International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Dec 18, 2020
Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distan... more Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women's cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades.
Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, Sep 10, 2016
O sedentarismo pode ser responsavel por diversas doencas que acometem a populacao nos dias hoje, ... more O sedentarismo pode ser responsavel por diversas doencas que acometem a populacao nos dias hoje, entre elas a hipertensao arterial sistemica, alem disso, individuos sedentarios podem ser mais reativos a situacoes de estresse, como uma rotina de trabalho com desgaste fisico demasiado. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos do nivel de atividade fisica (NAF) sobre a resposta da pressao arterial (PA) de professores de educacao fisica durante um dia da rotina de trabalho em sala de musculacao. Vinte homens, profissionais de educacao fisica, preencheram um questionario de nivel de atividade fisica (IPAQ – versao curta) e foram divididos no percentil 50 do equivalente metabolico em “Mais Ativos” e “Menos Ativos”, em seguida, foram feitas medidas de composicao corporal (massa corporal, estatura e IMC) e mensuracoes da PA em repouso e de hora em hora durante o turno de trabalho de 4 horas na sala de musculacao, no periodo matutino. Nao houve diferenca estatistica sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos (PA e FC) durante o turno de trabalho em comparacao aos valores de repouso em nenhum dos grupos (mais e menos ativo). Adicionalmente, a comparacao entre-grupos tambem nao mostrou diferenca em nenhum dos momentos. Conclui-se que o NAF parece nao influenciar as respostas de PA de professores de educacao fisica durante o expediente de trabalho em sala de musculacao e que essa rotina de trabalho parece nao elevar de forma significativa a variavel em questao em comparacao a valores de repouso.
Individuos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam alteracoes na utilizacao de substratos energetico... more Individuos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam alteracoes na utilizacao de substratos energeticos em repouso e durante o exercicio. Estudos tem demonstrado que o exercicio pode ser efetivo no controle e tratamento do DM2, porem o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercicio sobre a relacao da contribuicao de carboidratos e gorduras durante a recuperacao ainda nao foi elucidado. Metodos. Vinte individuos sedentarios e de ambos os sexos, foram divididos em 2 grupos, sendo 9 individuos DM2 e 11 nao diabeticos (ND) foram submetidos a 3 sessoes experimentais: Teste incremental maximo (TI), sessao de exercicio realizada a 90% da carga do limiar de lactato (90%LL) e, sessao controle (CONT), sessao realizacao de exercicio. Em todas as sessoes experimentais, os individuos permaneceram em repouso durante o periodo de recuperacao (pos-exercicio) durante 135 minutos, sendo que, aos 45 minutos de recuperacao foi administrada uma solucao de carboidrato (CHO). Resultados. Ambos os grupos aprese...
O estudo comparou niveis de ansiedade e depressao de mulheres treinadas em exercicio resistido e ... more O estudo comparou niveis de ansiedade e depressao de mulheres treinadas em exercicio resistido e de sedentarias. Quarenta mulheres, 20 exercitadas (GE) e 20 controles nao exercitadas (GC), (GE=56,9±6,6 anos; 27,3±4,8kg/m 2 ), (GC=51,5±5,3 anos; 27,0±7,7 kg/m 2 ). As participantes responderam a escala HAD com 14 questoes relacionadas aos niveis de ansiedade e depressao. O GC apresentou escores mais elevados de depressao e ansiedade que o GE. Os resultados para ansiedade (GE=5,2±2,7; GC=9,5±4,0) e depressao (GE=4,1±2,6; GC=7,7±4,0) diferiram significativamente (p<0,05) entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que mulheres de meia idade que participaram de programa de exercicios resistidos apresentaram melhor estado de saude mental verificados por menores niveis de depressao e ansiedade do que mulheres sedentarias.
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2020
BACKGROUND The top 10 athletes in the (IAAF) in 100m and 400m ranking for each sex were assessed ... more BACKGROUND The top 10 athletes in the (IAAF) in 100m and 400m ranking for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record (PR). The main goal of this study was to create a new method for optimal performance improvement rate assessment for coaches and athletes aiming the World Record. METHODS The difference between PR ('actual' season) and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate (1-SIR), whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate (M-SIR). 1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete. RESULTS The sex comparison for the 100 m event showed a significant difference in the M-SIR in favor of women. No statistical differences were identified for the 400 m event, with a trivial effect in both 1-SIR and M-SIR. CONCLUSIONS As a practical applicability, graph plots were designed to help verifying improvement rate of athletes and to evaluate whether a long-term training strategy induced an acceptable performance improvement or whether some adjustments needed and check within the plots if the improvement rate is within the average of the top-10 athletes of their event.
The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a grea... more The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a great number of tactical decisions for a healthy finish and best performance. Dehydration is widely postulated to decrease performance and is known as a cause of dropouts in Ironman. Despite the importance of hydration status after an Ironman triathlon, there is a clear lack of review and especially meta-analysis studies on this topic. Therefore, the objective was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis investigating the hydration status after an Ironman triathlon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to June 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. From the initial 995 references, we included 6 studies in the qualitative analysis and in the meta-analysis. All trials had two measures of hydration status after a full Ironman race. Total body water, blood and urine osmolality, urine specific gr...
Purpose To investigate the slope of age-related performance decrease of male master athletes comp... more Purpose To investigate the slope of age-related performance decrease of male master athletes competing the 100 m, 400 m, and 10,000 m running events. Methods Sample was composed by official data from World Masters Rankings for years 2013-2016. Age and performance data were collected from 2937 athletes between 30 and 105 years. Performance was plotted against age and calculated a trendline for polynomial regression for each event using three different data dispositions: Top-20-best 20 athletes of each age group, all years of analysis; Top-3-best three athletes of each age group, all years of analysis; and annual Top-3-best three athletes of each age group, each year analyzed separately. The age-related point of substantial performance decline was determined by two mathematical methods, D max, and log-log. The annual-Top-3 (age group Top-3 athletes in each year) disposition indicated an early performance decline in 10,000 m in comparison with the 100 and 400 m for both methods (p < 0.05). Top-3 (Top-3 athletes of each age group) analysis also indicated an earlier performance decline in 10,000 m (D max : 61.2 years/log-log: 67.6 years), followed by 400 m (72.9 years/77.5 years) and 100 m (76.7 years/78.2 years). In conclusion, the critical age after which the aging-related decline in masters athletes' performance is accelerated, and occurs earlier in endurance runners than sprinters.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 2016
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n3p259 Obesity is considered a disease with multi... more DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n3p259 Obesity is considered a disease with multiple etiologies. Recent advances in technology have pointed candidate genes that are related to weight gain in several populations. However, in countries with ethnic miscegenation, such as Brazil, studies of this nature with students are still scarce. The aim of the present study was to compare anthropometric variables of Brazilian male students according to the genotypes of the rs9939609 of the FTO gene. In order to do so, 205 participants underwent body mass, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness measurements. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage were calculated. Volunteers were characterized as overweight according to the BMI-for-age z-score. Participants were genotyped according to the single nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene (AA, AT and TT). ANOVA one-way with Bonferroni’s post hoc was performed to compare genotypes and ant...
BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exerc... more BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exercise prescription and is related to endurance performance. However, the vVO2max determination usually requires a maximal effort test and equipped laboratory for expired gas analysis, what make difficulty its assessment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the validity of a simple method of vVO2max prediction through the heart rate cost of running (HRC) in a submaximal 6-min running test, both in treadmill and in a 400-meter track. METHODS Male recreational runners (n = 16; 30.3 ± 8.0 years; VO2max of 46.2 ± 3.2 ml·kg-1·min-1) randomly underwent an incremental test in treadmill with gas analysis, and a 3000-m time trial in a track, to determine vVO2max. Before every maximal test, participants also performed a submaximal 6-min running (~85% HRmax), both in the treadmill and in a track, to assess HRC (bpm-1m·min-1) by dividing the submaximal running velocity by its respective HR. The vVO2max (km·h-1) was predicted by dividing the HRmax (bpm)/HRC (bpm-1m·min-1). RESULTS No differences were verified (p > .05) among vVO2max determined both in the treadmill (13.8 ± 0.9 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 0.9 km·h-1) to those predicted by the HRC method both in treadmill (13.5 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 1.0 km·h-1). The vVO2max measured directly with expired gas analysis was highly correlated with vVO2max estimated through HRC in treadmill and track (p < .05). Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman technique revealed good agreement and reliability classified with substantial agreement [ICC = 0.673 (95% CI 0.064-0.886; p = .019)] and almost perfect agreement [ICC = 0.870 (95% CI 0.628-0.955 p = .0001)] between methods to identify vVO2max, respectively. CONCLUSION A submaximal 6-min exercise test protocol to assess HRC of running was considered valid to estimate vVO2max of recreational runners both in treadmill and outdoor track.
The influence of socioeconomic factors in the achievement of sport success is still a matter of d... more The influence of socioeconomic factors in the achievement of sport success is still a matter of debate. Due to the popularity and low-cost practice, analyses of the Athletics World Ranking (AWR) may provide valuable information. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of different socioeconomic status in the AWR for two events (100 m and 10 k) in three categories: Junior, Elite Professionals and Masters. Method Data of 5,011 athletes from 99 nationalities were obtained from the official websites of International Association of Athletics Federations, and World Masters Rankings in the years of 2006-2016. The Human Development Index (HDI) for each nationality was used as a marker of socioeconomic status. Results An HDI × age group association was observed (χ 2 = 0.001, p = 0.001, φC = 0.322), where the analysis of frequency rate demonstrated a high prevalence of very elevated and elevated HDI in the AWR for the 100 m. For the endurance 10 k race analysis, the HDI × age group association was also observed, with a high prevalence of moderate and low HDI in Junior and Professionals. Regarding the Masters, the prevalence of moderate and low HDI is almost zero. In addition, multiple linear regressions indicate that the HDI, gross domestic product per capita (GDP/capita) and population can predict the frequency of a country in athletics ranking. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of elevated and very elevated HDI nationalities in the AWR in sprint races in all age groups. For endurance races, Junior and Professionals had a great prevalence of low/moderate HDI, and Masters are dominated by very elevated HDI. A nation's frequency in the World Masters Ranking could be indicative of HDI, since an association was found among them.
Telomere shortening is associated to sarcopenia leading to functional impairment during aging. Th... more Telomere shortening is associated to sarcopenia leading to functional impairment during aging. There are mechanisms associated with telomere attrition, as well to its protection and repair. Physical training is a factor that attenuates telomere shortening, but little is known about the effects of different exercise intensities on telomere biology. Thus, we evaluated the effects of exercise intensity (moderate vs. high-intensity domain) on gene expression of senescence markers Checkpoint kinase 2 and tumor suppressor (Chk2 and p53, respectively), shelterin telomere repeat binding 1 and 2 (Trf1/Trf2), DNA repair (Xrcc5), telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) and telomere length in middle aged mice. Three groups were studied: a control group (CTL) and two groups submitted to swimming at intensities below the lactate threshold (LI group) and above the lactate threshold (HI group) for 40 and 20 min respectively, for 12 weeks. After training, the HI group showed reduction in p53 expres...
The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely... more The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely debated in the scientific community. In this review we present a mathematical model to estimate the possible year when a male could break through the sub-2-hour barrier, and also an estimation of when a female could break Paula Radcliffe's marathon running record. Further, we present several aspects (ie, physiology, nationality, age, biomechanics, pacing, and drafting) that are associated with marathon running performance in elite runners and, finally, the possible characteristics of the male to break the sub-2-hour barrier. In summary, with the results of the developed equations, it is possible that a male athlete can break through the sub-2-hour barrier in the next decade (with Nike ® Breaking2 performance 1920-2018 [NBP]: y =0.0417x 2 -14.18x +3,128; year of 2026; without NBP 1920-2018: y =0.045x 2 -15.12x +3,194; year of 2027). This marathoner will possibly have a maximal oxygen uptake >85 mL•kg -1 •min -1 and should perform the race at a pacing higher than 85% of maximal oxygen uptake. In addition, this runner should pay more attention to strength training, endurance strength, speed training, and focus on running training at an intensity above the anaerobic threshold. Most likely, this runner originates from East Africa (especially from Ethiopia) and will have an age of ~27 years. For the females, there is poor evidence regarding the physiological profile of the female marathoner who will break Radcliffe's record, but the available literature suggests that it will not happen any time soon.
Background Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, increase in sympathe... more Background Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, increase in sympathetic tone and several cardiovascular disorders, such as systemic arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease. Aims To determine the effects of resistance training (RT) on the responses of nitric oxide (NO) and blood pressure (BP) in individuals with T2D and their controls peers. Methods Randomized controlled trial in which T2D patients and non-diabetic individuals (ND) performed 8 weeks of RT. Participants were 22 women and 12 men (age 62.3 ± 2.5 years) that were randomly allocated into four groups: T2D training (n = 9), ND training (n = 10), T2D control (n = 8), and ND control (n = 7). NO and BP were measured before and after the whole intervention. Results There were no significant differences in nitrite concentrations between and within groups, with values varying between 1.22 ± 0.15 and 1.45 ± 0.13 Log µM. The T2D and ND experimental groups decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 8.1 and 1.4 mmHg, respectively. However, the control groups showed elevation of SBP (3.6 mmHg for T2D and 4.1 mmHg for ND). Although none of these changes were significant (p > 0.05). In addition, T2D subjects who did not undergo the training increased diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.030) and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.054). Conclusions Eight weeks of RT does not increase NO bioavailability, and in turn, does not reduce BP in T2D patientsthough it prevented its increase. Trial registration ensaiosclinicos.gov.br (ID: RBR-4d39z9).
Introdução: O endotélio contribui com a homeostase vascular por promover alterações funcionais ad... more Introdução: O endotélio contribui com a homeostase vascular por promover alterações funcionais adaptativas por meio da liberação de substâncias autócrinas e parácrinas com ações vasoativas. Dentre as principais substâncias produzidas e liberadas pelo endotélio estão o ativador de plasminigênio (t-PA), prostaciclina (PGI2) e o óxido nítrico (NO). A perda da atividade biológica do NO é denominada de disfunção endotelial e vem sendo apontado como evento desencadeador de doenças cardiovasculares. Metodologia: Foi feita uma busca nos bancos de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo. Como descritores foram utilizados os termos “dimetilarginina assimétrica” associado com exercício físico. Resultados: Os artigos selecionados foram obtidos na íntegra e incluídos na amostra. Cinco tiveram como intervenção exercício aeróbios e dois exercício de força e um que utilizou a metodologia mista tanto o treinamento aeróbio como de força fizeram parte da intervenção. Os níveis plasmáticos de ADMA foram avaliado...
O estudo comparou níveis de ansiedade e depressão de mulheres treinadas em exercício resistido e ... more O estudo comparou níveis de ansiedade e depressão de mulheres treinadas em exercício resistido e de sedentárias. Quarenta mulheres, 20 treinadas (GT) e 20 não treinadas (GC), (GT=56,9±6,6 anos; 27,3±4,8kg/m 2 ), (GC=51,5±5,0 anos; 27,0±7,7 kg/m 2 ) participaram do estudo. As participantes responderam a escala HAD com 14 questões relacionadas aos níveis de ansiedade e depressão. O GC apresentou escores mais elevados de depressão e ansiedade que o GT. Os resultados para ansiedade (GT=5,2±2,7; GC=9,5±4,0) e depressão (GT=4,1±2,6; GC=7,7±4,0) diferiram significativamente (P<0,05) entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que mulheres de meia idade que participaram de programa de exercícios resistidos apresentaram melhor estado de saúde mental verificados por menores níveis de depressão e ansiedade do que mulheres sedentárias.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Dec 18, 2020
Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distan... more Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women's cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades.
Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, Sep 10, 2016
O sedentarismo pode ser responsavel por diversas doencas que acometem a populacao nos dias hoje, ... more O sedentarismo pode ser responsavel por diversas doencas que acometem a populacao nos dias hoje, entre elas a hipertensao arterial sistemica, alem disso, individuos sedentarios podem ser mais reativos a situacoes de estresse, como uma rotina de trabalho com desgaste fisico demasiado. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos do nivel de atividade fisica (NAF) sobre a resposta da pressao arterial (PA) de professores de educacao fisica durante um dia da rotina de trabalho em sala de musculacao. Vinte homens, profissionais de educacao fisica, preencheram um questionario de nivel de atividade fisica (IPAQ – versao curta) e foram divididos no percentil 50 do equivalente metabolico em “Mais Ativos” e “Menos Ativos”, em seguida, foram feitas medidas de composicao corporal (massa corporal, estatura e IMC) e mensuracoes da PA em repouso e de hora em hora durante o turno de trabalho de 4 horas na sala de musculacao, no periodo matutino. Nao houve diferenca estatistica sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos (PA e FC) durante o turno de trabalho em comparacao aos valores de repouso em nenhum dos grupos (mais e menos ativo). Adicionalmente, a comparacao entre-grupos tambem nao mostrou diferenca em nenhum dos momentos. Conclui-se que o NAF parece nao influenciar as respostas de PA de professores de educacao fisica durante o expediente de trabalho em sala de musculacao e que essa rotina de trabalho parece nao elevar de forma significativa a variavel em questao em comparacao a valores de repouso.
Individuos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam alteracoes na utilizacao de substratos energetico... more Individuos com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam alteracoes na utilizacao de substratos energeticos em repouso e durante o exercicio. Estudos tem demonstrado que o exercicio pode ser efetivo no controle e tratamento do DM2, porem o efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercicio sobre a relacao da contribuicao de carboidratos e gorduras durante a recuperacao ainda nao foi elucidado. Metodos. Vinte individuos sedentarios e de ambos os sexos, foram divididos em 2 grupos, sendo 9 individuos DM2 e 11 nao diabeticos (ND) foram submetidos a 3 sessoes experimentais: Teste incremental maximo (TI), sessao de exercicio realizada a 90% da carga do limiar de lactato (90%LL) e, sessao controle (CONT), sessao realizacao de exercicio. Em todas as sessoes experimentais, os individuos permaneceram em repouso durante o periodo de recuperacao (pos-exercicio) durante 135 minutos, sendo que, aos 45 minutos de recuperacao foi administrada uma solucao de carboidrato (CHO). Resultados. Ambos os grupos aprese...
O estudo comparou niveis de ansiedade e depressao de mulheres treinadas em exercicio resistido e ... more O estudo comparou niveis de ansiedade e depressao de mulheres treinadas em exercicio resistido e de sedentarias. Quarenta mulheres, 20 exercitadas (GE) e 20 controles nao exercitadas (GC), (GE=56,9±6,6 anos; 27,3±4,8kg/m 2 ), (GC=51,5±5,3 anos; 27,0±7,7 kg/m 2 ). As participantes responderam a escala HAD com 14 questoes relacionadas aos niveis de ansiedade e depressao. O GC apresentou escores mais elevados de depressao e ansiedade que o GE. Os resultados para ansiedade (GE=5,2±2,7; GC=9,5±4,0) e depressao (GE=4,1±2,6; GC=7,7±4,0) diferiram significativamente (p<0,05) entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que mulheres de meia idade que participaram de programa de exercicios resistidos apresentaram melhor estado de saude mental verificados por menores niveis de depressao e ansiedade do que mulheres sedentarias.
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2020
BACKGROUND The top 10 athletes in the (IAAF) in 100m and 400m ranking for each sex were assessed ... more BACKGROUND The top 10 athletes in the (IAAF) in 100m and 400m ranking for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record (PR). The main goal of this study was to create a new method for optimal performance improvement rate assessment for coaches and athletes aiming the World Record. METHODS The difference between PR ('actual' season) and the best race time in the last season was defined as the 1st season improvement rate (1-SIR), whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate (M-SIR). 1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete. RESULTS The sex comparison for the 100 m event showed a significant difference in the M-SIR in favor of women. No statistical differences were identified for the 400 m event, with a trivial effect in both 1-SIR and M-SIR. CONCLUSIONS As a practical applicability, graph plots were designed to help verifying improvement rate of athletes and to evaluate whether a long-term training strategy induced an acceptable performance improvement or whether some adjustments needed and check within the plots if the improvement rate is within the average of the top-10 athletes of their event.
The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a grea... more The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a great number of tactical decisions for a healthy finish and best performance. Dehydration is widely postulated to decrease performance and is known as a cause of dropouts in Ironman. Despite the importance of hydration status after an Ironman triathlon, there is a clear lack of review and especially meta-analysis studies on this topic. Therefore, the objective was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis investigating the hydration status after an Ironman triathlon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to June 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. From the initial 995 references, we included 6 studies in the qualitative analysis and in the meta-analysis. All trials had two measures of hydration status after a full Ironman race. Total body water, blood and urine osmolality, urine specific gr...
Purpose To investigate the slope of age-related performance decrease of male master athletes comp... more Purpose To investigate the slope of age-related performance decrease of male master athletes competing the 100 m, 400 m, and 10,000 m running events. Methods Sample was composed by official data from World Masters Rankings for years 2013-2016. Age and performance data were collected from 2937 athletes between 30 and 105 years. Performance was plotted against age and calculated a trendline for polynomial regression for each event using three different data dispositions: Top-20-best 20 athletes of each age group, all years of analysis; Top-3-best three athletes of each age group, all years of analysis; and annual Top-3-best three athletes of each age group, each year analyzed separately. The age-related point of substantial performance decline was determined by two mathematical methods, D max, and log-log. The annual-Top-3 (age group Top-3 athletes in each year) disposition indicated an early performance decline in 10,000 m in comparison with the 100 and 400 m for both methods (p < 0.05). Top-3 (Top-3 athletes of each age group) analysis also indicated an earlier performance decline in 10,000 m (D max : 61.2 years/log-log: 67.6 years), followed by 400 m (72.9 years/77.5 years) and 100 m (76.7 years/78.2 years). In conclusion, the critical age after which the aging-related decline in masters athletes' performance is accelerated, and occurs earlier in endurance runners than sprinters.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 2016
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n3p259 Obesity is considered a disease with multi... more DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n3p259 Obesity is considered a disease with multiple etiologies. Recent advances in technology have pointed candidate genes that are related to weight gain in several populations. However, in countries with ethnic miscegenation, such as Brazil, studies of this nature with students are still scarce. The aim of the present study was to compare anthropometric variables of Brazilian male students according to the genotypes of the rs9939609 of the FTO gene. In order to do so, 205 participants underwent body mass, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness measurements. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage were calculated. Volunteers were characterized as overweight according to the BMI-for-age z-score. Participants were genotyped according to the single nucleotide polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO gene (AA, AT and TT). ANOVA one-way with Bonferroni’s post hoc was performed to compare genotypes and ant...
BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exerc... more BACKGROUND Running velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) is a parameter widely used for exercise prescription and is related to endurance performance. However, the vVO2max determination usually requires a maximal effort test and equipped laboratory for expired gas analysis, what make difficulty its assessment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the validity of a simple method of vVO2max prediction through the heart rate cost of running (HRC) in a submaximal 6-min running test, both in treadmill and in a 400-meter track. METHODS Male recreational runners (n = 16; 30.3 ± 8.0 years; VO2max of 46.2 ± 3.2 ml·kg-1·min-1) randomly underwent an incremental test in treadmill with gas analysis, and a 3000-m time trial in a track, to determine vVO2max. Before every maximal test, participants also performed a submaximal 6-min running (~85% HRmax), both in the treadmill and in a track, to assess HRC (bpm-1m·min-1) by dividing the submaximal running velocity by its respective HR. The vVO2max (km·h-1) was predicted by dividing the HRmax (bpm)/HRC (bpm-1m·min-1). RESULTS No differences were verified (p > .05) among vVO2max determined both in the treadmill (13.8 ± 0.9 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 0.9 km·h-1) to those predicted by the HRC method both in treadmill (13.5 ± 0.8 km·h-1) and track (13.6 ± 1.0 km·h-1). The vVO2max measured directly with expired gas analysis was highly correlated with vVO2max estimated through HRC in treadmill and track (p < .05). Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman technique revealed good agreement and reliability classified with substantial agreement [ICC = 0.673 (95% CI 0.064-0.886; p = .019)] and almost perfect agreement [ICC = 0.870 (95% CI 0.628-0.955 p = .0001)] between methods to identify vVO2max, respectively. CONCLUSION A submaximal 6-min exercise test protocol to assess HRC of running was considered valid to estimate vVO2max of recreational runners both in treadmill and outdoor track.
The influence of socioeconomic factors in the achievement of sport success is still a matter of d... more The influence of socioeconomic factors in the achievement of sport success is still a matter of debate. Due to the popularity and low-cost practice, analyses of the Athletics World Ranking (AWR) may provide valuable information. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of different socioeconomic status in the AWR for two events (100 m and 10 k) in three categories: Junior, Elite Professionals and Masters. Method Data of 5,011 athletes from 99 nationalities were obtained from the official websites of International Association of Athletics Federations, and World Masters Rankings in the years of 2006-2016. The Human Development Index (HDI) for each nationality was used as a marker of socioeconomic status. Results An HDI × age group association was observed (χ 2 = 0.001, p = 0.001, φC = 0.322), where the analysis of frequency rate demonstrated a high prevalence of very elevated and elevated HDI in the AWR for the 100 m. For the endurance 10 k race analysis, the HDI × age group association was also observed, with a high prevalence of moderate and low HDI in Junior and Professionals. Regarding the Masters, the prevalence of moderate and low HDI is almost zero. In addition, multiple linear regressions indicate that the HDI, gross domestic product per capita (GDP/capita) and population can predict the frequency of a country in athletics ranking. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of elevated and very elevated HDI nationalities in the AWR in sprint races in all age groups. For endurance races, Junior and Professionals had a great prevalence of low/moderate HDI, and Masters are dominated by very elevated HDI. A nation's frequency in the World Masters Ranking could be indicative of HDI, since an association was found among them.
Telomere shortening is associated to sarcopenia leading to functional impairment during aging. Th... more Telomere shortening is associated to sarcopenia leading to functional impairment during aging. There are mechanisms associated with telomere attrition, as well to its protection and repair. Physical training is a factor that attenuates telomere shortening, but little is known about the effects of different exercise intensities on telomere biology. Thus, we evaluated the effects of exercise intensity (moderate vs. high-intensity domain) on gene expression of senescence markers Checkpoint kinase 2 and tumor suppressor (Chk2 and p53, respectively), shelterin telomere repeat binding 1 and 2 (Trf1/Trf2), DNA repair (Xrcc5), telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) and telomere length in middle aged mice. Three groups were studied: a control group (CTL) and two groups submitted to swimming at intensities below the lactate threshold (LI group) and above the lactate threshold (HI group) for 40 and 20 min respectively, for 12 weeks. After training, the HI group showed reduction in p53 expres...
The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely... more The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely debated in the scientific community. In this review we present a mathematical model to estimate the possible year when a male could break through the sub-2-hour barrier, and also an estimation of when a female could break Paula Radcliffe's marathon running record. Further, we present several aspects (ie, physiology, nationality, age, biomechanics, pacing, and drafting) that are associated with marathon running performance in elite runners and, finally, the possible characteristics of the male to break the sub-2-hour barrier. In summary, with the results of the developed equations, it is possible that a male athlete can break through the sub-2-hour barrier in the next decade (with Nike ® Breaking2 performance 1920-2018 [NBP]: y =0.0417x 2 -14.18x +3,128; year of 2026; without NBP 1920-2018: y =0.045x 2 -15.12x +3,194; year of 2027). This marathoner will possibly have a maximal oxygen uptake >85 mL•kg -1 •min -1 and should perform the race at a pacing higher than 85% of maximal oxygen uptake. In addition, this runner should pay more attention to strength training, endurance strength, speed training, and focus on running training at an intensity above the anaerobic threshold. Most likely, this runner originates from East Africa (especially from Ethiopia) and will have an age of ~27 years. For the females, there is poor evidence regarding the physiological profile of the female marathoner who will break Radcliffe's record, but the available literature suggests that it will not happen any time soon.
Background Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, increase in sympathe... more Background Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, increase in sympathetic tone and several cardiovascular disorders, such as systemic arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease. Aims To determine the effects of resistance training (RT) on the responses of nitric oxide (NO) and blood pressure (BP) in individuals with T2D and their controls peers. Methods Randomized controlled trial in which T2D patients and non-diabetic individuals (ND) performed 8 weeks of RT. Participants were 22 women and 12 men (age 62.3 ± 2.5 years) that were randomly allocated into four groups: T2D training (n = 9), ND training (n = 10), T2D control (n = 8), and ND control (n = 7). NO and BP were measured before and after the whole intervention. Results There were no significant differences in nitrite concentrations between and within groups, with values varying between 1.22 ± 0.15 and 1.45 ± 0.13 Log µM. The T2D and ND experimental groups decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 8.1 and 1.4 mmHg, respectively. However, the control groups showed elevation of SBP (3.6 mmHg for T2D and 4.1 mmHg for ND). Although none of these changes were significant (p > 0.05). In addition, T2D subjects who did not undergo the training increased diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.030) and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.054). Conclusions Eight weeks of RT does not increase NO bioavailability, and in turn, does not reduce BP in T2D patientsthough it prevented its increase. Trial registration ensaiosclinicos.gov.br (ID: RBR-4d39z9).
Introdução: O endotélio contribui com a homeostase vascular por promover alterações funcionais ad... more Introdução: O endotélio contribui com a homeostase vascular por promover alterações funcionais adaptativas por meio da liberação de substâncias autócrinas e parácrinas com ações vasoativas. Dentre as principais substâncias produzidas e liberadas pelo endotélio estão o ativador de plasminigênio (t-PA), prostaciclina (PGI2) e o óxido nítrico (NO). A perda da atividade biológica do NO é denominada de disfunção endotelial e vem sendo apontado como evento desencadeador de doenças cardiovasculares. Metodologia: Foi feita uma busca nos bancos de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo. Como descritores foram utilizados os termos “dimetilarginina assimétrica” associado com exercício físico. Resultados: Os artigos selecionados foram obtidos na íntegra e incluídos na amostra. Cinco tiveram como intervenção exercício aeróbios e dois exercício de força e um que utilizou a metodologia mista tanto o treinamento aeróbio como de força fizeram parte da intervenção. Os níveis plasmáticos de ADMA foram avaliado...
O estudo comparou níveis de ansiedade e depressão de mulheres treinadas em exercício resistido e ... more O estudo comparou níveis de ansiedade e depressão de mulheres treinadas em exercício resistido e de sedentárias. Quarenta mulheres, 20 treinadas (GT) e 20 não treinadas (GC), (GT=56,9±6,6 anos; 27,3±4,8kg/m 2 ), (GC=51,5±5,0 anos; 27,0±7,7 kg/m 2 ) participaram do estudo. As participantes responderam a escala HAD com 14 questões relacionadas aos níveis de ansiedade e depressão. O GC apresentou escores mais elevados de depressão e ansiedade que o GT. Os resultados para ansiedade (GT=5,2±2,7; GC=9,5±4,0) e depressão (GT=4,1±2,6; GC=7,7±4,0) diferiram significativamente (P<0,05) entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que mulheres de meia idade que participaram de programa de exercícios resistidos apresentaram melhor estado de saúde mental verificados por menores níveis de depressão e ansiedade do que mulheres sedentárias.
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