposent urgemment de repenser le monde qui nous habite et que nous habitons. Plusieurs exemples de pratiques chorégraphiques où la question de l’expérience est centrale montreront comment la construction d’une inscription du sentir dans l’environnement est fondamentale. Elles feront écho à des études en psychologie environnementale qui ont montré comment l’expérience structure l’éthique individuelle. Il nous semble que les laboratoires chorégraphiques que nous décrivons sont à la pointe des enjeux écologiques en ce qu’ils reposent sur des valeurs non utilitariste et une économie non marchande afin de penser une réelle transition écologique des sociétés.
Mots clés: Danse, écologie, expérience, transition, processus
Abstract
We question the role that artistic practices, especially somatic and choreographic practices, may play in the vast field of ecological issues at stake. Indeed, the results of scientific studies of the "sixth mass extinction of biodiversity" point to an urgent need to rethink the world that lives in us and that we inhabit. Several examples of choreographic practices, where the issue of experience is central, show how fundamental is to build a sense of inclusion in the environment. These examples are reminiscent of environmental psychology studies that showed how the experience structures the ethic of individuals. It seems to us that the choreographic labs we described are at the forefront of ecological issues in the sense
that they rely on non-utilitarian and non-market values to think a genuine ecological transition of our societies.
Keywords: Dance, ecology, experience, transition, process.
Resumen
Nos cuestionamos el papel que las prácticas artísticas, y más concretamente las corporales y
coreográficas, pueden desempeñar en el vasto campo de la cuestión ecológica. De hecho, los resultados
científicos de la "sexta extinción de las especies" imponen repensar de manera urgente el mundo que
habita en nosotros y en el que habitamos. Varios ejemplos de prácticas coreográficas en los que el tema de
la experiencia es central nos mostrarán cómo la construcción de una inscripción del sentir en el medio
ambiente es fundamental. Estas prácticas harán referencia a estudios de psicología ambiental que mostraron cómo la experiencia estructura la ética individual. Creemos que los laboratorios coreográficos
que describimos están en la vanguardia de las cuestiones ecológicas en cuanto a que se basan en valores
no utilitarios y en una economía no mercantil con el fin de pensar en una transición ecológica real de las
sociedades.
Palabras clave: Danza, ecología, experiencia, transición, proceso.
1. Generalist species are more successful than specialists in anthropogenically modified envi- ronments or in environments in which they have been introduced, but the nature of the link between generalism and establishment success is unclear.
2. A higher feeding innovation rate has previously been reported in habitat generalist birds from North America. By allowing them to exploit new resources, this higher feeding innovation rate might explain the generalists’ advantage. This result might be due to generalists being more likely to find new resources because they are exposed to more diverse environmental conditions. Alternatively, they might differ from specialists in other traits, in particular cognitive skills that might allow them to innovate more complex food searching and handling techniques.
3. To test these hypotheses, we separated avian feeding innovations into a ‘technical’ (novel searching and handling behaviour) and a ‘food type’ (incorporation of a new food in a spe- cies’ diet) category. Technical innovations, but not food type innovations, have previously been shown to correlate with avian brain size, suggesting they reflect cognitive ability. We used a world-wide data base of 2339 feeding innovations recorded in the literature, covering a total of 765 avian species and assessed the correlations between brain size and feeding innova- tion rates on one side and habitat and diet generalism on the other.
4. Habitat generalism was positively related with food type innovation rate, but not technical innovation rate or brain size. This suggests that habitat generalist species are more likely to incorporate new food types in their diet because of higher chances to find new food resources in their environment, or of a higher opportunism, but not enhanced cognitive skills. In con- trast, diet generalist species had higher food type and technical innovation rates, as well as larger brains, suggesting that cognitive skills might help species expand their diet breadth or that an increase in diet breadth might favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities.
5. Our results provide new insights into the nature of the generalists’ advantage in the face of environmental changes, and suggest that dietary and habitat generalism are different, but con- vergent, routes to feeding flexibility and adaptation to changed environments.
En el conservatorio de danza de Lugo en España, el tema del espectáculo de fin de curso 2013 ha girado en torno a la ecología. Las cuatro profesoras de danza contemporánea trabajaron de enero a junio haciendo participar a 50 alumnos en el proyecto. Hemos querido estudiar cómo la danza puede transmitir saberes y/o valores acerca de diversas problemáticas ecológicas contemporáneas y cómo esta experiencia de danza puede potencialmente tener un poder de transformación sobre sus actores. Para ello, al principio y al final del dispositivo de mediación artística, interrogamos con entrevistas semi-estructuradas a las profesoras y con cuestionarios a los alumnos. También hemos analizado las creaciones de danza. En el proceso global de mediación artística, varios modelos de mediación emergen de los análisis, todos entrelazados ; estos ofrecen una representación e incluso una encarnación de los temas ecológicos que desencadenan en ciertos actores, la conciencia de una necesidad de reaccionar.
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Nous interrogeons le rôle que les pratiques artistiques, et particulièrement les pratiques corporelles et chorégraphiques, peuvent jouer dans le vaste chantier de l’enjeu écologique. En effet, les résultats scientifiques de la "sixième extinction du vivant" imposent urgemment de repenser le monde qui nous habite et que nous habitons. Plusieurs exemples de pratiques chorégraphiques où la question de l’expérience est centrale montreront comment la construction d’une inscription du sentir dans l’environnement est fondamentale. Elles feront écho à des études en psychologie environnementale qui ont montré comment l’expérience structure l’éthique individuelle. Il nous semble que les laboratoires chorégraphiques que nous décrivons sont à la pointe des enjeux écologiques en ce qu’ils reposent sur des valeurs non utilitariste et une économie non marchande afin de penser une réelle transition écologique des sociétés.
Mots clés: Danse, écologie, expérience, transition, processus
Abstract
We question the role that artistic practices, especially somatic and choreographic practices, may play in the vast field of ecological issues at stake. Indeed, the results of scientific studies of the "sixth mass extinction of biodiversity" point to an urgent need to rethink the world that lives in us and that we inhabit. Several examples of choreographic practices, where the issue of experience is central, show how fundamental is to build a sense of inclusion in the environment. These examples are reminiscent of environmental psychology studies that showed how the experience structures the ethic of individuals. It seems to us that the choreographic labs we described are at the forefront of ecological issues in the sense
that they rely on non-utilitarian and non-market values to think a genuine ecological transition of our societies.
Keywords: Dance, ecology, experience, transition, process.
Resumen
Nos cuestionamos el papel que las prácticas artísticas, y más concretamente las corporales y
coreográficas, pueden desempeñar en el vasto campo de la cuestión ecológica. De hecho, los resultados
científicos de la "sexta extinción de las especies" imponen repensar de manera urgente el mundo que
habita en nosotros y en el que habitamos. Varios ejemplos de prácticas coreográficas en los que el tema de
la experiencia es central nos mostrarán cómo la construcción de una inscripción del sentir en el medio
ambiente es fundamental. Estas prácticas harán referencia a estudios de psicología ambiental que mostraron cómo la experiencia estructura la ética individual. Creemos que los laboratorios coreográficos
que describimos están en la vanguardia de las cuestiones ecológicas en cuanto a que se basan en valores
no utilitarios y en una economía no mercantil con el fin de pensar en una transición ecológica real de las
sociedades.
Palabras clave: Danza, ecología, experiencia, transición, proceso.
Palavras-chave: Somáticos. Ecologia. Potencial. Diversidade. Reciprocidade.
Mots-clés: Somatiques. Écologie. Potentiel. Diversité. Réciprocité.
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Biodiversité est un néologisme composé du mot grec βίος (bios), qui signifie « vie », et du mot diversité emprunté au latin diversitas qui signifie « variété », « différence », mais aussi « divergence ». Le terme définit la nature d'un point de vue scientifique dans un contexte historique de destruction massive des milieux et de la diversité du vivant (Ceballos et al., 2015). C'est une construction sociale. Biodiversité n'est pas l'équivalent de « diversité biologique », expression qui désigne une propriété du vivant. Engageant la responsabilité des êtres humains (Maris, 2010) et se situant désormais au coeur de la pensée de l'anthropocène, le terme tend à se substituer à celui de nature, notamment dans les politiques environnementales nationales et internationales. Son histoire est récente puisqu'elle remonte au milieu des années 1980 avec l'apparition, aux États-Unis, d'une nouvelle discipline de l'écologie scientifique consacrée à l'analyse des impacts anthropiques sur le vivant : la biologie de la conservation.