International Trade

This research paper will provide an assessment of the potential economic impacts of Guatemala-Korea FTA (Free
Trade Agreement) on Guatemala. The FTA between these two countries will be beneficial for both parties due to
the fact that the agreement will lead to great opportunities in exports and a grand expansion for both markets. One
of the key points is that the Republic of South Korea will not just be signing it with the Republic of Guatemala
alone, but with the CENAM (Central America) region, this will make South Korea the first Asian country in
doing so it will grant Korea greater benefits, for further commercial relations to other regions of the continent.
The bilateral analysis between these countries seeks to solve the unknown about how big the potential export
benefit for both countries is. To verify this unknown, I’ll be applying an empirical model, which will evaluate the
areas of opportunity of each of the products to be exported, this seek to elevate them to a commercial level with a
stable legal framework through clear and transparent rules that allow the promotion of investment and increase
trade flows between the two nations.

This paper will provide an assessment of the potential culturalization and commercialization of the Maya's traditions and culture around the world. Through this study it is intended to verify and show that Guatemala could be increase aggregate welfare for tourist sector in the long run. Guatemala is a country characterized by its great cultural wealth, where the traditions of the different peoples are part of the Guatemalan identity. Unfortunately, nowadays, there is not yet a cultural exposition of that identity that will represent the characteristics of the Mayan community. As we know, tourism sector is an important source of income for a state. The natural resources represent a clear advantage for the economy of a country. The purpose of this research is to present an alternative of income through the development of strategies for cultural tourism in the country, this proposal not only will point out a sustainable tourism but also the participation of the rural community with the purpose of its integration and progress.

Online shopping is a popular activity among international students in South Korea due to its convenience and attractive promotional offers. This study focuses on the impact of the modern marketing mix (7Ps) on Coupang's customer satisfaction among international students in Busan, South Korea. Data was collected from 127 students at Kyungsung University through survey responses. The study utilized exploratory factor analysis and regression using SPSS software for data analysis. The results suggest that online shopping had the most significant impact on customer satisfaction, followed by product, people, and promotion. However, price, place, and physical evidence did not positively influence customer satisfaction in this case. This study provides valuable insights into factors that affect customer satisfaction and can be used as a reference for future studies on online shopping behavior and satisfaction, particularly for Coupang.

this paper will provide an assessment of the potential culturalization and commercialization of the Maya's traditions and culture around the world. Through this study it is intended to verify and show that Guatemala could be increase aggregate welfare for tourist sector in the long run. Guatemala is a country characterized by its great cultural wealth, where the traditions of the different peoples are part of the Guatemalan identity. Unfortunately, nowadays, there is not yet a cultural exposition of that identity that will represent the characteristics of the Mayan community. As we know, tourism sector is an important source of income for a state. The natural resources represent a clear advantage for the economy of a country. The purpose of this research is to present an alternative of income through the development of strategies for cultural tourism in the country, this proposal not only will point out a sustainable tourism but also the partici pation of the rural community with the purpose of its integration and progress.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the development of the national economy by striving to facilitate foreign transactions, to maintain a balance of international payments and to stabilize the value of currency by ensuring the liberalization of foreign exchange transactions and of other foreign transactions and by revitalizing market functionality.

Using a panel data model and yearly data from 2000 to 2020, this study explores the relationship between intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and foreign direct investment (FDI) in selected Central Asian countries, including Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. This paper contributes to the literature by establishing the following significant conclusions, including market size and trade openness as a main driver of FDI inflows into Central Asian countries especially, Uzbekistan. For every one percent increase in patent applications, FDI increases by 0.004%. Furthermore, there is a significant positive relationship between trade openness and foreign direct investments, with a 0.079 percent increase in FDI for every one percent increase in trade openness. Surprisingly, GDP has a minor negative impact on foreign direct investment, but not significant.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between CO2, Economic growth and FDI in Central Asian countries including Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, collecting the secondary data from 2000 to 2020 by utilize panel regression, namely Pooled OLS, Random Effect and Fixed Effect Models, furthermore, panel causality test was utilized to see the causal relationship between variables of our interest. Ultimately, this paper adds to the existing literature by revealing the following primary findings by showing the correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, economic development, and foreign direct investment in Central Asian nations. The paper's primary empirical findings indicate that there is a unidirectional link between GDP and CO2 emissions, GDP and energy consumption, and energy consumption and CO2. In Central Asia, meanwhile, we found no indication of a significant link between FDI and GDP or between CO2 and FDI.

The factors that influence foreign direct investment (FDI) are critical to policymakers, investors, the banking industry, and the general public. FDI in Uzbekistan has gained considerable attention in recent years because its importance in the Uzbek economy cannot be overstated. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of FDI Uzbekistan between 2000 and 2019 by utilizing the dataset of Uzbekistan, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Azerbaijan. This paper makes policy recommendations for Uzbekistan’s FDI based on empirical findings since these countries have many similarities with one another such as demographics, stages of growth, and geographic location.
Linking panel data of market size, corporate tax rates, corruption, infrastructure and trade openness of above-mentioned six developing countries of CIS region, this paper employs quantitative analysis. For checking dataset, we use RAMSEY Reset test, VIF multicollinearity test and Pearson correlation, after that we run tests for heteroscedasticity. Then, we adopted Pooled OLS and Fixed Effects Model with robust standard errors to get more precise and accurate results from our analysis. We employ OLS regression and fixed effects model with country and time specific dummies to get accurate results for Uzbekistan by comparing in the mean of FDI Inflows. In addition to the empirical analysis, as a qualitative analysis, some benchmarking cases of Netherlands, China and Ireland are investigated in this paper to add some policy recommendations.
The paper finds statistically significant negative relationship between FDI Inflows and corruption at the 10% significance level, whilst market size (GDP) has a statistically significant positive relationship with FDI at the 10% level. Infrastructure has a statistically positive relationship with FDI Inflows in Uzbekistan with 1% significance level. In detail, when market size (GDP) of a country increase 1% level, FDI Inflow rises 0.454%, while, if corruption rate decrease 1% percent, there is significant rise on FDI inflows with the value of 0.780%. Also, if infrastructure rises 1%, there is a significant increase in the volume of FDI Inflows with the value of 0.408%. Additionally, we generate dummy variable for countries and employ regression to get more accurate results, also compare Uzbekistan with the other selected countries. As a result, we find that Uzbekistan has a negative relationship compared with the other countries in the means of FDI Inflows, whilst market size of Uzbekistan has positive relationship with FDI Inflows; corruption rate has a statistically negative relationship with FDI Inflows to the country. We find that Uzbekistan should make strategies to attract more investment on following fields: Market Size, Corruption and Infrastructure in both economically and politically.
This paper has the prospects as per the empirical analysis and benchmarking cases to strengthen the economy of Uzbekistan using actual FDI policies that, if adopted, can ensure higher capital inflows to the economy. For stabilizing the economy, the government should run fiscal policy by rising government expenditures for creating workplaces. In the mean of infrastructure, the government should enhance the utilization of ICT goods and services through the country. Uzbek government should also create mechanisms for public accountability for fighting against corruption. Civil society must be considered as a significant partner in the country’s fight against corruption.
By giving above-mentioned key policies for enhancing FDI Inflows to the Uzbekistan, this paper can add significant contribution, especially analyzing the relationship between corruption and FDI Inflows in Uzbekistan and some CIS countries.

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects of economic growth, energy consumption, agriculture and irrigation water consumption and agriculture productivity on environmental pollution in five countries of Central Asia. The data cover the period from 1992 to 2020 by applying panel data models, namely the Panel FMOLS, Panel DOLS and Panel ARDL-PMG approaches. The results indicate that there is a positive long-term impact of economic growth, water productivity, energy consumption and electricity production on CO2 emissions while agriculture value added and trade openness have a negative and statistically significant influence on CO2 emissions in Central Asia. Country specific short-run coefficients from Panel ARDL reveal that energy consumption is the main driver for rise in the level of CO2 emissions in the countries under the study. Indeed, country level analysis generates unique nexus correlation among agriculture, energy and environmental degradation in each...

Tourism is one of the fastest-growing and most visible sectors of the global economy, contributing significantly to boosting a nation’s economy. Currently, tourism-led economic growth considering sustainable approaches is becoming increasingly important in public policy. Recent urban and regional studies have begun to focus on the sustainability of tourism from social, economic, environmental, and cultural perspectives. The research aims to identify the most important issues and barriers to sustainable tourism development in Uzbekistan and proposes the most effective culturalization strategies to overcome those barriers. This paper involves the application of Global RPM (Globalization, Rationality, Professionalism, and Morality) analysis in combination with SANEL HERMES (Sightseeing, Admission paying, Night touring, Experiencing, Learning, Healing, Enjoying, Rest and Relaxing, Memento shopping, Eating and Drinking, and Staying) model based on data from a variety of sources, includin...