1. The Peace in Between Astri Suhrke Echoes from History 2. Violence and the Post-Conflict State ... more 1. The Peace in Between Astri Suhrke Echoes from History 2. Violence and the Post-Conflict State in Historical Perspective: Spain 1936-1948 Michael Richards 3. Reconstruction and Violence Post-Bellum American South 1865-77 Michael Beaton Europe and the Middle East 4. Post-War Violence in Bosnia Mats Berdal, Gemma Collantes-Celador and Merima Zupcevic Buzadzic 5. Revenge and Reprisal in Kosovo Michael J. Boyle 6. Political Violence in Post-Civil War Lebanon Are Knudsen and Nasser Yassin 7. From Regime Change to Civil War: Violence in post-invasion Iraq Toby Dodge Asia 8. Armed Politics in Afghanistan Antonio Giustozzi 9. Warlordism: Three Biographies from Southeastern Afghanistan Kristian Berg Harpviken 10. Violence in Post-War Cambodia Sorpong Peu 11. Conflict and Violence in Post-Independence in East Timor Dionisio Babo-Soares Africa 12. Sexual Violence: The Case of Eastern Congo Ingrid Samset 13. The Political Economies of Violence in Post-war Liberia Torunn Wimpelmann Chaudhary 14. Violence, Denial and Fear in Post-Genocide Rwanda Trine Eide Latin America 15. The Multiple Forms of Violence in Post-War Guatemala John-Andrew McNeish and Oscar Lopez Rivera Conclusions 16. Reflections on Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding Mats Berdal
If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination... more If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
No habra victoria en Afganistan sin reconciliacion nacional. En los ultimos anos se han intentado... more No habra victoria en Afganistan sin reconciliacion nacional. En los ultimos anos se han intentado diversas iniciativas de dialogo con los insurgentes, pero hasta hoy han fracasado. Ademas de la negociacion, la paz requerira un replanteamiento de la naturaleza del Estado y una revision de la Constitucion. Tanto los donantes como muchos afganos estan considerando la idea de una descentralizacion significativa ya que, tras siete anos de intentos de construir un Estado, el gobierno central sigue siendo debil y tiene poca influencia fuera de Kabul.
La reconstruction de l'État afghan soulève une série de questions liées aux capitaux investis, au... more La reconstruction de l'État afghan soulève une série de questions liées aux capitaux investis, aux moyens de coercition et à la légitimité. Les deux premiers termes n'ont pas induit le dernier. Les stratégies mises en place sont apparues limitées, voire contre-productives. Mais dans quelle mesure et jusqu'à quel point le state building peut-il être assisté et dépendant de pouvoirs extérieurs dans un schéma qui emprunte aux pratiques coloniales ? 1. Version réduite par le CETRI du chapitre « Building the State » du livre When more is less.
The Western-led efforts to establish a new post-Taliban order in Afghanistan are in serious troub... more The Western-led efforts to establish a new post-Taliban order in Afghanistan are in serious trouble, and in this book Suhrke sets out to explain why. She begins with the dynamic of the intervention and its related peace-building mission. What were the forces shaping this grand international project? What explains the apparent systemic bias towards a deeper and broader international involvement? Many reasons have been cited for its limited achievements and ever-growing difficulties, the most common explanation being that the national, regional, and international contexts were unfavourable. But many policies were misguided while the multinational operation itself was extraordinarily and unnecessarily complex. Astri Suhrke's main thesis is that the international project itself contains serious tensions and contradictions that significantly contributed to the lack of progress. As a result, the deepening involvement proved dysfunctional: massive international support has created an extreme version of a rentier state that is predictably weak, corrupt and unaccountable; US-led military operations undercut the peacebuilding agenda, and more international aid and monitoring to correct the problems generate Afghan resentment and evasion. Continuing these policies will only reinforce the dynamic. The alternative is a less intrusive international presence, a longer time-frame for reconstruction and change, and negotiations with the militants that can end the war and permit a more Afghan-directed order to emerge.
Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent, non-profit research institution and a major int... more Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent, non-profit research institution and a major international centre in policy-oriented and applied development research. Focus is on development and human rights issues and on international conditions that affect such issues. The geographical focus is Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern and Central Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.
Astri Suhrke and Adèle Garnier The international regime for resettlement of refugees examined in ... more Astri Suhrke and Adèle Garnier The international regime for resettlement of refugees examined in this volume has three important characteristics. First, the regime is state-centric. That is, the number of refugees resettled depends on the decision of national governments to offer resettlement places. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) can plead and prod, but the final decision lies with the states. This makes for a structurally fragmented regime. Second, the resettlement regime is normatively diverse. National governments develop and apply their own criteria for selection. While national criteria are informed by UNHCR assessments of vulnerability and need for protection, they also reflect the national interests of the participating states Third, UNHCR is heavily dependent on a handful of countries for resettlement; this group partly overlaps with another very small group of states that provides most of the funding for UNHCR activities worldwide. Why are these features important, and what do they tell us about the moral economy of the resettlement regime? Closer up, each feature is complex.
Part 1 Part I: Starting Points Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Roads to Reconciliation: A Concep... more Part 1 Part I: Starting Points Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Roads to Reconciliation: A Conceptual Framework Part 4 Part II: Roads to Reconciliation Part 5 The UN Chapter 6 The Second Generation UN-based tribunals: A Diversity of Mixed Jurisdictions Part 7 Africa Chapter 8 Healing and Social Reintegration in Mozambique and Angola Chapter 9 Rwanda: An Atypical Transition Chapter 10 The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission Part 11 Latin America Chapter 12 Argentina: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Chapter 13 The Salvadorian Truth Commissions of 1979 and 1992 Part 14 Europe and Asia Chapter 15 Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Chapter 16 The Limits of Reconciliation in Cambodia's Communes Chapter 17 Nahe Biti: Grassroots Reconciliation in East Timor Part 18 Part III: Reflections Chapter 19 Justice and Reconciliation Chapter 20 Coming to Terms with Irreconcilable Truths Chapter 21 Rule-Based Reconciliation
... This applies equally to the Thai Muslim population. ... Three candidates con-tested the singl... more ... This applies equally to the Thai Muslim population. ... Three candidates con-tested the single seat for Yala; a Chinese municipal councillor (UTPP), a Thai-Buddhist rubber plantation owner (Prachatipat), and a Thai-Muslim (Independent) who owned a small business. ...
This book developed out of an evaluation study initiated in by the Nordic countries, eventually s... more This book developed out of an evaluation study initiated in by the Nordic countries, eventually sponsored by nineteen countries and eighteen international agencies, to assess international emergency assistance to Rwanda during and after the genocide of 1994. The sponsors of the study wanted to understand the role of the international community in managing the conflict and what knowledge was available beforehand of the impending genocide. The editors of this volume were requested to write the latter study, which was published as: Early Warning and Conflict Management: Genocide in Rwanda (henceforth, the Report), which constituted Study II of the five volume Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (Copenhagen 1996). Without the assistance of numerous persons in governments, NGOs, international agencies, and academia around the world, neither the report nor this book would have been possible. The core of this volume consists of a selection from the set of specialized studies that were commissioned and used as resource materials for the 1996 Report. The studies contain a wealth of valuable information which could not be included in the Report, but which deserve publication in their own right, particularly in light of the continuing and justified focus on the genocide as evidenced by the genocide trials, the 1997 Belgian and 1998 French inquiries, and continuing media attention. Most of the authors of those studies kindly agreed to revise their manuscripts for this published volume. New chapters were added as the Central African disaster unfolded. To help contributors keep up with the rapidly developing events and weld their different perspectives into a coherent volume, the United States Institute of Peace provided financial assistance to hold a conference in December of 1996. This meeting brought together most of the chapter authors for the first time, while additional experts and policymakers served as commentators. The U.S. Committee for Refugees kindly made its meeting facilities in Washington available, and research staff at the York University Centre for Refugee Studies, especially two vii
1. The Peace in Between Astri Suhrke Echoes from History 2. Violence and the Post-Conflict State ... more 1. The Peace in Between Astri Suhrke Echoes from History 2. Violence and the Post-Conflict State in Historical Perspective: Spain 1936-1948 Michael Richards 3. Reconstruction and Violence Post-Bellum American South 1865-77 Michael Beaton Europe and the Middle East 4. Post-War Violence in Bosnia Mats Berdal, Gemma Collantes-Celador and Merima Zupcevic Buzadzic 5. Revenge and Reprisal in Kosovo Michael J. Boyle 6. Political Violence in Post-Civil War Lebanon Are Knudsen and Nasser Yassin 7. From Regime Change to Civil War: Violence in post-invasion Iraq Toby Dodge Asia 8. Armed Politics in Afghanistan Antonio Giustozzi 9. Warlordism: Three Biographies from Southeastern Afghanistan Kristian Berg Harpviken 10. Violence in Post-War Cambodia Sorpong Peu 11. Conflict and Violence in Post-Independence in East Timor Dionisio Babo-Soares Africa 12. Sexual Violence: The Case of Eastern Congo Ingrid Samset 13. The Political Economies of Violence in Post-war Liberia Torunn Wimpelmann Chaudhary 14. Violence, Denial and Fear in Post-Genocide Rwanda Trine Eide Latin America 15. The Multiple Forms of Violence in Post-War Guatemala John-Andrew McNeish and Oscar Lopez Rivera Conclusions 16. Reflections on Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding Mats Berdal
If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination... more If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
No habra victoria en Afganistan sin reconciliacion nacional. En los ultimos anos se han intentado... more No habra victoria en Afganistan sin reconciliacion nacional. En los ultimos anos se han intentado diversas iniciativas de dialogo con los insurgentes, pero hasta hoy han fracasado. Ademas de la negociacion, la paz requerira un replanteamiento de la naturaleza del Estado y una revision de la Constitucion. Tanto los donantes como muchos afganos estan considerando la idea de una descentralizacion significativa ya que, tras siete anos de intentos de construir un Estado, el gobierno central sigue siendo debil y tiene poca influencia fuera de Kabul.
La reconstruction de l'État afghan soulève une série de questions liées aux capitaux investis, au... more La reconstruction de l'État afghan soulève une série de questions liées aux capitaux investis, aux moyens de coercition et à la légitimité. Les deux premiers termes n'ont pas induit le dernier. Les stratégies mises en place sont apparues limitées, voire contre-productives. Mais dans quelle mesure et jusqu'à quel point le state building peut-il être assisté et dépendant de pouvoirs extérieurs dans un schéma qui emprunte aux pratiques coloniales ? 1. Version réduite par le CETRI du chapitre « Building the State » du livre When more is less.
The Western-led efforts to establish a new post-Taliban order in Afghanistan are in serious troub... more The Western-led efforts to establish a new post-Taliban order in Afghanistan are in serious trouble, and in this book Suhrke sets out to explain why. She begins with the dynamic of the intervention and its related peace-building mission. What were the forces shaping this grand international project? What explains the apparent systemic bias towards a deeper and broader international involvement? Many reasons have been cited for its limited achievements and ever-growing difficulties, the most common explanation being that the national, regional, and international contexts were unfavourable. But many policies were misguided while the multinational operation itself was extraordinarily and unnecessarily complex. Astri Suhrke's main thesis is that the international project itself contains serious tensions and contradictions that significantly contributed to the lack of progress. As a result, the deepening involvement proved dysfunctional: massive international support has created an extreme version of a rentier state that is predictably weak, corrupt and unaccountable; US-led military operations undercut the peacebuilding agenda, and more international aid and monitoring to correct the problems generate Afghan resentment and evasion. Continuing these policies will only reinforce the dynamic. The alternative is a less intrusive international presence, a longer time-frame for reconstruction and change, and negotiations with the militants that can end the war and permit a more Afghan-directed order to emerge.
Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent, non-profit research institution and a major int... more Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent, non-profit research institution and a major international centre in policy-oriented and applied development research. Focus is on development and human rights issues and on international conditions that affect such issues. The geographical focus is Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern and Central Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.
Astri Suhrke and Adèle Garnier The international regime for resettlement of refugees examined in ... more Astri Suhrke and Adèle Garnier The international regime for resettlement of refugees examined in this volume has three important characteristics. First, the regime is state-centric. That is, the number of refugees resettled depends on the decision of national governments to offer resettlement places. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) can plead and prod, but the final decision lies with the states. This makes for a structurally fragmented regime. Second, the resettlement regime is normatively diverse. National governments develop and apply their own criteria for selection. While national criteria are informed by UNHCR assessments of vulnerability and need for protection, they also reflect the national interests of the participating states Third, UNHCR is heavily dependent on a handful of countries for resettlement; this group partly overlaps with another very small group of states that provides most of the funding for UNHCR activities worldwide. Why are these features important, and what do they tell us about the moral economy of the resettlement regime? Closer up, each feature is complex.
Part 1 Part I: Starting Points Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Roads to Reconciliation: A Concep... more Part 1 Part I: Starting Points Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Roads to Reconciliation: A Conceptual Framework Part 4 Part II: Roads to Reconciliation Part 5 The UN Chapter 6 The Second Generation UN-based tribunals: A Diversity of Mixed Jurisdictions Part 7 Africa Chapter 8 Healing and Social Reintegration in Mozambique and Angola Chapter 9 Rwanda: An Atypical Transition Chapter 10 The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission Part 11 Latin America Chapter 12 Argentina: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Chapter 13 The Salvadorian Truth Commissions of 1979 and 1992 Part 14 Europe and Asia Chapter 15 Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Chapter 16 The Limits of Reconciliation in Cambodia's Communes Chapter 17 Nahe Biti: Grassroots Reconciliation in East Timor Part 18 Part III: Reflections Chapter 19 Justice and Reconciliation Chapter 20 Coming to Terms with Irreconcilable Truths Chapter 21 Rule-Based Reconciliation
... This applies equally to the Thai Muslim population. ... Three candidates con-tested the singl... more ... This applies equally to the Thai Muslim population. ... Three candidates con-tested the single seat for Yala; a Chinese municipal councillor (UTPP), a Thai-Buddhist rubber plantation owner (Prachatipat), and a Thai-Muslim (Independent) who owned a small business. ...
This book developed out of an evaluation study initiated in by the Nordic countries, eventually s... more This book developed out of an evaluation study initiated in by the Nordic countries, eventually sponsored by nineteen countries and eighteen international agencies, to assess international emergency assistance to Rwanda during and after the genocide of 1994. The sponsors of the study wanted to understand the role of the international community in managing the conflict and what knowledge was available beforehand of the impending genocide. The editors of this volume were requested to write the latter study, which was published as: Early Warning and Conflict Management: Genocide in Rwanda (henceforth, the Report), which constituted Study II of the five volume Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (Copenhagen 1996). Without the assistance of numerous persons in governments, NGOs, international agencies, and academia around the world, neither the report nor this book would have been possible. The core of this volume consists of a selection from the set of specialized studies that were commissioned and used as resource materials for the 1996 Report. The studies contain a wealth of valuable information which could not be included in the Report, but which deserve publication in their own right, particularly in light of the continuing and justified focus on the genocide as evidenced by the genocide trials, the 1997 Belgian and 1998 French inquiries, and continuing media attention. Most of the authors of those studies kindly agreed to revise their manuscripts for this published volume. New chapters were added as the Central African disaster unfolded. To help contributors keep up with the rapidly developing events and weld their different perspectives into a coherent volume, the United States Institute of Peace provided financial assistance to hold a conference in December of 1996. This meeting brought together most of the chapter authors for the first time, while additional experts and policymakers served as commentators. The U.S. Committee for Refugees kindly made its meeting facilities in Washington available, and research staff at the York University Centre for Refugee Studies, especially two vii
The introductory article to this volume positions the Afghan case within the broader literature o... more The introductory article to this volume positions the Afghan case within the broader literature on the political economy of war-to-peace transitions. The paper begins by critiquing the rise of democracy promotion, and then employs a political economy framework to understand the more focused research on democratisation and elections. The paper highlights some of the major features of the Afghan case that provided a backdrop for the 2014 election: a deeply divided society, a highly militarised and invasive international presence, and a history of flawed elections. This discussion helps contextualise the seemingly technical questions about constitutional design, electoral systems and the organisation and monitoring of elections. It is argued that the pursuit of elections and democratisation efforts more broadly, in a context of growing insecurity and political fragmentation, have had unintended and perverse effects. The concluding section sets out the main themes of the individual contributions that follow.
This article examines the genealogy and behavior of the CIA militias in
Afghanistan against the b... more This article examines the genealogy and behavior of the CIA militias in Afghanistan against the backdrop of persistent armed governance whereby a plurality of actors competes over control and rule. The nonaccountable use of force by militias and their volatile alliances increase the extent of armed governance, exacerbating issues of human rights abuses and undermining the possibility of future claims for justice. We discuss the effects of recurrent political violence on the peace talks and the implications for a sustainable peace, the need to include a solution for the role of militias in a peace agreement, and the necessity of ending impunity.
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Papers by astri Suhrke
Afghanistan against the backdrop of persistent armed governance whereby a plurality of actors competes over control and rule. The nonaccountable use of force by militias and their volatile alliances increase the extent of armed governance, exacerbating issues of human rights abuses and undermining the possibility of future claims for justice. We discuss the effects of recurrent political violence on the peace talks and the implications for a sustainable peace, the need to include a solution for the role of militias in a peace agreement,
and the necessity of ending impunity.